Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infection in children aged five years and under in Saudi Arabia: A five-year retrospective surveillance study

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2010, Pages

  Memish, Ziad A ^a,b,c   El Saed, Aiman ^a,b,c   Al Otaibi, Badriah ^a,c   Shaalan, Mohamed Al ^a   Alola, Suleiman Al ^a   Thaqafi, Abdulhakeem O ^d  

^a KING SAUD BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (Saudi Arabia)

^b KING SAUD BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (Saudi Arabia)

^c WHO Collaborating Center for Infection Prevention and Control   (Saudi Arabia)

^d KING SAUD BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Children; Epidemiology; Incidence; Invasive pneumococcal disease; Saudi Arabia

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; CHILD; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD; MENINGITIS; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; NEWBORN; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SAUDI ARABIA; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MENINGITIS, PNEUMOCOCCAL; MICROBIOLOGY; MORTALITY; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; PROCEDURES; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BACTEREMIA; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MENINGITIS, PNEUMOCOCCAL; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; SAUDI ARABIA; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 77954959419     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2242     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1997; 46(RR-8):1-24. Available at: (accessed April 19, 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/RR/RR4608.pdf.
2. Lynch J.P., Zhanel G.G. Streptococcus pneumoniae: does antimicrobial resistance matter?. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 30:210-238.
3. Hsu K., Pelton S., Karumuri S., Heisey-Grove D., Klein J. Population-based surveillance for childhood invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24:17-23.
4. World Health Organization. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals. Pneumococcal vaccines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2003. Available at: (accessed April 19, 2009). http://www.who.int/vaccine/en/pneumococcus.shtml.
5. Frayha H.H., Al Mazrou Y.Y. Vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease in Saudi Arabia: where do we stand?. Ann Saudi Med 2005, 25:90-93.
6. World Health Organization Worldwide progress in introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2000-2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2008, 83:385-392.
7. World Health Organization Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization-WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007, 82:93-104.
8. World Health Organization Initiative for Vaccine Research. Acute respiratory infections. Geneva: WHO; February 2009. Available at: (accessed April 19, 2009). http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/ari/en/print.html.
9. McIntosh E.D., Fritzell B., Fletcher M.A. Burden of paediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Europe, 2005. Epidemiol Infect 2007, 135:644-656.
10. Shibl A., Memish Z., Pelton S. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 33. 410.e1-9.
11. Al-Tawfiq J.A. Pattern of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Chemother 2004, 16:259-263.
12. Memish Z.A., Balkhy H.H., Shibl A.M., Barrozo C.P., Gray G.C. Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia: antibiotic resistance and serotypes of recent clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004, 23:32-38.
13. Shibl A.M. Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease isolates among children aged 5 years and under in Saudi Arabia (2000-2004). Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14:876-879.
14. Scott J.A. The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine 2007, 25:2398-2405.
15. Dowell S.F., Whitney C.G., Wright C., Rose C.E., Schuchat A. Seasonal patterns of invasive pneumococcal disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:573-579.
16. Al-Mazrou Y.Y., Al-Jeffri M.H., Al-Haggar S.H., Musa E.K., Mohamed O.M., Abdalla M.N. Haemophilus type B meningitis in Saudi children under 5 years old. J Trop Pediatr 2004, 50:131-136.
17. Pebody R.G., Hellenbrand W., D'Ancona F., Ruutu P. Pneumococcal disease surveillance in Europe. Euro Surveill 2006, 11:171-178.
18. Venetz I., Schopfer K., Muhlemann K. Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985-1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. Int J Epidemiol 1998, 27:1101-1104.
19. Ruggeberg J.U., Ketteler K., MacKenzie C.R., Von Kries R., Reinert R.R., Schroten H. Blood culture sampling rates at a German pediatric university hospital and incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. Infection 2004, 32:78-81.
20. Jefferson T., Ferroni E., Curtale F., Giorgi Rossi P., Borgia P. Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western Europe: serotype distribution and incidence in children less than 2 years old. Lancet Infect Dis 2006, 6:405-410.
21. Iglesias Sanchez L., Perez-Yarza E.G., Garcia-Arenzana J.M., Valiente Mendez A., Perez-Trallero E. [Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in Gipuzkoa (Spain) from 1981 to 2001]. An Esp Pediatr 2002, 57:401-407.
22. Weightman N.C., Sajith J. Incidence and outcome of pneumococcal meningitis in northern England. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005, 24:542-544.
23. Roche P.W., Krause V., Cook H., Barralet J., Coleman D., Sweeny A., et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2006. Commun Dis Intell 2008, 32:18-30.
24. Robinson K.A., Baughman W., Rothrock G., Barrett N.L., Pass M., Lexau C., et al. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the United States, 1995-1998: opportunities for prevention in the conjugate vaccine era. JAMA 2001, 285:1729-1735.
25. Liddle J.L., McIntyre P.B., Davis C.W. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Sydney children, 1991-96. J Paediatr Child Health 1999, 35:67-70.
26. Roche P., Krause V., Bartlett M., Coleman D., Cook H., Counahan M., et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2003. Commun Dis Intell 2004, 28:441-454.
27. McGregor D., Barton M., Thomas S., Christie C.D. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Jamaican children. Ann Trop Paediatr 2004, 24:33-40.
28. Roca A., Sigauque B., Quinto L., Mandomando I., Valles X., Espasa M., et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children <5 years of age in rural Mozambique. Trop Med Int Health 2006, 11:1422-1431.
29. Almuneef M., Memish Z., Khan Y., Kagallwala A., Alshaalan M. Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. J Infect 1998, 36:157-160.
30. Ulloa-Gutierrez R., Avila-Aguero M.L., Herrera M.L., Herrera J.F., Arguedas A. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Costa Rican children: a seven year survey. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003, 22:1069-1074.
31. Rendi-Wagner P., Georgopoulos A., Kundi M., Mutz I., Mattauch M., Nowak J., et al. Prospective surveillance of incidence, serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae among hospitalized children in Austria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 53:826-831.
32. Tsigrelis C., Tleyjeh I.M., Lahr B.D., Nyre L.M., Virk A., Baddour L.M. Decreases in case-fatality and mortality rates for invasive pneumococcal disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, during 1995-2007: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:1367-1371.
33. Twum-Danso K., Al-Mazrou A.M., Kambal A.M., Al-Zamil F.A. Penicillin resistance in serogroups/serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive infections in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2003, 24:1210-1213.
34. Kambal A.M., Abdullah A.M. Childhood pneumococcal bacteraemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Paediatr 1997, 17:245-251.