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Henceforth, we use the term " unconscious state" or " unconsciousness" to refer to the formal state-law definition of consciousness, though it bears noting that states vary in these overall labels; i.e., some incorrectly use the term " persistent VS" instead of " permane
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Henceforth, we use the term " unconscious state" or " unconsciousness" to refer to the formal state-law definition of consciousness, though it bears noting that states vary in these overall labels; i.e., some incorrectly use the term " persistent VS" instead of " permanent VS" or " permanent unconsciousness." In these cases, the accompanying state-law definition might bear little resemblance to the clinical definition of VS.
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A note on methods: our aim was to identify explicit state-laws definitions of consciousness, which are found most frequently in advance directive or surrogate decisionmaking statues. To generate this list we took as our starting point the thorough review of Meisel et al, note 5, which we supplemented with our own review of primary sources. Many end-of-life statutes do not provide such a definitio
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A note on methods: our aim was to identify explicit state-laws definitions of consciousness, which are found most frequently in advance directive or surrogate decisionmaking statues. To generate this list we took as our starting point the thorough review of Meisel et al, note 5, which we supplemented with our own review of primary sources. Many end-of-life statutes do not provide such a definition (e.g., Alaska Stat. § 13.52, which does not explicitly define a vegetative state or other conditions having to do with consciousness). While we attempted to be as exhaustive as possible in this review, it is difficult to determine with certainty the absence of a law about a particular topic.
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48
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77954933026
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-
, Missouri Department of Health. 261 U.S.344 (1990)
-
Missouri Department of Health. 261 U.S.344 (1990)
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
84855626060
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-
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
-
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
-
-
-
-
50
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-
84855619383
-
-
S.C. Code Ann. § 44-77-20(7) (1976).
-
S.C. Code Ann. § 44-77-20(7) (1976).
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
84855626061
-
-
Idaho Code Ann. § 39-4502(10) (2009).
-
Idaho Code Ann. § 39-4502(10) (2009).
-
-
-
-
52
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-
77954935167
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-
See Skene et al., note 3.
-
See Skene et al., note 3.
-
-
-
-
53
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-
84855626058
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-
Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
-
Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
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-
-
-
54
-
-
84855626057
-
-
Wis. Stat. Ann. § 154.01(5m).
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Wis. Stat. Ann. § 154.01(5m).
-
-
-
-
55
-
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77954937417
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-
See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 7-83.
-
See Meisel and Cerminara, note 5, at 7-83.
-
-
-
-
56
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84855632722
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Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
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Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
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-
-
-
57
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84855631629
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-
Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975).
-
Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975).
-
-
-
-
58
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-
84855631630
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-
S.D. Codified Laws § 34-12D-1(7).
-
S.D. Codified Laws § 34-12D-1(7).
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
84855632719
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-
Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
-
Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006).
-
-
-
-
60
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-
84855618165
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-
Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2982 (West 2009).
-
Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2982 (West 2009).
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-
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61
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-
84855631626
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-
Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009).
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Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009).
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-
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62
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77954931714
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755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
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755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
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63
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84855632720
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Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2.
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Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2.
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64
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77954894810
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See Jong et al., note 23.
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65
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77954895778
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66
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Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1337.11(V) (West 2009).
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67
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84855631628
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Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009); Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009).
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Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009); Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009).
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68
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77954924178
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69
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70
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71
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84855632721
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Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2006); Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009).
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72
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Ala. Code § 22-8A-4 (1975).
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73
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For an extensive review of other technologies that might be used for this purpose, see the recent theme issue of on " Coma Science: Clinical and Ethical Implications," especially L. Tshibanda, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, D. Galanaud, M. Boly, S. Laureys, and L. Puybasset, " Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Coma Survivors: Promises and Pitfalls," 177 (2009): 215-229.
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Neb. Rev. Stat. § 20-403(6) (West 2009); Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009).
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, at 368. Note that this conception of access consciousness (originally defined as the state of having mental information available for reasoning, the control of action, and reporting, see Block, note 15) also invokes the issues of chronicity and prognosis, which, while beyond the scope of this paper, may have significant ethical and legal relevance. For example, the futility of the vegetative s
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at 368. Note that this conception of access consciousness (originally defined as the state of having mental information available for reasoning, the control of action, and reporting, see Block, note 15) also invokes the issues of chronicity and prognosis, which, while beyond the scope of this paper, may have significant ethical and legal relevance. For example, the futility of the vegetative state is one of the foundational justifications of right-to-die movement in the United States, as reviewed in J. J. Fins, " The Ethics of Measuring and Modulating Consciousness: The Imperative of Minding Time," 177 (2009): 371-82
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AL: Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); AR: Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009); CT: Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); DE: Del. Code Ann. Tit. 16, § 2501 (r) (1) (West 2009); FL: Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2009); GA: Ga. Code Ann. t
-
AL: Ala. Code § 22-8A-3(10) (1975); AR: Ark. Code. Ann. § 20-17-201(6) (West 2009); CT: Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 19a-570(10) (West 2009); DE: Del. Code Ann. Tit. 16, § 2501 (r) (1) (West 2009); FL: Fla. Stat § 765.101(12) (West 2009); GA: Ga. Code Ann. § 31-32-2(13) (West 2009); ID: Idaho Code Ann. § 39-4502(10) (2009); IL: 755 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 40/10 (West 2009); MD: Md. Code Ann., [Health-Gen.] §5-601(q) (West 2009); ME: Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 18-A § 5-801(s) (West 2009); NE: Neb. Rev. Stat. § 20-403(6) (West 2009); NH: N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 137-J:2(XVII) (2009); NJ: N.J. Stat. Ann. § 26:2H-55 (West 2009); OH: Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1337.11(V) (West 2009); OR: Or. Rev. Stat § 127.505(19) (West 2009); PA: 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5422 (West 2009); SC: S.C. Code Ann. § 44-77-20(7) (1976); SD: S.D. Codified Laws § 34-12D-1(7) (2009); VA: Va. Code Ann. § 54.1-2982 (West 2009); WI: Wis. Stat. Ann. § 154.01(5m) (West 2009); WV: W.Va. Code § 16-30-3(s) (West 2009).
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