Minimizing disturbance to wildlife by tourists approaching on foot or in a car: A study of kangaroos in the Australian rangelands

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Volumn 126, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 75-84

  Wolf, Isabelle D ^a   Croft, David B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Approach; Disturbance; Flight; Kangaroos; Visitor impacts; Wildlife tourism

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; AUTOMOBILE; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DISTURBANCE; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION; FLIGHT; HABITAT MANAGEMENT; HUMAN ACTIVITY; HUMAN BEHAVIOR; MARSUPIAL; RANGELAND; TOURIST BEHAVIOR; TOURIST DESTINATION; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

AUSTRALIA;

MACROPODIDAE; MACROPUS RUFUS;

EID: 77954656299     PISSN: 01681591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Altmann J. Observational study of behavior. Behaviour 1974, 49:227-267.
2. Andersen R., Linnell J.D.C., Langvatn R. Short term behavioural and physiological response of moose Alces alces to military disturbance in Norway. Biol. Conserv. 1996, 77:169-176.
3. Banks P.B. Predation-sensitive grouping and habitat use by Eastern Grey Kangaroos: a field experiment. Anim. Behav. 2001, 61:1013-1021.
4. Bell F.C. Climate of Fowlers Gap Station. Lands of Fowlers Gap Station, New South Wales 1973, 45-63. The University of New South Wales, Sydney. J.A. Mabbutt (Ed.).
5. Bleich C.V. Mountain sheep and coyotes: patterns of predator evasion in a mountain ungulate. J. Mammal. 1999, 80:283-289.
6. Blumstein D.T. Flight-initiation distance in birds is dependent on intruder starting distance. J. Wildl. Manage. 2003, 67:852-857.
7. Blumstein D.T., Daniel J.C. Isolation from mammalian predators differentially affects two congeners. Behav. Ecol. 2002, 13:657-663.
8. Blumstein D.T., Daniel J.C. Foraging behavior of three Tasmanian macropodid marsupials in response to present and historical predation threat. Ecography 2003, 26:585-594.
9. Blumstein D.T., Daniel J.C. Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus) receive an antipredator benefit from aggregation. Acta Ethol. 2003, 5:95-99.
10. Borkowski J.J., White P.J., Garrott R.A., Davis T., Hardy A.R., Reinhart D.J. Behavioral responses of bison and elk in Yellowstone to snowmobiles and snow coaches. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16:1911-1925.
11. Bullock D.J., Kerridge F.J., Hanlon A., Arnold R.W. Short-term responses of deer to recreational disturbances in two deer parks. J. Zool. (Lond.) 1993, 230:327-332.
12. Burger J. Effects of human disturbance on colonial species, particularly Gulls. Colon. Waterbirds 1981, 4:28-36.
13. Burger J., Gochfeld M. Risk discrimination of direct versus tangential approach by basking Black Iguanas (Ctenosaura similis): Variation as a function of human exposure. J. Comp. Physiol. B: Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. 1990, 104:388-394.
14. Carter K., Goldizen A.W. Habitat choice and vigilance behaviour of Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies (Petrogale penicillata) within their nocturnal foraging ranges. Wildl. Res. 2003, 30:355-364.
15. Cassini M.H. Behavioural responses of South American Fur Seals to approach by tourists-a brief report. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2001, 71:341-346.
16. Cassini M.H., Szteren D., Fernández-Juricic E. Fence effects on the behavioural responses of South American Fur Seals to tourist approaches. J. Ethol. 2004, 22:127-133.
17. Cassirer E.F., Freddy D.J., Ables E.D. Elk responses to disturbance by cross-country skiers in Yellowstone National Park. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1992, 20:375-381.
18. Clancy T.F. Factors Influencing Movement Patterns of the Euro, Macropus robustus erubescens, in the Arid Zone 1989, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney.
19. Colagross A.M., Cockburn A. Vigilance and grouping in the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus. Aust. J. Zool. 1993, 41:324-325.
20. Cooper W.E. Direction of predator turning, a neglected cue to predation risk. Behaviour 1998, 135:55-64.
21. Crawley M.J. The R Book 2007, Wiley & Sons, Chichester. second ed.
22. Croft D.B. Behaviour of Red Kangaroos, Macropus rufus (Desmarest, 1822) in northwestern New South Wales, Australia. Aust. Mammal. 1981, 4:5-58.
23. Croft D.B. Rangeland Kangaroos: A World Class Wildlife Experience, Wildlife Tourism Report Series: No. 16 2001, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Gold Coast.
24. Dawson T.J. Kangaroos: Biology of the Largest Marsupials 1995, Cornell University Press, New York.
25. Dawson T.J., Taylor C.R. Energy cost of locomotion by kangaroos. Nature 1973, 246:313-314.
26. Dill L., Ydenberg R. The group size-flight distance relationship in water striders (Gerris remigis). Can. J. Zool. 1987, 65:223-226.
27. Dyck M.G., Baydack R.K. Vigilance behaviour of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the context of wildlife-viewing activities at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Biol. Conserv. 2003, 116:343-350.
28. Edington J.M., Edington M.A. Ecology, Recreation and Tourism 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
29. Edwards G.P., Croft D.B., Dawson T.J. Competition between Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus) and sheep (Ovis aries) in the arid rangelands of Australia. Aust. Ecol. 1996, 21:165-172.
30. Elton C. On the nature of cover. J. Wildl. Manage. 1939, 3:332-338.
31. Field A.P. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS 2005, Sage Publications, London.
32. Freddy D.J., Bronaugh W.M., Fowler M.C. Responses of Mule Deer to disturbance by persons afoot and snowmobiles. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1986, 14:63-68.
33. Frid A., Dill L.M. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conserv. Ecol. 2002, 6:11.
34. Giese M. Guidelines for people approaching breeding groups of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). Polar Rec. 1998, 34:287-292.
35. Gill J.A., Sutherland W.J. Predicting the consequences of human disturbance from behavioural decisions. Behaviour and Conservation 2000, 51-64. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. L.M. Gosling, W.J. Sutherland (Eds.).
36. Gonzalez L.M., Arroyo B.E., Margalida A., Sanchez R., Oria J. Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish Imperial Eagles (Aquila adalberti): Management implications for the conservation of a threatened species. Anim. Conserv. 2006, 9:85-93.
37. Green R., Giese M. Negative effects of wildlife tourism on wildlife. Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management and Planning 2004, 81-98. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Gold Coast. K. Higginbottom (Ed.).
38. Griffiths M., van Schaik C.P. The impact of human traffic on the abundance and activity periods of Sumatran rain forest wildlife. Conserv. Biol. 1993, 7:623-626.
39. Heathcote C.F. Grouping of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in open habitat. Aust. Wildl. Res. 1987, 14:343-348.
40. Ikuta L.A., Blumstein D.T. Do fences protect birds from human disturbance?. Biol. Conserv. 2003, 112:447-452.
41. King N.G., Higginbottom K.B., Bauer J.J. Terrifying tourists and wary wallabies: responses of macropodid species to the presence of humans. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 2005, 11:64-72.
42. Klein M.L. Waterbird behavioral responses to human disturbances. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1993, 21:31-39.
43. Knight R.L., Gutzwiller K.J. Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research 1995, Island Press, Washington, DC.
44. Lima S.L., Dill L.M. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 1990, 68:619-640.
45. Lott D.F., McCoy M. Asian Rhinos Rhinoceros unicornis on the run? Impact of tourist visits on one population. Biol. Conserv. 1995, 73:23-26.
46. MacArthur R.A., Geist V., Johnston R.H. Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. J. Wildl. Manage. 1982, 46:351-358.
47. Mainini B., Neuhaus P., Ingold P. Behaviour of marmots Marmota marmota under the influence of different hiking activities. Biol. Conserv. 1993, 64:161-164.
48. McLellan B.N., Shackleton D.M. Immediate reactions of Grizzly Bears to human activities. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1989, 17:269-274.
49. Miller S.G., Knight R.L., Miller C.K. Wildlife responses to pedestrians and dogs. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 2001, 29:124-132.
50. Montague-Drake R., Croft D.B. Do kangaroos exhibit water-focused grazing patterns in arid New South Wales? A case study in Sturt National Park. Aust. Mammal. 2004, 26:87-100.
51. Moscardo G., Saltzer R. Understanding Tourism Wildlife Interactions: Visitor Market Analysis 2005, Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Gold Coast.
52. Papouchis C.M., Singer F.J., Sloan W.B. Responses of Desert Bighorn Sheep to increased human recreation. J. Wildl. Manage. 2001, 65:573-582.
53. Recarte J.M., Vincent J.P., Hewison A.J.M. Flight responses of park Fallow Deer to the human observer. Behav. Process. 1998, 44:65-72.
54. Richens V.B., Lavigne G.R. Response of White-tailed Deer to snowmobiles and snowmobile trails in Mains. Can. Field-Nat. 1978, 92:334-344.
55. Roe D., Leader-Williams N., Dalal-Clayton B. Take only Photographs, Leave only Footprints: The Environmental Impacts of Wildlife Tourism 1997, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
56. Steidl R.J., Anthony R.G. Responses of Bald Eagles to human activity during the summer in interior Alaska. Ecol. Appl. 1996, 6:482-491.
57. Stuart-Dick, R.I., 1987. Parental investment in the Eastern Grey kangaroo. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New England, Armidale.
58. Taylor A.R., Knight R.L. Behavioral responses of wildlife to human activity: terminology and methods. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 2003, 31:1263-1271.
59. Taylor A.R., Knight R.L. Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions. Ecol. Appl. 2003, 13:951-963.
60. Underwood A.J. Experiments in Ecology: Their Logical Design and Interpretation Using Analysis of Variance 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
61. Vandenheede M., Bouissou M.F. Sex differences in fear reactions in sheep. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1993, 37:39-55.
62. Walther F.R. Flight behaviour and avoidance of predators in Thomson's Gazelle (Gazella Thomsoni Guenther 1884). Behaviour 1969, 34:184-220.
63. Watson D.M., Dawson T.J. The effects of age, sex, reproductive status and temporal factors on the time-use of free-ranging Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus) in Western New South Wales. Wildl. Res. 1993, 20:785-801.
64. Whittaker D., Knight R.L. Understanding wildlife responses to humans. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1998, 26:312-317.
65. Williams O.B. Australia. Arid-land Ecosystems: Their Structure, Functioning and Management. 1979, 145-212. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. D.W. Goodall, R.A. Perry (Eds.).
66. Winer B.J., Brown D.R., Michels K.M. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design 1991, McGraw-Hill, New York.
67. Wolf I.D. Towards Sustainable Tourism in Outback Australia: The Behaviour and Impact of Nature-based Tourists on Vegetation and Selected Wildlife Species 2009, The University of New South Wales, Sydney.