Indicators of anxiety and depression in women with the fragile X premutation: Assessment of a clinical sample

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

Volumn 54, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 597-610

  Lachiewicz, A ^a   Dawson, D ^b   Spiridigliozzi, G ^a   Cuccaro, M ^c   Lachiewicz, M ^d   McConkie Rosell, A ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Fragile X premutation

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMPHETAMINE; BUSPIRONE; CITALOPRAM; CLONAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION PROTEIN; LITHIUM CARBONATE; LORAZEPAM; OLANZAPINE; PAROXETINE; QUETIAPINE; SERTRALINE; TEMAZEPAM; TRAZODONE; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; FMR1 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ADULT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHECKLIST; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; PREMUTATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCORING SYSTEM; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; ADOLESCENT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DOWN SYNDROME; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; GENETICS; INCIDENCE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DOWN SYNDROME; FEMALE; FRAGILE X MENTAL RETARDATION PROTEIN; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77954752092     PISSN: 09642633     EISSN: 13652788     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01290.x     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Abbeduto L, Seltzer M M, Shattuck P, Kraus M W, Orsmond G, Murphy M M. Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youth with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation 2004, 109:237-54.
2. Aziz M, Stathopulu E, Callias M, Taylor C, Turk J, Oostra B. Clinical features of boys with fragile X premutations and intermediate alleles. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2003, 121B:119-27.
3. Bailey D B, Sideris J, Roberts J, Hatton D. Child and genetic variables associated with maternal adaptation to fragile X syndrome: a multidimensional analysis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 2008, 146A:720-9.
4. Carroll B. Carroll Depression Scales Technical Manual 1998, p. 64, Multi-Health Systems, Inc., North Tonawanda, NY
5. Conover W J. Practical Nonparametric Statistics 1998, 3rd, edn. pp. 271ff-352ff, Wiley, New York
6. Crawford D C, Acuna J M, Sherman S L. FMR1 and the fragile X syndrome: human genome epidemiology review. Genetics in Medicine 2001, 3:359-71.
7. Dombrowski C, Levesque S, Morel M L, Rouillard P, Morgan K, Rousseau F. Premutation and intermediate-size FMR1 alleles in 10572 males from the general population: loss of an AGG interruption is a late event in the generation of fragile X syndrome alleles. Human Molecular Genetics 2002, 11:371-8.
8. Dunner D L. Management of anxiety disorders: the added challenge of comorbidity. Depression and Anxiety 2001, 13:57-71.
9. Franke P, Maier W, Hautzinger M, Weiffenbach O, Gansicke M, Iwers B. Fragile-X carrier females: evidence for a distinct psychopathological phenotype? American Journal of Medical Genetics 1996, 64:334-9.
10. Franke P, Leboyer M, Gansicke M, Weiffenbach O, Biancalana V, Cornillet-Lefebre P. Genotype-phenotype relationship in female carriers of the premutation and full mutation of FMR-1. Psychiatry Research 1998, 80:113-27.
11. Freund L S, Reiss A L, Abrams M T. Psychiatric disorders associated with fragile X in the young female. Pediatrics 1993, 91:321-9.
12. Hagerman P J, Hagerman R J. The fragile-X premutation: a maturing perspective. American Journal of Human Genetics 2004, 74:805-16.
13. Hagerman R J. The physical and behavioral phenotype. Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Research 2002, 3-110. Hagerman R JHagerman P J. 3rd, edn (eds, pp., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD
14. Hagerman R J, Jackson C, Amiri K, Silverman A C, O'Connor R, Sobesky W. Girls with fragile X syndrome: physical and neurocognitive status and outcome. Pediatrics 1992, 89:395-9.
15. Hastings R P, Beck A. Practitioner review: stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004, 45:1338-49.
16. Hessl D, Tassone F, Loesch D Z, Berry-Kravis E, Leehey M A, Gane L W. Abnormal elevation of FMR1 mRNA is associated with psychological symptoms in individuals with the fragile X premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B 2005, 139B:115-21.
17. Hollingshead A B. Four Factor Index of Social Status 1975, Yale University Department of Sociology, New Haven, CT, Hollingshead four-factor method of calculation
18. Hunter J E, Allen E G, Abramowitz A, Rusin M, Leslie M, Novak G. Investigation of phenotypes associated with mood and anxiety among male and female fragile X premutation carriers. Behavior Genetics 2008, 38:493-502.
19. Johnston C, Eliez S, Dyer-Friedman J, Hessl D, Glaser B, Blasey C. Neurobehavioral phenotype in carriers of the fragile X premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2001, 103:314-19.
20. Johnston C, Hessl D, Blasey C, Eliez S, Erba H, Dyer-Friedman J. Factors associated with parenting stress in mothers of children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2003, 24:267-75.
21. Kessler R C, Chiu W T, Demler O, Walters E E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Cormorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-27. http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/ftpdir/table_ncsr_by_gender_and_age.pdf, Erratum available at
22. Lachiewicz A M, Dawson D V. Behavior problems of young girls with fragile X syndrome: factor scores on the Conners' Parent's Questionnaire. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1994, 51:364-9.
23. Loesch D Z, Huggins R, Hay D A, Gedeon A K, Mulley J C, Sutherland G R. Genotype-phenotype relationships in fragile X syndrome: a family study. American Journal of Human Genetics 1993, 53:1064-73.
24. Loesch D Z, Hay D A, Mulley J C. Transmitting males and carrier females in fragile X-revisited. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1994, 51:392-9.
25. Loesch D Z, Bui Q M, Grigsby J, Butler E, Epstein J, Huggins R M. Effect of the fragile X status categories and the fragile X mental retardation protein levels on executive functioning in males and females with fragile X. Neuropsychology 2003, 17:646-57.
26. Mazzocco M M, Pennington B, Hagerman R J. The neurocognitive phenotype of female carriers of fragile X: additional evidence for specificity. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1993, 14:328-35.
27. Mazzocco M M, Kates W R, Baumgardner T L, Freund L S, Reiss A L. Autistic behaviors among girls with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997, 27:415-35.
28. Mehta C R, Patel N R. A network algorithm for performing Fisher's exact test in rx c contingency tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1983, 78:427-34.
29. Reiss A L, Freund L, Abrams M T, Boehm C, Kazazian H. Neurobehavioral effects of the fragile X premutation in adult women: a controlled study. American Journal of Human Genetics 1993, 52:884-94.
30. Reynolds W M. Multidimensional Anxiety Questionnaire Professional Manual 1999, p. 80, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Odessa, FL
31. Ricci L A, Hodapp R M. Fathers of children with Down's syndrome versus other types of intellectual disability: perceptions, stress and involvement. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2003, 47:273-84.
32. Riddle J E, Cheema A, Sobesky W E, Gardner S C, Taylor A K, Pennington B F. Phenotypic involvement in females with the FMR1 gene mutation. American Journal on Mental Retardation 1998, 102:590-601.
33. Roberts J E, Bailey D B, Mankowski J, Ford A, Sideris J, Weisenfeld L A. Mood and anxiety disorders in females with the FMR1 premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B 2009, 150B:130-9.
34. Rousseau F, Heitz D, Tarleton J, MacPherson J, Malmgren H, Dahl N. A multicenter study on genotype-phenotype correlations in the fragile X syndrome, using direct diagnosis with probe StB12.3: the first 2,253 cases. American Journal of Human Genetics 1994, 55:225-37.
35. Rousseau F, Rouillard P, Morel M, Khandjian E W, Morgan K. Prevalence of carriers of premutation-size alleles of the FMR1 gene - and implications for the population genetics of the fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics 1995, 57:1006-18.
36. Singer G H S. Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation 2006, 111:155-69.
37. Sobesky W E, Hull C E, Hagerman R J. Symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder in fragile X females. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1994, 33:247-55.
38. Stagnitti M N. Antidepressant Use in the U.S. Noninstitutionalized Population, (2002) 2005, http://www.meps.ahrg.gov/mepsweb/data_files/publications/st77/stat77.shtml, Statistical Brief #77, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, Available at
39. Sullivan A K, Marcus M, Epstein M P, Allen E G, Anido A E, Paquin J J. Association of FMR1 repeat size with ovarian dysfunction. Human Reproduction 2005, 20:402-12.
40. Tassone F, Hagerman R J, Taylor A K, Mills J B, Harris S W, Gane L W. Clinical involvement and protein expression in individuals with the FMR1 premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2000, 91:144-52.
41. Thompson N M, Rogeness G A, McClure E, Clayton R, Johnson C. Influence of depression on cognitive functioning in fragile X females. Psychiatry Research 1996, 64:97-104.
42. Wechsler D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence 1999, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
43. Wheeler A, Hatton D, Reichardt A, Bailey D. Correlates of maternal behaviors in mothers of children with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2007, 51:447-62.