Does pressure cause pressure ulcers? An inquiry into the etiology of pressure ulcers

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 397-405

  Thomas, David R ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Pressure reduction; Pressure ulcers; Tissue compression loading; Tissue perfusion

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; HYPERTENSIVE AGENT; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; INSULIN; SEDATIVE AGENT; VASOACTIVE AGENT;

ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; DECUBITUS; DISEASE COURSE; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HIP FRACTURE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LENGTH OF STAY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT POSITIONING; PRESSURE; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TISSUE PERFUSION; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; PERFUSION; PRESSURE ULCER; REHABILITATION; VASCULARIZATION;

CONNECTIVE TISSUE; HUMANS; PERFUSION; PRESSURE ULCER; REHABILITATION; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77954620686     PISSN: 15258610     EISSN: 15389375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.03.007     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Thomas D.R. Prevention and management of pressure ulcers. Rev Clin Gerontol 2008, 17:1-17.
2. Thomas D.R. Are all pressure ulcers avoidable?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2001, 2:297-301.
3. Scott J.R., Gibran N.S., Engrav L.H., Mack C.D., Rivara F.P. Incidence and characteristics of hospitalized patients with pressure ulcers: State of Washington, 1987 to 2000. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006, 117(2):630-634.
4. Whittington K.T., Briones R. National prevalence and incidence study: 6-year sequential acute care data. Adv Skin Wound Care 2004, 17:490-494.
5. Gunningberg L. EPUAP pressure ulcer prevalence survey in Sweden: a two-year follow-up of quality indicators. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2006, 33:258-266.
6. Gunningberg L., Stotts N.A. Tracking quality over time: What do pressure ulcer data show?. Int J Qual Health Care 2008, 20:246-253.
7. Chen Y., DeVivo M.J., Jackson A.B. Pressure ulcer prevalence in people with spinal cord injury: Age-period-duration effects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:1208-1213.
8. Hofman A., Geelkerken R.H., Wille J., et al. Pressure sores and pressure-decreasing mattresses: Controlled clinical trial. Lancet 1994, 343:568-571.
9. Goldstone L., Norris M., O'Reilly M., et al. A clinical trial of a bead bed system for the prevention of pressure sores in elderly orthopaedic patients. J Adv Nurs 1982, 7:545-548.
10. Gray D., Campbell M. A randomized clinical trial of two types of foam mattress. J Tissue Viability 1994, 4:128-132.
11. Takala J., Varmavuo S., Soppi E. Prevention of pressure sores in acute respiratory failure: A randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care 1996, 7:228-235.
12. Inman K.J., Sibbald W.J., Rutledge F.S. Clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of an air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers. JAMA 1993, 269:1139-1143.
13. Andersen K.E., Jensen O., Kvorning S.A., et al. Decubitus prophylaxis: A prospective trial on the efficacy of alternating pressure air mattresses and water mattresses. Acta Derm Venereol 1982, 63:227-230.
14. Gentiletto L., Thompson D.A., Tonnesen A.S., et al. Effect on a rotating bed on the incidence of pulmonary complications in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1988, 16:783-786.
15. Summer W.R., Curry P., Haponikm E.F., et al. Continuous mechanical turning of intensive care unit patients shortens length of stay in some diagnostic-related groups. Journal of Critical Care Medicine 1989, 4:45-53.
16. Jesurum J., Joseph K., Davis J.M., Suki R. Balloons, beds, and breakdown. Effects of low-air-loss therapy on the development of pressure ulcers in cardiovascular surgical patients with intra-aortic balloon pump support. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1996, 8:423-440.
17. Andrews J., Balai R. The prevention and treatment of pressure sores by use of pressure distributing mattresses. Decubitus 1988, 1:14-21.
18. Lazzara D.J., Buschmann M.T. Prevention of pressure ulcers in elderly nursing home residents: Are special support surfaces the answer?. Decubitus 1991, 4:42-48.
19. Lewicki L., Mion L., Splane K.G., et al. Patient risk factors for pressure ulcers during cardiac surgery. AORN J 1997, 65:933-942.
20. Marchette L., Arnell I., Redick E. Skin ulcers of elderly surgical patients in critical care units. Appl Res 1991, 10:321-329.
21. Pope R. Pressure sore formation in the operating theater. Br J Nurs 1999, 8:211-217.
22. Schultz A., Bien M., Dumond K., Brown K., Myers A. Etiology and incidence of pressure ulcers in surgical patients. AORN J 1999, 70:434-447.
23. Scott S.M., Mayhew P.A., Harris E.A. Pressure ulcer development in the operating room. AORN J 1992, 56:242-250.
24. Peerless J., Davies A., Klein D., Yu D. Skin complications in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med 1999, 20:453-467.
25. Pressure Ulcers in America: Prevalence, Incidence and Implications for the Future 2001, National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Reston, VA.
26. Aronovitch S.A. Intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcers: Are there common risk factors?. Ostomy Wound Manage 2007, 53:57-69.
27. Lewicki L.J., Mion L., Splane K.G., et al. Patient risk factors for pressure ulcer during cardiac surgery. AORN J 1997, 65:933-942.
28. Stordeur S., Laurent S., D'Hoore W. The importance of repeated risk assessment for pressure sores in cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg 1998, 39:343-349.
29. Papantonio C.J., Wallop J.M., Kolodner K.B. Sacral ulcers following cardiac surgery: Incidence and risk factors. Adv Wound Care 1994, 7:24-36.
30. Kemp M.G., Keithley J.K., Smith D.W., Morreale B. Factors that contribute to pressure sores in surgical patients. Res Nurs Health 1990, 13:293-301.
31. Pokorny M.E., Koldjeski D., Swanson M. Skin care intervention for patients having cardiac surgery. Am J Crit Care 2003, 12:535-544.
32. Schuurman J.P., Schoonhoven L., Keller B.P., van Ramshorst B. Do pressure ulcers influence length of hospital stay in surgical cardiothoracic patients? A prospective evaluation. J Clin Nurs 2009, 18:2456-2463.
33. Feuchtinger J., Halfens R.J.G., Dassen T. Pressure ulcer risk factors in cardiac surgery: A review of the research literature. Heart Lung 2005, 34:375-385.
34. Baumgarten M., Margolis D.J., Orwig D.L., et al. Pressure ulcers in elderly patients with hip fracture across the continuum of care. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009, 57:863-870.
35. Eachempati S.R., Hydo L.J., Barie P.S. Factors influencing the development of decubitus ulcers in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1678-1682.
36. Fife C., Otto G., Capsuto E.G., et al. Incidence of pressure ulcers in a neurologic intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:283-290.
37. Frankel H., Sperry J., Kaplan L. Risk factors for pressure ulcer development in a best practice surgical intensive care unit. Am Surg 2007, 73:1215-1217.
38. Compton F., Hoffmann F., Hortig T., et al. Pressure ulcer predictors in ICU patients: nursing skin assessment versus objective parameters. J Wound Care 2008, 17:417-424.
39. Baumgarten M., Margolis D.J., Localio A.R., et al. Extrinsic risk factors for pressure ulcers early in the hospital stay: A nested case-control study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008, 63:408-413.
40. Suriadi, Sanada H., Sugama J., Thigpen B., et al. Development of a new risk assessment scale for predicting pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit. Nurs Crit Care 2008, 13:34-43.
41. Terekeci H., Kucukardali Y., Top C., et al. Risk assessment study of the pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients. Eur J Intern Med 2009, 20:394-397.
42. Nijs N., Toppets A., Defloor T., et al. Incidence and risk factors for pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs 2009, 18:1258-1266.
43. Pender L.R., Frazier S.K. The relationship between dermal pressure ulcers, oxygenation and perfusion in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2005, 21:29-38.
44. Langemo D.K. Skin fails too: Acute, chronic, and end-stage skin failure. Adv Skin Wound Care 2006, 19:206-212.
45. Brown G. Long-term outcomes of full-thickness pressure ulcers: Healing and mortality. Ostomy Wound Manage 2003, 49:42-50.
46. Brink P., Fries Smith T., Linkewich B. Factors associated with pressure ulcers in palliative home care. J Palliat Med 2006, 9:1369-1375.
47. Landi F., Onder G., Russo A., Berrabei R. Pressure ulcers and mortality in frail elderly people living in community. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2007, 44:217-223.
48. Lyder C.H., Preston J., Grady J.N., et al. Quality of care for hospitalized Medicare patients at risk for pressure ulcers. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1549-1554.
49. Thomas D.R. Managing pressure ulcers: Learning to give up cherished dogma. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2007, 8:347-348.
50. Pase M.N. Pressure relief devices, risk factors, and development of pressure ulcers in elderly patients with limited mobility. Adv Wound Care 1994, 7:38-42.
51. Lindholm C., Sterner E., Romanelli M., et al. Hip fracture and pressure ulcers-the Pan-European Pressure Ulcer Study-intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Int Wound J 2008, 5:315-328.
52. DeFloor T., De Bacquer D., Grypdonck M.H. The effect of various combinations of turning and pressure reducing devices on the incidence of pressure ulcers. Int J Nurs Stud 2005, 42:37-46.
53. Vanderwee K., Grypdonck M., Defloor T. Non-blanchable erythema as an indicator for the need for pressure ulcer prevention: a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Nurs 2007, 16:325-335.
54. Vanderwee K., Grypdonck M.H., Defloor T. Effectiveness of alternating pressure air mattresses for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Age Ageing 2005, 34:261-267.
55. Stapleton M. Preventing pressure sores-an evaluation of three products. Geriatr Nurs (Lond) 1986, 6:23-25.
56. Gebhardt K.S., Bliss M.R., Winwright P.L., Thomas J. Pressure-relieving supports in an ICU. J Wound Care 1996, 5:116-121.
57. Thomas D.R. Management of pressure ulcers. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2006, 7:46-59.
58. Parish L.C., Witkowski J.A. Controversies about the decubitus ulcer. Dermatol Clin 2004, 22:87-91.
59. Bliss M.R. Acute pressure area care: Sir James Paget's legacy. Lancet 1992, 339:221-223.
60. Bliss M.R., McLaren R. Preventing pressure sores in geriatric patients. Nurs Mirror Midwives J 1967, 2:405-408.
61. Campbell K. Pressure points in the operating room. J Enterostomal Ther 1989, 16:119-124.
62. Walsh J. Postop effects of OR positioning. RN 1993, 56:50-75.
63. Scott E.M., Leaper D.J., Clark M., Kelly P.J. Effects of warming therapy on pressure ulcers- a randomized trial. AORN J 2001, 73:921-938.
64. Grous C.A., Reilly N.J., Gift A.G. Skin integrity in patients undergoing prolonged operations. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1997, 24:86-91.
65. Bliss M., Simini B. When are the seeds of pressure sores sown?. BMJ 1999, 319:864.
66. Kokate J. Temperature-modulated pressure ulcers: A porcine model. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1995, 76:666-673.
67. Grimes J.P., Gregory P.M., Noveck H., Butler, Carson J.L. The effects of time-to-surgery on mortality and morbidity in patients following hip fracture. Am J Med 2002, 112:702-709.
68. Lefaivre K.A., Macadam S.A., Davidson D.J., et al. Length of stay, mortality, morbidity and delay to surgery in hip fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009, 91:922-927.
69. Wong V.K., Stotts N.A., Hopf H.W., et al. How heel oxygenation changes under pressure. Wound Repair Regen 2007, 15:786-794.
70. Haleem S., Heinert G., Parker M.J. Pressure sores and hip fractures. Injury 2008, 39:219-223.
71. Aronovitch S.A. Intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer prevalence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1999, 26:130-136.
72. Vermillion C. Operating room-acquired pressure ulcers. Decubitus 1990, 3:26-30.
73. Rappl L.M. Physiological changes in tissues denervated by spinal cord injury tissues and possible effects on wound healing. Int Wound J 2008, 5:435-444.
74. Allman R.N., Goode P.S., Burst N., et al. Pressure ulcers, hospital complications, and disease severity: Impact on hospital costs and length of stay. Adv Wound Care 1999, 12:22-30.
75. Shannon M.L., Lehman C.A. Protecting the skin of the elderly patient in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1996, 8:17-28.
76. Schubert V., Fagrell B. Local skin pressure and its effects on skin microcirculation as evaluated by laser Doppler fluxmetry. Clin Physiol 1989, 9:535-545.
77. Agache P.G., Dupond A.S. Recent advances in non-invasive assessment of human blood flow. Acta Derm Venereol 1994, 185:47-51.
78. Herrman E.C., Knapp C.F., Donofrio J.C., Salcido R. Skin perfusion responses to surface pressure induced ischemia: Implications for the developing pressure ulcer. J Rehabil Res Dev 1999, 36:109-120.
79. Daniel R.K., Priest D.L., Wheatley D.C. Etiologic factors in pressure sores: An experimental model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1981, 62:492-498.
80. Dinsdale S.M. Decubitus ulcers: Role of pressure and friction in causation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974, 55:147-152.
81. Houwing R., Overgoor M., Kon M., et al. Pressure-induced skin lesions in pigs: Reperfusion injury and the effects of vitamin E. J Wound Care 2000, 9:36-40.
82. Miller G.E., Seale J. Lymphatic clearance during compressive loading. Lymphology 1981, 14:161-166.
83. Bouten C.V., Breuls R.G., Peeters E.A., et al. In vitro models to study compressive strain-induced muscle cell damage. Biorheology 2003, 40:383-388.
84. Reswick J., Rogers J.E. Experience at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital with devices and techniques to prevent pressure ulcers. Bedsore Biomechanics 1976, 301-310. Macmillan Press, London. R.M. Kenedi, J.M. Cowden, J.T. Scales (Eds.).
85. Defloor T., De Schuijmer J.D. Preventing pressure ulcers: An evaluation of four operating-table mattresses. Appl Nurs Res 2000, 13:134-141.
86. Linder-Ganz E., Engelberg S., Scheinowitz M., Gefen A. Pressure-time cell death threshold for albino rat skeletal muscles as related to pressure sore biomechanics. J Biomech 2006, 39:2725-2732.
87. Bader D.L., White S.H. The viability of soft tissues in elderly subjects undergoing hip surgery. Age Ageing 1998, 27:217-221.
88. Daniel R.K., Priest D.L., Wheatley D.C. Etiologic factors in pressure sores: an experimental model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1981, 62:492-498.
89. Kupiec-Weglinski J.W., Busuttil R.W. Ischemia and reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005, 37:1653.
90. Moens A.L., Claeys M.J., Timmermans J.P., et al. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-injury, a clinical view on a complex pathophysiological process. Int J Cardiol 2005, 100:179-190.
91. Schaller B., Graf R. Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion: The pathophysiologic concept as a basis for clinical therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004, 24:351-371.
92. Eltzschig H.K., Collard C.D. Vascular ischaemia and reperfusion injury. Br Med Bull 2004, 70:71-86.
93. Mustoe T.A. Understanding chronic wounds: A unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Am J Surg 2004, 187:65.
94. Thompson D. A critical review of the literature on pressure ulcer aetiology. J Wound Care 2005, 14:87.
95. Peirce S.M., Skalak T.C., Rodeheaver G.T. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronic pressure ulcer formation: A skin model in the rat. Wound Repair Regen 2000, 8:68-76.
96. Stekelenburg A., Strijkers G.J., Parusel H., et al. Role of ischemia and deformation in the onset of compression-induced deep tissue injury: MRI-based studies in a rat model. J Appl Physiol 2007, 102:2002-2011.
97. Sanada H., Nagakawa T., Yamamoto M., et al. The role of skin blood flow in pressure ulcer development during surgery. Adv Wound Care 1997, 10:29-34.
98. Mayrovitz H.N., Sims N., Taylor M.C. Sacral skin blood perfusion: A factor in pressure ulcers?. Ostomy Wound Manage 2002, 48:34-38. 40-42.
99. Van Marum R.J., Meijer J.H., Ribbe M.W. The relationship between pressure ulcers and skin blood flow response after of local cold provocation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 83:40-43.