메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 374-385

Diagnosing consciousness: Neuroimaging, law, and the vegetative state

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN DEATH; CLASSIFICATION; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; CUSTODY; DECISION MAKING; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ETHICS; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; METHODOLOGY; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT CARE; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77954895573     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00496.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (99)
  • 1
    • 84855637762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Book-Writing Man in Coma Fails Communication Test,": National Public Radio
    • last visited May 11, 2010 F 17,
    • " Book-Writing Man in Coma Fails Communication Test,": National Public Radio. February 17, 2010, http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/02/bookwriting_man_in_coma_flunks.html, last visited May 11, 2010
    • (2010)
  • 3
    • 67649491261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Neuroimaging and the Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment from Patients in Vegetative State,"
    • Skene L, Wilkinson D, Kahane G, Savulescu J. " Neuroimaging and the Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment from Patients in Vegetative State," Medical Law Review 2009, 17(no. 2):245-261.
    • (2009) Medical Law Review , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-261
    • Skene, L.1    Wilkinson, D.2    Kahane, G.3    Savulescu, J.4
  • 4
    • 72449172909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Though for discussion of withdrawal of life saving therapy in light of these developments, see D. J. Wilkinson, G. Kahane, M. Horne, and J. Savulescu, " Functional Neuroimaging and Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment from Vegetative Patients," 35, no. 8 (2009): 508-511.
    • Though for discussion of withdrawal of life saving therapy in light of these developments, see D. J. Wilkinson, G. Kahane, M. Horne, and J. Savulescu, " Functional Neuroimaging and Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment from Vegetative Patients," 35, no. 8 (2009): 508-511.
  • 7
    • 4644280204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Brain Function in Coma, Vegetative State, and Related Disorders,"
    • Laureys S, Owen A M, Schiff N D. " Brain Function in Coma, Vegetative State, and Related Disorders," Lancet Neurology 2004, 3(no. 9):537-546.
    • (2004) Lancet Neurology , vol.3 , Issue.9 , pp. 537-546
    • Laureys, S.1    Owen, A.M.2    Schiff, N.D.3
  • 8
    • 84855619382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS, " Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State (1)," 330, no. 21 (1994): 1499-1508.
    • The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS, " Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State (1)," 330, no. 21 (1994): 1499-1508.
  • 10
    • 33846429153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Late Recovery from the Minimally Conscious State: Ethical and Policy Implications,"
    • Fins J J, Schiff N D, Foley K M. " Late Recovery from the Minimally Conscious State: Ethical and Policy Implications," Neurology 2007, 68(no. 4):304-307.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 304-307
    • Fins, J.J.1    Schiff, N.D.2    Foley, K.M.3
  • 11
    • 68349131405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Diagnostic Accuracy of the Vegetative and Minimally Conscious State: Clinical Consensus Versus Standardized Neurobehavioral Assessment,"
    • Schnakers C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Giacino J, Ventura M, Boly M, Majerus S, Moonen G, Laureys S. " Diagnostic Accuracy of the Vegetative and Minimally Conscious State: Clinical Consensus Versus Standardized Neurobehavioral Assessment," BMC Neurology 2009, 9:35.
    • (2009) BMC Neurology , vol.9 , pp. 35
    • Schnakers, C.1    Vanhaudenhuyse, A.2    Giacino, J.3    Ventura, M.4    Boly, M.5    Majerus, S.6    Moonen, G.7    Laureys, S.8
  • 12
    • 34848813156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Self-Consciousness in Non-Communicative Patients,"
    • Laureys S, Perrin F, Bredart S. " Self-Consciousness in Non-Communicative Patients," Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16(no. 3):722-741.
    • (2007) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 722-741
    • Laureys, S.1    Perrin, F.2    Bredart, S.3
  • 13
    • 39549083008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Functional Neuroimaging of the Vegetative State,"
    • Owen A M, Coleman M R. " Functional Neuroimaging of the Vegetative State," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008, 9(no. 3):235-243.
    • (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 235-243
    • Owen, A.M.1    Coleman, M.R.2
  • 18
    • 0002878781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " The Many Faces of Consciousness: A Field Guide,"
    • Block N J, Flanagan O J, Güzeldere G. Cambridge, MIT Press
    • Güzeldere G. " The Many Faces of Consciousness: A Field Guide," The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates 1997, 1-68. Block N JFlanagan O JGüzeldere G. Cambridge, MIT Press
    • (1997) The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates , pp. 1-68
    • Güzeldere, G.1
  • 19
    • 77954914955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Block, note 18, at 206.
    • See Block, note 18, at 206.
  • 22
    • 0030851013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Related to Affective Speech Presentation in Persistent Vegetative State,"
    • de Jong B M, Willemsen A T, Paans A M. " Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Related to Affective Speech Presentation in Persistent Vegetative State," Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 1997, 99(no. 3):213-216.
    • (1997) Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery , vol.99 , Issue.3 , pp. 213-216
    • de Jong, B.M.1    Willemsen, A.T.2    Paans, A.M.3
  • 26
    • 34547655452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Brain Perfusion and VEP Reactivity in Occipital and Parietal Areas are Associated to Recovery from Hypoxic Vegetative State,"
    • Hildebrandt H, Happe S, Deutschmann A, Basar-Eroglu C, Eling P, Brunhober J. " Brain Perfusion and VEP Reactivity in Occipital and Parietal Areas are Associated to Recovery from Hypoxic Vegetative State," Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2007, 260(no. 1-2):150-158.
    • (2007) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.260 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 150-158
    • Hildebrandt, H.1    Happe, S.2    Deutschmann, A.3    Basar-Eroglu, C.4    Eling, P.5    Brunhober, J.6
  • 30
    • 77954942331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Owen and Coleman, note 14.
    • See Owen and Coleman, note 14.
  • 34
    • 34848895989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Do Vegetative Patients Retain Aspects of Language Comprehension? Evidence from fMRI,"
    • Coleman M R, Rodd J M, Davis M H, Johnsrude I S, Menon D K, Pickard J D, Owen A M. " Do Vegetative Patients Retain Aspects of Language Comprehension? Evidence from fMRI," Brain 2007, 130(no. 10):2494-2507.
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , Issue.10 , pp. 2494-2507
    • Coleman, M.R.1    Rodd, J.M.2    Davis, M.H.3    Johnsrude, I.S.4    Menon, D.K.5    Pickard, J.D.6    Owen, A.M.7
  • 42
    • 77954945570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Monti et al., note 2.
    • See Monti et al., note 2.
  • 43
    • 60249092008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Schiavo on the Cutting Edge: Functional Brain Imaging and its Impact on Surrogate End-of-Life Decision-Making,"
    • Eisenberg J B. " Schiavo on the Cutting Edge: Functional Brain Imaging and its Impact on Surrogate End-of-Life Decision-Making," Neuroethics 2008, 1:75-83.
    • (2008) Neuroethics , vol.1 , pp. 75-83
    • Eisenberg, J.B.1
  • 44
    • 77954948655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 6-125.
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 6-125.
  • 45
    • 84855626059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Henceforth, we use the term " unconscious state" or " unconsciousness" to refer to the formal state-law definition of consciousness, though it bears noting that states vary in these overall labels; i.e., some incorrectly use the term " persistent VS" instead of " permane
    • Henceforth, we use the term " unconscious state" or " unconsciousness" to refer to the formal state-law definition of consciousness, though it bears noting that states vary in these overall labels; i.e., some incorrectly use the term " persistent VS" instead of " permanent VS" or " permanent unconsciousness." In these cases, the accompanying state-law definition might bear little resemblance to the clinical definition of VS.
  • 46
    • 77954929915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 6-128.1.
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 6-128.1.
  • 47
    • 77954937063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A note on methods: our aim was to identify explicit state-laws definitions of consciousness, which are found most frequently in advance directive or surrogate decisionmaking statues. To generate this list we took as our starting point the thorough review of Meisel et al, note 5, which we supplemented with our own review of primary sources. Many end-of-life statutes do not provide such a definitio
    • A note on methods: our aim was to identify explicit state-laws definitions of consciousness, which are found most frequently in advance directive or surrogate decisionmaking statues. To generate this list we took as our starting point the thorough review of Meisel et al, note 5, which we supplemented with our own review of primary sources. Many end-of-life statutes do not provide such a definition (e.g., Alaska Stat. § 13.52, which does not explicitly define a vegetative state or other conditions having to do with consciousness). While we attempted to be as exhaustive as possible in this review, it is difficult to determine with certainty the absence of a law about a particular topic.
  • 48
    • 77954933026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , Missouri Department of Health. 261 U.S.344 (1990)
    • Missouri Department of Health. 261 U.S.344 (1990)
  • 49
    • 84855626060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
    • Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
  • 50
    • 84855619383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.C. Code Ann. § 44-77-20(7) (1976).
    • S.C. Code Ann. § 44-77-20(7) (1976).
  • 51
    • 84855626061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idaho Code Ann. § 39-4502(10) (2009).
    • Idaho Code Ann. § 39-4502(10) (2009).
  • 52
    • 77954935167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Skene et al., note 3.
    • See Skene et al., note 3.
  • 53
    • 84855626058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
  • 54
    • 84855626057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wis. Stat. Ann. § 154.01(5m).
    • Wis. Stat. Ann. § 154.01(5m).
  • 55
    • 77954937417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 7-83.
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 7-83.
  • 56
    • 84855632722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
    • Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
  • 57
    • 84855631629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975).
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975).
  • 58
    • 84855631630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.D. Codified Laws § 34-12D-1(7).
    • S.D. Codified Laws § 34-12D-1(7).
  • 59
    • 84855632719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
    • Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
  • 60
    • 84855618165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2982 (West 2009).
    • Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2982 (West 2009).
  • 61
    • 84855631626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009).
    • Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009).
  • 62
    • 77954931714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
    • 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
  • 63
    • 84855632720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2.
    • Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2.
  • 64
    • 77954894810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Jong et al., note 23.
    • See Jong et al., note 23.
  • 65
    • 77954895778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Menon et al., note 24; see Schiff et al., note 26.
    • See Menon et al., note 24; see Schiff et al., note 26.
  • 66
    • 84855631627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1337.11(V) (West 2009).
    • Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1337.11(V) (West 2009).
  • 67
    • 84855631628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009); Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009).
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009); Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009).
  • 68
    • 77954924178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Laureys et al., note 29.
    • See Laureys et al., note 29.
  • 69
    • 77954901603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Coleman et al., note 35.
    • See Coleman et al., note 35.
  • 70
    • 77954905375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Davis et al., note 36.
    • See Davis et al., note 36.
  • 71
    • 84855632721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006); Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
    • Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006); Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
  • 72
    • 84855632717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-4 (1975).
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-4 (1975).
  • 73
    • 84855619380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975).
    • Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975).
  • 74
    • 84855637029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Trace of Thought Is Found in 'Vegetative' Patient,": The New York Times
    • See, at, J. Groopman, " Silent Minds," , October 15, 2007, at 38-43; and note 1 F 4,
    • Carey B. " Trace of Thought Is Found in 'Vegetative' Patient,": The New York Times. February 4, 2010, A1. See, at, J. Groopman, " Silent Minds," , October 15, 2007, at 38-43; and note 1
    • (2010)
    • Carey, B.1
  • 75
    • 77954912686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Schnakers et al., note 35.
    • See Schnakers et al., note 35.
  • 77
    • 43049104255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " What We Can Do and What We Cannot Do with fMRI,"
    • Logothetis N K. " What We Can Do and What We Cannot Do with fMRI," Nature 2008, 453(no. 7197):869-878.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.453 , Issue.7197 , pp. 869-878
    • Logothetis, N.K.1
  • 78
    • 73949121963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an extensive review of other technologies that might be used for this purpose, see the recent theme issue of on " Coma Science: Clinical and Ethical Implications," especially L. Tshibanda, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, D. Galanaud, M. Boly, S. Laureys, and L. Puybasset, " Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Coma Survivors
    • For an extensive review of other technologies that might be used for this purpose, see the recent theme issue of on " Coma Science: Clinical and Ethical Implications," especially L. Tshibanda, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, D. Galanaud, M. Boly, S. Laureys, and L. Puybasset, " Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Coma Survivors: Promises and Pitfalls," 177 (2009): 215-229.
  • 79
    • 31744432037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Can Cognitive Processes be Inferred from Neuroimaging Data?"
    • Poldrack R A. " Can Cognitive Processes be Inferred from Neuroimaging Data?" Trends in Cognitive Science 2006, 10(no. 2):59-63.
    • (2006) Trends in Cognitive Science , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 59-63
    • Poldrack, R.A.1
  • 80
    • 84862508852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supra note 79
    • See
    • Tshibanda. supra note 79. See
    • Tshibanda1
  • 81
    • 34548810220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " FMRI and BF meet FRE: Brain Imaging and the Federal Rules of Evidence,"
    • Pettit M. " FMRI and BF meet FRE: Brain Imaging and the Federal Rules of Evidence," American Journal of Law & Medicine 2007, 33(no. 2-3):319-40.
    • (2007) American Journal of Law & Medicine , vol.33 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 319-340
    • Pettit, M.1
  • 82
    • 33747124426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Emotions and Attributions of Legal Responsibility and Blame: A Research Review,"
    • Feigenson N, Park J. " Emotions and Attributions of Legal Responsibility and Blame: A Research Review," Law and Human Behavior 2006, 30(no. 2):143-161.
    • (2006) Law and Human Behavior , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-161
    • Feigenson, N.1    Park, J.2
  • 83
    • 77954902574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , 293 F. 1013 (1923)
    • 293 F. 1013 (1923)
  • 84
    • 77954923208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
    • 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
  • 85
    • 34548757188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Imaging the Mind, Minding the Image: An Historical Introduction to Brain Imaging and the Law,"
    • Khoshbin L S, Khoshbin S. " Imaging the Mind, Minding the Image: An Historical Introduction to Brain Imaging and the Law," American Journal of Law & Medicine 2007, 33(nos. 2-3):171-192.
    • (2007) American Journal of Law & Medicine , vol.33 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 171-192
    • Khoshbin, L.S.1    Khoshbin, S.2
  • 86
    • 40649094992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Seeing is Believing: The Effect of Brain Images on Judgments of Scientific Reasoning,"
    • McCabe D P, Castel A D. " Seeing is Believing: The Effect of Brain Images on Judgments of Scientific Reasoning," Cognition 2008, 107(no. 1):343-52.
    • (2008) Cognition , vol.107 , Issue.1 , pp. 343-352
    • McCabe, D.P.1    Castel, A.D.2
  • 87
    • 36248950019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, Columbia University Press, P. M. Churchland, " Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes," 78, no. 2 (1981): 67-90
    • Bennett M R, Dennett D, Hacker P, Searle J. Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language 2007, New York, Columbia University Press, P. M. Churchland, " Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes," 78, no. 2 (1981): 67-90
    • (2007) Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language
    • Bennett, M.R.1    Dennett, D.2    Hacker, P.3    Searle, J.4
  • 88
    • 84855626056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neb. Rev. Stat. § 20-403(6) (West 2009); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
    • Neb. Rev. Stat. § 20-403(6) (West 2009); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
  • 89
    • 60249094011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Brain Damage and the Moral Significance of Consciousness,"
    • Kahane G, Savulescu J. " Brain Damage and the Moral Significance of Consciousness," The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 2009, 34(no. 1):6-26.
    • (2009) The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-26
    • Kahane, G.1    Savulescu, J.2
  • 90
    • 77954948344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 3, at 4-74.
    • See Meisel and Cerminara, note 3, at 4-74.
  • 91
    • 73949125674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • " Moral Significance of Phenomenal Consciousness,"
    • Levy N, Savulescu J. " Moral Significance of Phenomenal Consciousness," Progress in Brain Research 2009, 177:361-370.
    • (2009) Progress in Brain Research , vol.177 , pp. 361-370
    • Levy, N.1    Savulescu, J.2
  • 92
    • 77954945886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , at 367
    • at 367
  • 93
    • 73949108672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , at 368. Note that this conception of access consciousness (originally defined as the state of having mental information available for reasoning, the control of action, and reporting, see Block, note 15) also invokes the issues of chronicity and prognosis, which, while beyond the scope of this paper, may have significant ethical and legal relevance. For example, the futility of the vegetative s
    • at 368. Note that this conception of access consciousness (originally defined as the state of having mental information available for reasoning, the control of action, and reporting, see Block, note 15) also invokes the issues of chronicity and prognosis, which, while beyond the scope of this paper, may have significant ethical and legal relevance. For example, the futility of the vegetative state is one of the foundational justifications of right-to-die movement in the United States, as reviewed in J. J. Fins, " The Ethics of Measuring and Modulating Consciousness: The Imperative of Minding Time," 177 (2009): 371-82
  • 94
    • 77954933548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Wilkinson et al., note 4.
    • See Wilkinson et al., note 4.
  • 95
    • 77954911722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Skene et al., note 3.
    • See Skene et al., note 3.
  • 96
    • 77954932399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Laureys et al., note 39.
    • See Laureys et al., note 39.
  • 99
    • 84855618161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AL: Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); AR: Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009); CT: Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); DE: Del. Code Ann. Tit. 16, § 2501 (r) (1) (West 2009); FL: Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2009); GA: Ga. Code Ann. t
    • AL: Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); AR: Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009); CT: Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); DE: Del. Code Ann. Tit. 16, § 2501 (r) (1) (West 2009); FL: Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2009); GA: Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); ID: Idaho Code Ann. § 39-4502(10) (2009); IL: 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009); MD: Md. Code Ann., [Health-Gen.] §5-601(q) (West 2009); ME: Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009); NE: Neb. Rev. Stat. § 20-403(6) (West 2009); NH: N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 137-J:2(XVII) (2009); NJ: N.J. Stat. Ann. § 26:2H-55 (West 2009); OH: Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1337.11(V) (West 2009); OR: Or. Rev. Stat § 127.505(19) (West 2009); PA: 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5422 (West 2009); SC: S.C. Code Ann. § 44-77-20(7) (1976); SD: S.D. Codified Laws § 34-12D-1(7) (2009); VA: Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2982 (West 2009); WI: Wis. Stat. Ann. § 154.01(5m) (West 2009); WV: W.Va. Code § 16-30-3(s) (West 2009).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.