메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 270-291

Radial growth responses of three co-occurring species to small canopy disturbances in a secondary hardwood forest on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee

Author keywords

Acer rubrum; Acer saccharum; canopy gap; Cumberland Plateau; dendroecology; Liriodendron tulipifera

Indexed keywords

CANOPY GAP; DECIDUOUS TREE; DENDROECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; GROWTH RATE; GROWTH RESPONSE; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; TREE RING;

EID: 77954875203     PISSN: 02723646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0272-3646.31.3.270     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0001101302 scopus 로고
    • Fire and the development of oak forests
    • Abrams, M. D. (1992) Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience, Vol. 42, 346-353.
    • (1992) BioScience , vol.42 , pp. 346-353
    • Abrams, M.D.1
  • 2
    • 0031966545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The red maple paradox
    • Abrams, M. D. (1998) The red maple paradox. BioScience, Vol. 48, 355-364.
    • (1998) BioScience , vol.48 , pp. 355-364
    • Abrams, M.D.1
  • 3
    • 0141976713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where has all the white oak gone?
    • Abrams, M. D. (2003) Where has all the white oak gone? BioScience, Vol. 53, 927-393.
    • (2003) BioScience , vol.53 , pp. 927-1393
    • Abrams, M.D.1
  • 4
    • 0025662904 scopus 로고
    • Successional replacement of old-growth white oak by mixed mesophytic hardwoods in southwestern Pennsylvania
    • Abrams, M. D. and Downs, J. A. (1990) Successional replacement of old-growth white oak by mixed mesophytic hardwoods in southwestern Pennsylvania. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 20, 1864-1870.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 1864-1870
    • Abrams, M.D.1    Downs, J.A.2
  • 5
    • 0000742851 scopus 로고
    • Forest development in canopy gaps of a diverse hardwood forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains
    • Barden, L. S. (1981) Forest development in canopy gaps of a diverse hardwood forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Oikos, Vol. 37, 205-209.
    • (1981) Oikos , vol.37 , pp. 205-209
    • Barden, L.S.1
  • 6
    • 0002716396 scopus 로고
    • Size, age, and growth rate of trees in canopy gaps of a cove hardwood forest in the southern Appalachians
    • Barden, L. S. (1983) Size, age, and growth rate of trees in canopy gaps of a cove hardwood forest in the southern Appalachians. Castanea, Vol. 48, 19-23.
    • (1983) Castanea , vol.48 , pp. 19-23
    • Barden, L.S.1
  • 7
    • 0000894234 scopus 로고
    • The physiological ecology of plant succession
    • Bazzaz, F. A. (1979) The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 10, 351-371.
    • (1979) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.10 , pp. 351-371
    • Bazzaz, F.A.1
  • 9
    • 0001610614 scopus 로고
    • Yellow-poplar: A component of climax forests?
    • Buckner, E. and McCracken, W. (1978) Yellow-poplar: A component of climax forests? Journal of Forestry, Vol. 76, 421-423.
    • (1978) Journal of Forestry , vol.76 , pp. 421-423
    • Buckner, E.1    McCracken, W.2
  • 10
    • 0028165157 scopus 로고
    • Canopy cover and tree regeneration in old-growth cove forests of the Appalachian Mountains
    • Busing, R. T. (1994) Canopy cover and tree regeneration in old-growth cove forests of the Appalachian Mountains. Vegetatio, Vol. 115, 19-27.
    • (1994) Vegetatio , vol.115 , pp. 19-27
    • Busing, R.T.1
  • 11
    • 0028976927 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: Simulations with a spatial model of forest succession
    • Busing, R. T. (1995) Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: simulations with a spatial model of forest succession. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 83, 45-53.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 45-53
    • Busing, R.T.1
  • 12
    • 0022174370 scopus 로고
    • Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Acer saccharum
    • Canham, C. D. (1985) Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Acer saccharum. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 112, 134-145.
    • (1985) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.112 , pp. 134-145
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 13
    • 0024192856 scopus 로고
    • Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: Response to canopy gaps
    • Canham, C. D. (1988) Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: Response to canopy gaps. Ecology, Vol. 69, 786-795.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 786-795
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 14
    • 0000454744 scopus 로고
    • Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species
    • Canham, C. D. (1989) Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species. Ecology, Vol. 70, 548-550.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 548-550
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 15
    • 0026049950 scopus 로고
    • Canopy disturbance patterns and regeneration of Quercus species in two old-growth forests
    • Cho, D. and Boerner, R. E. J. (1991) Canopy disturbance patterns and regeneration of Quercus species in two old-growth forests. Vegetatio, Vol. 93, 9-18.
    • (1991) Vegetatio , vol.93 , pp. 9-18
    • Cho, D.1    Boerner, R.E.J.2
  • 16
    • 0024921226 scopus 로고
    • Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community structure in a southern Appalachian cove forest
    • Clebsch, E. E. C. and Busing, R. T. (1989) Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community structure in a southern Appalachian cove forest. Ecology, Vol. 70, 728-735.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 728-735
    • Clebsch, E.E.C.1    Busing, R.T.2
  • 17
    • 0028188870 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: Influence of topographic position and evergreen understory
    • Clinton, B. D., Boring, L. R., and Swank, W. T. (1994) Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: Influence of topographic position and evergreen understory. American Midland Naturalist, Vol, 132, 308-319.
    • (1994) American Midland Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 308-319
    • Clinton, B.D.1    Boring, L.R.2    Swank, W.T.3
  • 18
    • 64149128888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying dendroecological growth releases in American beech, jack pine, and white oak: Within-tree sampling strategy
    • Copenheaver, C. A., Black, B. A., Stine, M. B., McManamay, R. H., and Bartens, J. (2009) Identifying dendroecological growth releases in American beech, jack pine, and white oak: Within-tree sampling strategy. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257, 2235-2240.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.257 , pp. 2235-2240
    • Copenheaver, C.A.1    Black, B.A.2    Stine, M.B.3    McManamay, R.H.4    Bartens, J.5
  • 19
    • 0030302403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands
    • Dahir, S. E. and Lorimer, C. G. (1996) Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 26, 1875-1892.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.26 , pp. 1875-1892
    • Dahir, S.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 21
    • 0001234045 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of presettlement, second-growth and old-growth forests on six site types in the Illinois Shawnee Hills
    • Fralish, J. S., Crooks, F. B., Chambers. J. L., and Harty, F. M. (1991) Comparison of presettlement, second-growth and old-growth forests on six site types in the Illinois Shawnee Hills. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 125, 294-309.
    • (1991) American Midland Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 294-309
    • Fralish, J.S.1    Crooks, F.B.2    Chambers, J.L.3    Harty, F.M.4
  • 23
    • 27744472930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying growth releases in dendrochronological studies of forest disturbance
    • Fraver, S. and White, A. S. (2005) Identifying growth releases in dendrochronological studies of forest disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 35, 1648-1656.
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.35 , pp. 1648-1656
    • Fraver, S.1    White, A.S.2
  • 26
    • 0024919531 scopus 로고
    • Dendroecology: A tool for evaluating variations in past and present forest environments
    • Fritts, H. C., Swetnam, T. W. (1989) Dendroecology: A tool for evaluating variations in past and present forest environments. Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 19, 111-188.
    • (1989) Advances in Ecological Research , vol.19 , pp. 111-188
    • Fritts, H.C.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 27
    • 0041947279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating crossdating accuracy: A manual and tutorial for the computer program COFECHA
    • Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2001) Evaluating crossdating accuracy: A manual and tutorial for the computer program COFECHA. Tree-Ring Research, Vol. 57, 205-221.
    • (2001) Tree-ring Research , vol.57 , pp. 205-221
    • Grissino-Mayer, H.D.1
  • 28
    • 14844305400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A manual and tutorial for the proper use of an increment borer
    • Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2003) A manual and tutorial for the proper use of an increment borer. Tree-Ring Research, Vol. 59, 3-10.
    • (2003) Tree-ring Research , vol.59 , pp. 3-10
    • Grissino-Mayer, H.D.1
  • 30
    • 39749190057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation patterns and dendroecology of a mixed hardwood forest on the Cumberland Plateau: Implications for stand development
    • Hart, J. L. and Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2008) Vegetation patterns and dendroecology of a mixed hardwood forest on the Cumberland Plateau: Implications for stand development. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 255, 1960-1975.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.255 , pp. 1960-1975
    • Hart, J.L.1    Grissino-Mayer, H.D.2
  • 31
    • 59849115750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap-scale disturbance processes in secondary hardwood stands on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, USA
    • Hart, J. L. and Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2009) Gap-scale disturbance processes in secondary hardwood stands on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, USA. Plant Ecology, Vol. 201, 131-146.
    • (2009) Plant Ecology , vol.201 , pp. 131-146
    • Hart, J.L.1    Grissino-Mayer, H.D.2
  • 32
    • 48249103070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest dynamics in a natural area of the southern Ridge and Valley, Tennessee
    • Hart, J. L., van de Gevel, S. L., and Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2008) Forest dynamics in a natural area of the southern Ridge and Valley, Tennessee. Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 28, 275-289.
    • (2008) Natural Areas Journal , vol.28 , pp. 275-289
    • Hart, J.L.1    Van De Gevel, S.L.2    Grissino-Mayer, H.D.3
  • 33
    • 0020377871 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest
    • Hibbs, D. E. (1982) Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 12, 522-527.
    • (1982) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.12 , pp. 522-527
    • Hibbs, D.E.1
  • 35
    • 0007794532 scopus 로고
    • Forest communities of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee
    • Hinkle, C. R. (1989) Forest communities of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, Vol. 64, 123-129.
    • (1989) Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science , vol.64 , pp. 123-129
    • Hinkle, C.R.1
  • 37
    • 0002682930 scopus 로고
    • Computer assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement
    • Holmes, R. L. (1983) Computer assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 43, 69-78.
    • (1983) Tree-ring Bulletin , vol.43 , pp. 69-78
    • Holmes, R.L.1
  • 38
    • 0036188998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Height estimation in complete stem analysis using annual radial growth measurements
    • Kariuki, M. (2002) Height estimation in complete stem analysis using annual radial growth measurements. Forestry, Vol. 75, 63-74.
    • (2002) Forestry , vol.75 , pp. 63-74
    • Kariuki, M.1
  • 41
    • 0025658639 scopus 로고
    • A shelterwood method for regenerating red oak in the southern Appalachians
    • Loftis, D. L. (1990) A shelterwood method for regenerating red oak in the southern Appalachians. Forest Science, Vol. 36, 917-929.
    • (1990) Forest Science , vol.36 , pp. 917-929
    • Loftis, D.L.1
  • 42
    • 73949140150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upland oak regeneration and management
    • M. A. Spetich, ed., Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-73
    • Loftis, D. L. (2004) Upland oak regeneration and management. In M. A. Spetich, ed., Upland Oak Ecology Symposium: History, Current Conditions, and Sustainability. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-73, 163-167.
    • (2004) Upland Oak Ecology Symposium: History, Current Conditions, and Sustainability , pp. 163-167
    • Loftis, D.L.1
  • 43
    • 0001522644 scopus 로고
    • Age structure and disturbance history of a southern Appalachian virgin forest
    • Lorimer, C. G. (1980) Age structure and disturbance history of a southern Appalachian virgin forest. Ecology, Vol. 61, 1169-1184.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 1169-1184
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 44
    • 0021626866 scopus 로고
    • Development of the red maple understory in Northeastern oak forests
    • Lorimer, C. G. (1984) Development of the red maple understory in Northeastern oak forests. Forest Science, Vol. 30, 3-22.
    • (1984) Forest Science , vol.30 , pp. 3-22
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 45
    • 0022180570 scopus 로고
    • Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history
    • Lorimer, C. G. (1985) Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 15, 200-213.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.15 , pp. 200-213
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 46
    • 0003461397 scopus 로고
    • Causes of oak regeneration problems
    • D. L. Loftis and C. E. McGee, eds., Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report SE-84
    • Lorimer, C. G. (1993) Causes of oak regeneration problems. In D. L. Loftis and C. E. McGee, eds., Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems, Practical Recommendations. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report SE-84, 14-39.
    • (1993) Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems, Practical Recommendations , pp. 14-39
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 47
    • 0028179874 scopus 로고
    • Tall understorey vegetation as a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands
    • Lorimer, C. G., Chapman, J. W., and Lambert, W. D. (1994) Tall understorey vegetation as a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 82, 227-237.
    • (1994) Journal of Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 227-237
    • Lorimer, C.G.1    Chapman, J.W.2    Lambert, W.D.3
  • 48
    • 0024903367 scopus 로고
    • A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests
    • Lorimer, C. G. and Frelich, L. E. (1989) A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19, 651-663.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.19 , pp. 651-663
    • Lorimer, C.G.1    Frelich, L.E.2
  • 49
    • 0030480967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composition, structure, and disturbance history of Crabtree Woods: An old-growth forest of western Maryland
    • McCarthy, B. C. and Bailey, D. R. (1996) Composition, structure, and disturbance history of Crabtree Woods: An old-growth forest of western Maryland. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 123, 350-365.
    • (1996) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.123 , pp. 350-365
    • McCarthy, B.C.1    Bailey, D.R.2
  • 51
    • 42349102961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropogenic disturbance and the formation of oak savanna in central Kentucky, USA
    • McEwan, R. W. and McCarthy, B. C. (2008) Anthropogenic disturbance and the formation of oak savanna in central Kentucky, USA. Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 35, 965-975.
    • (2008) Journal of Biogeography , vol.35 , pp. 965-975
    • McEwan, R.W.1    McCarthy, B.C.2
  • 52
    • 0030616761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acclimation of shade-developed leaves on saplings exposed to late-season canopy gaps
    • Naidu, S. L. and DeLucia, E. H. (1997) Acclimation of shade-developed leaves on saplings exposed to late-season canopy gaps. Tree Physiology, Vol. 17, 367-376.
    • (1997) Tree Physiology , vol.17 , pp. 367-376
    • Naidu, S.L.1    DeLucia, E.H.2
  • 53
    • 0031284512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks
    • Nowacki, G. J. and Abrams, M. D. (1997) Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 67, 225-249.
    • (1997) Ecological Monographs , vol.67 , pp. 225-249
    • Nowacki, G.J.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 54
    • 41649099948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The demise of fire and "mesophication" of forests in the eastern United States
    • Nowacki, G. J. and Abrams, M. D. (2008) The demise of fire and "mesophication" of forests in the eastern United States. BioScience, Vol. 58, 123-138.
    • (2008) BioScience , vol.58 , pp. 123-138
    • Nowacki, G.J.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 56
    • 3242732646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardizing the reporting of abrasive papers used to surface tree-ring samples
    • Orvis, K. H. and Grissino-Mayer, H. D. (2002) Standardizing the reporting of abrasive papers used to surface tree-ring samples. Tree-Ring Research, Vol. 58, 47-50.
    • (2002) Tree-ring Research , vol.58 , pp. 47-50
    • Orvis, K.H.1    Grissino-Mayer, H.D.2
  • 57
    • 0028166080 scopus 로고
    • Contrasting radial growth and canopy recruitment patterns in Liriodendron tulipifera and Nyssa sylvatica: A gapobligate versus gap-facultative tree species
    • Orwig, D. A. and Abrams, M. D. (1994) Contrasting radial growth and canopy recruitment patterns in Liriodendron tulipifera and Nyssa sylvatica: A gapobligate versus gap-facultative tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 24, 2141-2149.
    • (1994) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.24 , pp. 2141-2149
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 58
    • 33750801009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest succession in an oak-hickory dominated stand during a 40-year period at the Ross Biological Reserve, Indiana
    • Pierce, A. R., Parker, G. R., and Rabenold, K. (2006) Forest succession in an oak-hickory dominated stand during a 40-year period at the Ross Biological Reserve, Indiana. Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 26, 351-359.
    • (2006) Natural Areas Journal , vol.26 , pp. 351-359
    • Pierce, A.R.1    Parker, G.R.2    Rabenold, K.3
  • 59
    • 0036445285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate, canopy disturbance, and radial growth averaging in a second-growth mixed oak forest in West Virginia, USA
    • Rentch, J. S., Desta, F., and Miller, G. W. (2002) Climate, canopy disturbance, and radial growth averaging in a second-growth mixed oak forest in West Virginia, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 32, 915-927.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.32 , pp. 915-927
    • Rentch, J.S.1    Desta, F.2    Miller, G.W.3
  • 60
    • 0042239328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oak establishment and canopy accession strategies in five old-growth stands in the central hardwood forest region
    • Rentch, J. S., Fajvan, M. A., and Hicks, R. R., Jr. (2003) Oak establishment and canopy accession strategies in five old-growth stands in the central hardwood forest region. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 184, 285-297.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.184 , pp. 285-297
    • Rentch, J.S.1    Fajvan, M.A.2    Hicks Jr., R.R.3
  • 61
    • 0020377872 scopus 로고
    • Age-structure relationships of tree species in an Appalachian oak forest in southwestern Virginia
    • Ross, M. S., Sharik, T. L., and Smith, D. W. (1982) Age-structure relationships of tree species in an Appalachian oak forest in southwestern Virginia. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 109, 287-298.
    • (1982) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.109 , pp. 287-298
    • Ross, M.S.1    Sharik, T.L.2    Smith, D.W.3
  • 62
    • 16844381727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of dendroecological methods used to assess disturbance events
    • Rubino, D. L. and McCarthy, B. C. (2004) Comparative analysis of dendroecological methods used to assess disturbance events. Dendrochronologia, Vol. 21, 97-115.
    • (2004) Dendrochronologia , vol.21 , pp. 97-115
    • Rubino, D.L.1    McCarthy, B.C.2
  • 63
    • 0031854883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relating land-use history and climate to the dendroecology of a 326-year old Quercus prinus talus slope forest
    • Ruffner, C. M. and Abrams, M. D. (1998) Relating land-use history and climate to the dendroecology of a 326-year old Quercus prinus talus slope forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 28, 347-358.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.28 , pp. 347-358
    • Ruffner, C.M.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 64
    • 0000443708 scopus 로고
    • Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States
    • Runkle, J. R. (1981) Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology, Vol. 62, 1041-1051.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 1041-1051
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 65
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of the eastern United States
    • Runkle, J. R. (1982) Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of the eastern United States. Ecology, Vol. 63, 1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 66
    • 0022237837 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of methods for determining fraction of land area in treefall gaps
    • Runkle, J. R. (1985) Comparison of methods for determining fraction of land area in treefall gaps. Forest Science, Vol. 31, 15-19.
    • (1985) Forest Science , vol.31 , pp. 15-19
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 67
    • 0000546396 scopus 로고
    • Synchrony of regeneration, gaps, and latitudinal differences in tree species diversity
    • Runkle, J. R. (1989) Synchrony of regeneration, gaps, and latitudinal differences in tree species diversity. Ecology, Vol. 70, 546-547.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 546-547
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 68
    • 0002101999 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics of old-growth eastern forests: Management implications
    • Runkle, J. R. (1991) Gap dynamics of old-growth eastern forests: management implications. Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 11, 19-25.
    • (1991) Natural Areas Journal , vol.11 , pp. 19-25
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 69
    • 0003432029 scopus 로고
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, GTR 283
    • Runkle, J. R. (1992) Guidelines and Sample Protocol for Sampling Forest Gaps. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, GTR 283.
    • (1992) Guidelines and Sample Protocol for Sampling Forest Gaps
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 70
    • 0031828680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in southern Appalachian canopy tree gaps sampled thrice
    • Runkle, J. R. (1998) Changes in southern Appalachian canopy tree gaps sampled thrice. Ecology, Vol. 79, 1768-1780.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 1768-1780
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 71
    • 0033922751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy tree turnover in old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • Runkle, J. R. (2000) Canopy tree turnover in old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology, Vol. 81, 554-576.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 554-576
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 72
    • 0023468464 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls revisited: Gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians
    • Runkle, J. R. and Yetter, T. C. (1987) Treefalls revisited: Gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians. Ecology, Vol. 68, 417-424.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 417-424
    • Runkle, J.R.1    Yetter, T.C.2
  • 73
    • 37049238073 scopus 로고
    • Reaction wood: Its structure and function
    • Scurfield, G. (1973) Reaction wood: Its structure and function. Science, Vol. 179, 647-655.
    • (1973) Science , vol.179 , pp. 647-655
    • Scurfield, G.1
  • 74
    • 0006734609 scopus 로고
    • New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Experiment Station, General Technical Report SO-38
    • Smalley, G. W. (1982) Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the mid-Cumberland Plateau. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Experiment Station, General Technical Report SO-38.
    • (1982) Classification and Evaluation of Forest Sites on the Mid-Cumberland Plateau
    • Smalley, G.W.1
  • 75
    • 0006734609 scopus 로고
    • New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Experiment Station, General Technical Report SO-60
    • Smalley, G. W. (1986) Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the northern Cumberland Plateau. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Experiment Station, General Technical Report SO-60.
    • (1986) Classification and Evaluation of Forest Sites on the Northern Cumberland Plateau
    • Smalley, G.W.1
  • 78
    • 0002048389 scopus 로고
    • An approach toward rational classification of climate
    • Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948) An approach toward rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, Vol. 38, 55-94.
    • (1948) Geographical Review , vol.38 , pp. 55-94
    • Thornthwaite, C.W.1
  • 79
    • 0027101361 scopus 로고
    • Radial growth response of understory sugar maple (Acer saccharum) surrounding openings
    • Tryon, E. H., Lanasa, M., and Townsend, E. C. (1992) Radial growth response of understory sugar maple (Acer saccharum) surrounding openings. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 55, 249-257.
    • (1992) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.55 , pp. 249-257
    • Tryon, E.H.1    Lanasa, M.2    Townsend, E.C.3
  • 80
    • 0028176247 scopus 로고
    • Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age
    • Tyrell, L. E. and Crow, T. R. (1994) Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age. Ecology, Vol. 75, 370-386.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 370-386
    • Tyrell, L.E.1    Crow, T.R.2
  • 81
    • 0007375442 scopus 로고
    • USDA Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
    • USDA (1995) Soil Survey of Fentress and Pickett Counties, Tennessee. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.
    • (1995) Soil Survey of Fentress and Pickett Counties, Tennessee
  • 82
    • 0022236777 scopus 로고
    • Forest development in tree-fall gaps in the temperate rain forest of Chile
    • Veblen, T. T. (1985) Forest development in tree-fall gaps in the temperate rain forest of Chile. National Geographic Research, Vol. 1, 162-183.
    • (1985) National Geographic Research , vol.1 , pp. 162-183
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 83
    • 0000777761 scopus 로고
    • Comparative photosynthesis of three gap phase successional tree species
    • Wallace, L. L. and Dunn, E. L. (1980) Comparative photosynthesis of three gap phase successional tree species. Oecologia, Vol. 45, 331-340.
    • (1980) Oecologia , vol.45 , pp. 331-340
    • Wallace, L.L.1    Dunn, E.L.2
  • 84
    • 22144436969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: A retrospective approach
    • Webster, C. R. and Lorimer, C. G. (2005) Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: A retrospective approach. Ecological Applications, Vol. 15, 1245-1262.
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 1245-1262
    • Webster, C.R.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 85
    • 0032754404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Succession, sapling density, and growth in canopy gaps along a topographic gradient in a second growth east Tennessee forest
    • Wilder, C. M., Holtzclaw, F. W., Jr., and Clebsch, E. E. C. (1999) Succession, sapling density, and growth in canopy gaps along a topographic gradient in a second growth east Tennessee forest. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 142, 201-212.
    • (1999) American Midland Naturalist , vol.142 , pp. 201-212
    • Wilder, C.M.1    Holtzclaw Jr., F.W.2    Clebsch, E.E.C.3
  • 86
    • 0002749441 scopus 로고
    • A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees
    • Yamaguchi, D. K. (1991) A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 21, 414-416.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.21 , pp. 414-416
    • Yamaguchi, D.K.1
  • 87
    • 0032915757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy gap formation and replacement pattern of major tree species among development stages of beech (Fagus crenata) stands, Japan
    • Yamamoto, S. and Nishimura, N. (1999) Canopy gap formation and replacement pattern of major tree species among development stages of beech (Fagus crenata) stands, Japan. Plant Ecology, Vol. 140, 167-176.
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.140 , pp. 167-176
    • Yamamoto, S.1    Nishimura, N.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.