The burden of acute respiratory infections in crisis-affected populations: A systematic review

Conflict and Health

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Bellos, Anna ^a   Mulholland, Kim ^b   O'Brien, Katherine L ^c   Qazi, Shamim A ^a   Gayer, Michelle ^a   Checchi, Francesco ^a,b  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954739853     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17521505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1505-4-3     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. HPN Network Paper 61: Public health in crisis-affected populations: a practical guide for decision-makers. Checchi F Gayer M, Grais RF Mills EJ, London: Overseas Development Institute 2007 http://www.odihpn.org/documents/ networkpaper061.pdf (accessed August 6 2009)
2. Human Security Center, The human security report 2005. War and peace in the 21st century Boston: Oxford University Press 2005
3. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges. Connolly MA Gayer M, Ryan MJ Salama P, Spiegel P Heymann DL, Lancet 2004 364 9449 1974 1983 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17481-3 15567014 (Pubitemid 39574601)
4. Connolly MA Ed, Communicable disease control in emergencies: a field manual Geneva: World Health Organization 2005
5. Mèdecins Sans Frontières, Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations London: Macmillan Education Ltd 1997
6. Sphere Handbook. The Sphere Project, Volume 2005. revised edition Geneva: The Sphere Project 2004 http://www.sphereproject.org (accessed 6 August 2009)
7. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook for emergencies Geneva: UNHCR second 2000
8. Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age. Rudan I Tomaskovic L, Boschi-Pinto C Campbell H, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2004 82 895 903 15654403 (Pubitemid 40065157)
9. Lung infection - a public health priority. Mizgerd JP, PLoS Med 2006 3 2 76 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030076 16401173
10. Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Williams BG Gouws E Boschi-Pinto C Bryce J, Dye C,, Lancet Infect Dis 2002 2 1 25 32 10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00170-0 11892493 (Pubitemid 36109303)
11. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Bryce J Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K Black RE, Lancet 2005 365 9465 1147 1152 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71877- 8 15794969 (Pubitemid 40417564)
12. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children. Simoes AF Cherian T, Chow J Shahid-Salles S, Laxminarayan R John TJ, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries Washington: Oxford University Press second 2006
13. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Rudan I Boschi-Pinto C Biloglav Z Mulholland K, Campbell H,, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008 86 408 416B 10.2471/BLT.07.048769 18545744
14. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization, Geneva: World Health Organization 2008 http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global- burden-disease/GBD-report-2004update-full.pdf Accessed 8 November 2009
15. Perspectives on the burden of pneumonia in children. Mulholland K, Vaccine 2007 25 13 2394 2397 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.007 17064827 (Pubitemid 46366118)
16. Gaps in policy-relevant information on burden of disease in children: a systematic review. Rudan I Lawn J Cousens S Rowe AK, Boschi-Pinto C Tomaskovic L, Mendoza W Lanata CF, Roca-Feltrer A Carneiro I, Schellenberg JA Polasek O, Weber M Bryce J, Morris SS Black RE, Campbell H,, Lancet 2005 365 9476 2031 2040 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66697-4 15950717 (Pubitemid 40805011)
17. Pneumonia research to reduce childhood mortality in the developing world. Scott JA Brooks WA Peiris JS Holtzman D, Mulholland EK,, J Clin Invest 2008 118 4 1291 1300 10.1172/JCI33947 18382741 (Pubitemid 351500421)
18. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. O'Brien KL Wolfson LJ, Watt JP Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M McCall N, Lee E Mulholland K, Levine OS Cherian T, Lancet 2009 374 9693 893 902 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61204-6 19748398
19. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Watt JP Wolfson LJ, O'Brien KL Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M McCall N, Lee E Levine OS, Hajjeh R Mulholland K, Cherian T Hib and Pneumococcal Global Burden of Disease Study Team, Lancet 2009 374 9693 903 911 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61203-4 19748399
20. Pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza: a deadly combination. Klugman KP Chien YW Madhi SA,, Vaccine 2009 27 Suppl 3 9 C14 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.007 19683658
21. Should mass vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines be implemented in forced displacement settings? Bellos A, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 2008
22. International Classification of Diseases, version 10. World Health Organization, World Health Organization 2007
23. UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset, Version 4-2009.
24. Cambodian Disaster Relief: Refugee Camp Medical Care. Feldstein B Weiss R, American Journal of Public Health 1982 72 6 589 594 10.2105/AJPH.72.6.589 7072876
25. A case study of Somali refugees in Hartisheik A Camp, Eastern Ethiopia: health and nutrition profile, July 1988-June 1990. Toole MJ Bhatia R, Journal of Refugee Studies 1992 5 3/4 313 326 10.1093/jrs/5.3-4.313
26. Post-emergency epidemiological surveillance in Iraqi-Kurdish refugee camps in Iran. Babille M De Colombani P Guerra R Zagaria N, Zanetti C,, Disasters 1994 18 1 58 75 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00285.x 8044642 (Pubitemid 24432601)
27. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. International notes: surveillance of health status of Bhutanese refugees - Nepal, 1992. JAMA 1992 269 7 846 850
28. Infectious disease surveillance during emergency relief to Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Marfin AA Moore J Collins C Biellik R, Kattel U Toole MJ, Moore PS,, JAMA 1994 272 5 377 381 10.1001/jama.272.5.377 8028169 (Pubitemid 24232175)
29. Health status of displaced persons following Civil War - Burundi, December 1993-January 1994. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994 43 38 701 703 8084334
30. Morbidity and mortality surveillance in Rwandan refugees - Burundi and Zaire, 1994. Centers for Disease C, Prevention, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996 45 5 104 107 8592491
31. Health and nutrition in centers for unaccompanied refugee children. Experience from the 1994 Rwandan refugee crisis. Dowell SF Toko A, Sita C Piarroux R, Duerr A Woodruff BA, JAMA 1995 273 22 1802 1806 10.1001/jama.273.22. 1802 7769778
32. Surveillance of communicable diseases among Kosovar refugees, Albania, April-June 1999. Weekly Epidemiological Record 1999 74 37 308
33. Management of refugee crisis in Albania during the 1999 Kosovo conflict. Kondaj R, Croat Med J 2002 43 2 190 194 11885046 (Pubitemid 34292883)
34. [Health intervention in an Albanian-Kosovar refugees camp]. Ruiz E Puges X, Artigues J Garcia De Olalla P, Castellsague X Jansa J, Gac Sanit 2001 15 4 356 358 11578567
35. Transmissible diseases of Guatemalan refugees and rural Mexicans in Chiapas state. Gonzalez Galnares M Guiscafre Gallardo H, Moreno Altamirano L Avila Lopez F, Martinez Garcia MdC Flores Huerta S, Vazquez Carrasco JL Munoz Hernandez O, Salud Publica de Mexico 1987 29 1 41 48 3603213
36. Infectious diseases in a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica. Diaz T Achi R, Trop Doct 1989 19 1 14 17 2922807 (Pubitemid 19030159)
37. Experience of a clinic for Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Morgan WA, West J Med 1988 149 2 234 238 3247740
38. Infectious Disease Control in a Long-Term Refugee Camp: The Role of Epidemiologic Surveillance and Investigation. Elias CJ Alexander BH Sokly T,, American Journal of Public Health 1990 80 7 824 828 10.2105/AJPH.80.7.824 2356906 (Pubitemid 20202198)
39. Incidence, management, and outcome of childhood empyema: a prospective study of children in Cambodian refugee camps. Fontanet AL McCauley RG Coyette Y Larchiver F, Bennish ML,, Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 49 6 789 798 8279645 (Pubitemid 24021780)
40. Measles in Vietnamese Refugee Children in Hong Kong. Taylor WR, Epidemiology and Infection 1999 122 3 441 446 10.1017/S0950268899002447 10459648 (Pubitemid 29376082)
41. Morbidity and mortality amongst southern Sudanese in Koboko refugee camps, Arua District, Uganda. Orach CG, East Afr Med J 1999 76 4 195 199 10442100
42. Impact of insecurity, the AIDS epidemic, and poverty on population health: disease patterns and trends in Northern Uganda. Accorsi S Fabiani M, Lukwiya M Ravera M, Costanzi A Ojom L, Paze E Manenti F, Anguzu P Dente M, Declich S Italian-Ugandan AIDS Cooperation Programme, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001 64 3 214 221 11442220 (Pubitemid 32565853)
43. The disease profile of poverty: morbidity and mortality in northern Uganda in the context of war, population displacement and HIV/AIDS. Accorsi S Fabiani M, Nattabi B Corrado B, Iriso R Ayella EO, Pido B Onek PA, Ogwang M Declich S, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2005 99 3 226 233 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.008 15653126 (Pubitemid 40104023)
44. Setting up an early warning system for epidemic-prone diseases in Darfur: a participative approach. Pinto A Saeed M El Sakka H Rashford A, Colombo A Valenciano M, Sabatinelli G,, Disasters 2005 29 4 310 322 10.1111/j.0361-3666. 2005.00294.x 16277642 (Pubitemid 41711594)
45. Reduced case fatality among hospitalized children during a war in Guinea-Bissau: a lesson in equity. Sodemann M Veirum J, Biai S Nielsen J, Bale C Jakobsen MS, Gustafson P Aaby P, Acta Paediatrica 2004 93 7 959 964 10.1080/08035250410025564 15303813 (Pubitemid 38829842)
46. Disease profile of children in Kabul: the unmet need for health care. Prasad AN, J Epidemiol Community Health 2006 60 1 20 23 10.1136/jech.2005.040147 16361450 (Pubitemid 43028625)
47. A year in Afghanistan - Herat hospital paediatric ward. Stevens JC Reilley B, Hargreaves S Sattar A, British Journal of General Practice 2004 54 507 794 795 15469686 (Pubitemid 39359374)
48. Adult and paediatric mortality patterns in a referral hospital in Liberia 1 year after the end of the war. Huerga H Vasset B Prados E,, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009 103 5 476 484 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.12.004 19243803
49. Morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Tanaka H Oda J Iwai A Kuwagata Y, Matsuoka T Takaoka M, Kishi M Morimoto F, Ishikawa K Mizushima Y, Nakata Y Yamamura H, Hiraide A Shimazu T, Yoshioka T,, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1999 17 2 186 191 10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90059-1 10102325 (Pubitemid 29141011)
50. The public health response to the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, 1999. Chen KT Chen WJ, Malilay J Twu SJ, Public Health Rep 2003 118 6 493 499 14563906 (Pubitemid 37428867)
51. Incidence of infectious diseases one month after the bam eartquake (2004). Jonaidi Jafari N Radfar MH Ghofrani H,, Journal of Medical Sciences 2007 7 4 597 602 10.3923/jms.2007.597.602 (Pubitemid 46971005)
52. A record of morbidity and medical request profiles in international humanitarian aid, taking the earthquake in Bam in Iran in 2003 as an example. Krieg CM Gardemann J, Journal of Public Health 2009 17 2 97 106 10.1007/s10389-008-0230-9
53. Retrospective analysis: The earthquake-injured patients in Barakott of Pakistan. Bai XD Liu XH, Chinese Journal of Traumatology (English Edition) 2009 12 2 122 124
54. South Asia earthquake Weekly Mortality and Morbidity Reports archive 2006. World Health Organization, Geneva: World Health Organization 2005 http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/pakistan-earthquake/pak-WMMR-2006/ en/index.html Accessed 8 November 2009
55. 1988 floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death. Siddique AK Baqui AH, Eusof A Zaman K, J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991 9 4 310 314 1800561
56. Post-flood - infectious diseases in Mozambique. Kondo H Seo N Yasuda T Hasizume M, Koido Y Ninomiya N, Yamamoto Y,, Prehosp Disaster Med 2002 17 3 126 133 12627915
57. Health emergencies in large populations: The Orissa experience. Cariappa MP Khanduri P, Medical Journal of the Armed Forces of India 2003 59 4 286 289 (Pubitemid 37322144)
58. Clinical cases seen in tsunami hit Banda Aceh: from a primary health care perspective. Fan SW, Ann Acad Med Singapore 2006 35 1 54 59 16470276
59. Public health surveillance after a volcanic eruption: lessons from Cerro Negro, Nicaragua, 1992. Malilay J Real MG Ramirez Vanegas A Noji E, Sinks T,, Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1996 30 3 218 226 8897722 (Pubitemid 26349825)
60. International database. United States Census Bureau, 2009 http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ accessed 8 November 2009
61. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Murray CJ Lopez AD, Lancet 1997 349 9061 1269 1276 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07493-4 9142060 (Pubitemid 27192468)
62. Multihospital Surveillance of Pneumonia Burden among Children Aged <5 Years Hospitalized for Pneumonia in Bangladesh. Naheed A Saha SK, Breiman RF Khatun F, Brooks WA El Arifeen S, Sack D Luby SP, Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009 48 s2 82 S89 10.1086/596485 19191623
63. Chest X-ray-confirmed pneumonia in children in Fiji. Magree HC Russell FM Sa'aga R Greenwood P, Tikoduadua L Pryor J, Waqatakirewa L Carapetis JR, Mulholland EK,, Bull World Health Organ 2005 83 6 427 433 15976893 (Pubitemid 40868439)
64. Bacterial aetiology and outcome in children with severe pneumonia in Uganda. Nantanda R Hildenwall H, Peterson S Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Kalyesubula I Tumwine JK, Ann Trop Paediatr 2008 28 4 253 260 10.1179/146532808X375404 19021940
65. Pneumonia: the forgotten killer of children. United Nations Children's Fund, World Health Organization, New York: Unicef 2006
66. Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade. Salama P Spiegel P, Talley L Waldman R, Lancet 2004 364 9447 1801 1813 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17405-9 15541455 (Pubitemid 39488067)
67. Symptom overlap for malaria and pneumonia - policy implications for home management strategies. Kallander K Nsungwa-Sabiiti J Peterson S,, Acta Trop 2004 90 2 211 214 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.013 15177148 (Pubitemid 38283771)
68. Delayed care seeking for fatal pneumonia in children aged under five years in Uganda: a case-series study. Kallander K Hildenwall H, Waiswa P Galiwango E, Peterson S Pariyo G, Bull World Health Organ 2008 86 5 332 338 10.2471/BLT.07.049353 18545734 (Pubitemid 351694312)
69. Epidemics after natural disasters. Watson JT Gayer M Connolly MA,, Emerg Infect Dis 2007 13 1 1 5 10.3201/eid1301.060779 17370508 (Pubitemid 46057830)
70. Childhood pneumonia - preventing the worlds biggest killer of children. Greenwood BM Weber MW Mulholland K,, Bull World Health Organ 2007 85 7 502 503 10.2471/BLT.07.044032 17768493 (Pubitemid 47041627)
71. Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report 1 May 2006 edition. Ministry of Health Pakistan, WHO, 2006 23