Hollywood be thy name: African American religion in American film, 1929-1949

Hollywood Be Thy Name: African American Religion in American Film, 1929-1949

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages

  Weisenfeld, Judith ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954613152     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (175)

1. Camille Billops and James V. Hatch Archives. Special Collections and Archives. Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
2. Arthur Freed Collection. Performing Arts Archives. Cinema-Television Library, University of Southern California.
3. L. S. Alexander Gumby Collection of Negroiana. Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
4. Eva Jessye Collection. Special Collections. Leonard H. Axe Library, Pittsburg State University.
5. George P. Johnson Negro Film Collection. Department of Special Collections. University Research Library, University of California at Los Angeles.
6. James Weldon Johnson Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
7. Vincente Minnelli Collection. Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
8. Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division. Library of Congress.
9. Motion Picture Case Files. New York State Archives. Cultural Education Center.
10. Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. Production Code Administration Case Files. Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
11. Motion Picture Scripts Collection. Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
12. Negro Actors Guild Collection. Rare Books and Manuscripts. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York Public Library.
13. Oral History Research Office. Butler Library, Columbia University.
14. Victoria Spivey Papers. Special Collections and Archives. Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University.
15. USC Warner Bros. Archives. Performing Arts Archives. Cinema-Television Library, University of Southern California.
16. United States, National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives at College Park, College Park, Maryland.
17. King Vidor Collection. Performing Arts Archives. Cinema-Television Library, University of Southern California.
18. Affron, Charles, and Mirella Jona Affron. Sets in Motion: Art Direction and Film Narrative. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995.
19. Altman, Rick. The American Film Musical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
20. Baer, Hans, and Merrill Singer. African-American Religion in the Twentieth Century: Varieties of Protest and Accommodation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992.
21. Behlmer, Rudy, ed. Memo from Darryl F. Zanuck: The Golden Years at Twentieth Century-Fox. New York: Grove Press, 1993.
22. Belton, John, ed. Movies and Mass Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
23. Bernard, Emily, ed. Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925-1964. New York: Knopf, 2001.
24. Bernardi, Daniel, ed. The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
25. Bernardi, Daniel. Classic Hollywood, Classic Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
26. Bernstein, Matthew, and Gaylyn Studlar, eds. Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
27. Black, Donald Fisher. "The Life and Work of Eva Jessye and Her Contributions to American Music." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1986.
28. Black, Gregory D. The Catholic Crusade against the Movies, 1940-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
29. Black, Gregory D. Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics and the Movies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
30. Bogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films. New York: Viking Press, 1973.
31. Bordwell, David, Janet Staiger, and Kristin Thompson. The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
32. Bowser, Pearl, Jane Gaines, and Charles Musser, eds. Oscar Micheaux and His Circle: African-American Filmmaking and Race Cinema of the Silent Era. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2001.
33. Bowser, Pearl, and Louise Spence. Writing Himself into History: Oscar Micheaux, His Silent Films, and His Audiences. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
34. Boyarin, Jonathan, and Daniel Boyarin. Jews and Other Differences: The New Jewish Cultural Studies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
35. Boyd, Malcolm. Christ and Celebrity Gods: The Church and Mass Culture. Greenwich, CT: Seabury Press, 1958.
36. Bradford, Roark. Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun: Being the Tales They Tell about the Time When the Lord Walked the Earth Like a Natural Man. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1928.
37. Brodkin, Karen. How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
38. Burkett, Randall K. Garveyism as a Religious Movement: The Institutionalization of a Black Civil Religion. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1978.
39. Capra, Frank. The Name above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: Vintage, 1971.
40. Carr, Steven Alan. Hollywood and Anti-Semitism: A Cultural History up to World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
41. Chase, William Sheafe. Catechism on Motion Pictures in Inter-State Commerce. Albany: New York Civic League, 1922.
42. Coleman, Gregory D. We're Heaven Bound: Portrait of a Black Sacred Drama. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
43. Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1991.
44. Connelly, Marc. The Green Pastures. Edited by Thomas Cripps. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979.
45. Connelly, Marc. The Green Pastures: A Fable Suggested by Roark Bradford's Southern Sketches, "Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun." New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1929.
46. Connelly, Marc. Voices Offstage: A Book of Memoirs. Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
47. Cosandey, Roland, André Gaudreault, and Tom Gunning, eds. Une invention du diable? Cinéma des premiers temps et religion. Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de L'Université Laval, 1990.
48. Courtney, Susan. Hollywood Fantasies of Miscegenation: Spectacular Narratives of Gender and Race, 1903-1967. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
49. Couvares, Francis G., ed. Movie Censorship and American Culture.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.
50. Cox, Jim. Frank and Anne Hummert's Radio Factory: The Programs and Personalities of Broadcasting's Most Prolific Producers. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003.
51. Cripps, Thomas. Black Film as Genre. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
52. Cripps, Thomas. "The Films of Spencer Williams." Black American Literature Forum 12 (Winter, 1978): 128-34.
53. Cripps, Thomas. Making Movies Black: The Hollywood Message Movie from World War II to the Civil Rights Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
54. Cripps, Thomas. Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900-1942. 1977. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
55. Cripps, Thomas, and David Culbert. "The Negro Soldier (1944): Film Propaganda in Black and White." American Quarterly 31, no. 5 (1979): 616-40.
56. Cruse, Harold. Rebellion or Revolution? New York: William Morrow, 1968.
57. Curtis, Susan. The First Black Actors on the Great White Way. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001.
58. Custen, George Frederick. Twentieth Century's Fox: Darryl F. Zanuck and the Culture of Hollywood. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
59. Daniel, Walter C. "De Lawd": Richard B. Harrison and The Green Pastures. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.
60. De Lauretis, Teresa. Technologies of Gender: Essays on Theory, Film, and Fiction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
61. Diawara, Manthia, ed. Black American Cinema: Aesthetics and Spectatorship. New York: Routledge, 1993.
62. Doherty, Thomas. Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930-1934. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
63. Dowd, Nancy, and David Shepard. King Vidor: A Directors Guild of America Oral History. Metuchen, NJ: Directors Guild of America and Scarecrow Press, 1988.
64. Durgnat, Raymond, and Scott Simon. King Vidor, American. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
65. Dyer, Richard. White. London: Routledge, 1997.
66. Eastman, Fred, and Edward Ouelette. Better Motion Pictures: A Discussion Course. Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1936.
67. Ellison, Ralph. Shadow and Act. New York: Vintage Books, 1964.
68. Ely, Melvin Patrick. The Adventures of Amos 'n' Andy: A Social History of an American Phenomenon. New York: Free Press, 1991.
69. Erens, Patricia. "Between Two Worlds: Jewish Images in American Film." In The Kaleidoscopic Lens: How Hollywood Views Ethnic Groups, edited by Randall M. Miller. Englewood, NJ: Ozer, 1980.
70. Ernst, Morris L., and Pare Lorentz. Censored: The Private Life of the Movie. New York: Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith, 1930.
71. Everett, Anna. Returning the Gaze: A Genealogy of Black Film Criticism, 1909-1949. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
72. Fauset, Arthur Huff. Black Gods of the Metropolis: Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944.
73. Fletcher, Winona L. "Witnessing a 'Miracle ': Sixty Years of Heaven Bound at Big Bethel in Atlanta." Black American Literature Forum 25 (Spring 1991): 83-92.
74. Friedrich, Otto. City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s. New York: Harper Perennial, 1987.
75. Gaines, Jane M. Fire and Desire: Mixed-Race Movies in the Silent Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
76. Gevinson, Alan, ed. American Film Institute Catalog-Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911-1960. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
77. Ginsberg, Elaine K., ed. Passing and the Fictions of Identity. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
78. Gledhill, Christine, ed. Home Is Where the Heart Is: Studies in Melodrama and the Woman's Film. London: BFI Books, 1987.
79. Goldschmidt, Henry, and Elizabeth McAlister, eds. Race, Nation, and Religion in the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
80. Green, J. Ronald. Straight Lick: The Cinema of Oscar Micheaux. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
81. Green, Martha Denise. "Social Gospels: Class, Race, and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Biblical Drama." PhD diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001.
82. Guerrero, Ed. Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
83. Hayward, Susan. Key Concepts in Cinema Studies. New York: Routledge, 1996.
84. Headley, Robert K. Motion Picture Exhibitions in Washington, DC: An Illustrated History of Parlors, Palaces and Multiplexes in the Metropolitan Area, 1894-1997. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1999.
85. Herman, Felicia. "American Jews and the Effort to Reform Motion Pictures, 1933-1935." American Jewish Archives Journal 52, nos. 1 and 2 (2001): 11-44.
86. Herman, Felicia. "'The Most Dangerous Anti-Semitic Photoplay in Filmdom': American Jews and The King of Kings (DeMille, 1927)." Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal of Film and Television 46 (Fall 2000): 12-25.
87. Hicks, Heather J. "Hoodoo Economics: White Men's Work and Black Men's Magic in Contemporary American Film." Camera Obscura 18, no. 2 (2003): 27-55.
88. Hicks, William. History of Louisiana Negro Baptists, 1804-1914. Nashville, TN: National Baptist Publishing Board, 1918.
89. Howard, Jessica. "Hallelujah! Transformation in Film." African American Review 30 (Autumn 1996): 441-51.
90. Jacobs, Lea. The Wages of Sin: Censorship and the Fallen Woman Film, 1928-1942. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
91. Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
92. Janken, Kenneth Robert. White: The Biography of Walter White, Mr. NAACP. New York: Free Press, 2003.
93. Johnson, Clifton H., ed. God Struck Me Dead: Religious Conversion Experiences and Autobiographies of Ex-Slaves. 1969. Reprint, Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 1993.
94. Johnson, James Weldon. God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse. 1927. Reprint, New York: Penguin, 1990.
95. Jones, G. William. Black Cinema Treasures Lost and Found. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1991.
96. Jowett, Garth. Film: The Democratic Art. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.
97. Kellner, Bruce. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary of the Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
98. Kisch, John, and Edward Mapp, eds. A Separate Cinema: Fifty Years of Black Cast Posters. New York: Noonday Press, 1992.
99. Knee, Adam, and Charles Musser. "William Greaves: Documentary Filmmaking, and the African-American Experience." Film Quarterly 45 (Spring 1992): 13-25.
100. Leab, Daniel J. From Sambo to Superspade: The Black Experience in Motion Pictures. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975.
101. Lewis, Earl, and Heidi Ardizzone. Love on Trial: An American Scandal in Black and White. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001.
102. Lincoln, C. Eric. The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1961.
103. Lindvall, Terry, ed. The Silents of God: Selected Issues and Documents in Silent American Film and Religion, 1908-1925. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001.
104. MacCann, Richard Dyer. The People's Films: A Political History of U.S. Government Motion Pictures. New York: Hastings House, 1973.
105. Marchetti, Gina. Romance and the "Yellow Peril": Race, Sex, and Discursive Strategies in Hollywood Fiction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
106. Martin, Joel, and Conrad Ostwalt Jr. Screening the Sacred: Religion, Myth, and Ideology in Popular American Film. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
107. Martin, Olga J. Hollywood's Movie Commandments: A Handbook for Motion Picture Writers and Reviewers. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1937.
108. Massood, Paula J. Black City Cinema: African American Urban Experiences in Film. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003.
109. Maurice, Alice. "'Cinema at Its Source ': Synchronizing Race and Sound in the Early Talkies." Camera Obscura 17, no. 1 (2002): 31-71.
110. Mays, Benjamin E. The Negro's God as Reflected in His Literature. 1938. New York: Russell and Russell, 1968.
111. McDannell, Colleen. Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
112. McDannell, Colleen. Picturing Faith: Photography and the Great Depression. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
113. McDannell, Colleen, ed. Religions of the United States in Practice. Vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
114. McGuire, Phillip. "Judge Hastie, World War II, and Army Racism." Journal of Negro History 62 (October 1977): 351-62.
115. Miles, Margaret R. Seeing and Believing: Religion and Values in the Movies. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.
116. Miller, Randall M., ed. The Kaleidoscopic Lens: How Hollywood Views Ethnic Groups. Englewood, NJ: Ozer, 1980.
117. Minnelli, Vincente, with Hector Arce. I Remember It Well. Hollywood, CA: Samuel French, 1990.
118. Moore, Deborah Dash. "Jewish GIs and the Creation of the Judeo-Christian Tradition." Religion and American Culture 8 (Winter 1998): 31-53.
119. Morey, Anne. Hollywood Outsiders: The Adaptation of the Film Industry, 1913-1934. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
120. Morgan, David. Icons of American Protestantism: The Art of Warner Sallman. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
121. Morgan, David. Visual Piety: A History and Theory of Popular Religious Images. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
122. Morgan, David, and Sally M. Promey, eds. The Visual Culture of American Religions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
123. Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.
124. Naremore, James. The Films of Vincente Minnelli. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
125. Nouryeh, Andrea J. "When the Lord Was a Black Man: A Fresh Look at the Life of Richard Berry Harrison." Black American Literature Forum 16 (Winter 1982): 142-46.
126. Null, Gary. Black Hollywood: The Negro in Motion Pictures. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1975.
127. Patterson, Lindsay. Black Films and Film-Makers: A Comprehensive Anthology from Stereotype to Superhero. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975.
128. Peterson, Bernard L., Jr. Early American Playwrights and Dramatic Writers: A Biographical Dictionary and Catalogue of Plays, Films, and Broadcasting Scripts. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990.
129. Plate, S. Brent, ed. Representing Religion in World Cinema: Filmmaking, Mythmaking, Culture Making. New York: Palgrave, 2003.
130. Pollard, Deborah Smith. "The Phenomenon Known as the Gospel Musical Stage Play." CEA Critic 62 (Summer 2000): 1-17.
131. Powers, Stephen, David J. Rothman, and Stanley Rothman. Hollywood's America: Social and Political Themes in Motion Pictures. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.
132. Quigley, Martin. Decency in Motion Pictures. New York: Macmillan, 1937.
133. Richards, Larry. African American Films through 1959: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Filmography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1998.
134. Rogin, Michael. Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
135. Rony, Fatimah Tobing. The Third Eye: Race, Cinema, and Ethnographic Spectacle. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
136. Rosini, Vincent T. "Sanctuary Cinema: The Rise and Fall of Protestant Churches as Film Exhibition Sites, 1910-1930." PhD diss., Regent University, 1998.
137. Sampson, Henry T. Blacks in Black and White: A Sourcebook on Black Films. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1977.
138. Sampson, Henry T. That's Enough Folks: Black Images in Animated Cartoons, 1900-1960. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998.
139. Savage, Barbara Dianne. Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938-1948. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
140. Schaefer, Eric. Bold! Daring! Shocking! True! A History of Exploitation Films, 1919-1950. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.
141. Schatz, Thomas. The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era. New York: Owl Books, 1988.
142. Sernett, Milton C. Bound for the Promised Land: African American Religion and the Great Migration. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.
143. Seward, Adrienne Lanier. "Early Black Film and Folk Tradition: An Interpretive Analysis of the Use of Folklore in Selected All-Black Cast Feature Films." PhD diss., Indiana University, 1985.
144. Shapiro, James. Oberammergau: The Troubling Story of the World's Most Famous Passion Play. New York: Pantheon Books, 2000.
145. Smith, Mona Z. Becoming Something: The Story of Canada Lee. New York: Faber and Faber, 2004.
146. Smith, Valerie. Not Just Race, Not Just Gender: Black Feminist Readings. New York: Routledge, 1998.
147. Smith, Valerie. "Reading the Intersection of Race and Gender in Narratives of Passing." Diacritics 24 (Summer-Autumn 1994): 43-57.
148. Smith, Valerie, ed. Representing Blackness: Issues in Film and Video. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
149. Snead, James. White Screens, Black Images: Hollywood from the Dark Side. Edited by Colin MacCabe and Cornel West. New York: Routledge, 1994.
150. Sobel, Mechal. Trabelin' On: The Slave's Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979.
151. Stewart, Jacqueline Najuma. Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
152. Taylor, Clarence. The Black Churches of Brooklyn. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
153. Terry, Arthur LeMont. "Genre and Divine Causality in the Religious Films of Spencer Williams, Jr." PhD diss., Regent University, 1995.
154. Thaggert, Miriam. "Racial Etiquette: Nella Larsen's Passing and the Rhinelander Case." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 5, no. 2 (2005): 1-29.
155. Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage Books, 1983.
156. Tristano, Richard. M. "Holy Family Parish: The Genesis of an African-American Catholic Community in Natchez, Mississippi." Journal of Negro History 83 (Autumn 1998): 258-83.
157. Vaughan, Stephen. "Morality and Entertainment: The Origins of the Motion Picture Production Code." Journal of American History 77: 1 (June 1990): 39-65.
158. Verrett, Shirley, and Christopher Brooks. I Never Walked Alone: The Autobiography of an American Singer. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2003.
159. Vidor, King. King Vidor on Film Making. New York: David MacKay, 1972.
160. Vidor, King. A Tree Is a Tree. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952.
161. Wald, Gayle. "Crossing the Line: Racial Passing in Twentieth-Century American Literature and Culture." PhD diss., Princeton University, 1995.
162. Wald, Gayle. Crossing the Line: Racial Passing in U.S. Literature and Culture. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.
163. Walsh, Frank. Sin and Censorship: The Catholic Church and the Motion Picture Industry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
164. Watts, Jill. God, Harlem U.S.A.: The Father Divine Story. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
165. Webb, Lillian Ashcraft. About My Father's Business: The Life of Elder Michaux. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981.
166. Weisenfeld, Judith. "For Rent: 'Cabin in the Sky': Race, Religion, and Representational Quagmires in American Film." Semeia 74 (1996): 147-65.
167. Weisenfeld, Judith. "For the Cause of Mankind: The Bible, Racial Uplift, and Early Race Movies." In African Americans and the Bible: Sacred Texts and Social Textures, edited by Vincent Wimbush. New York: Continuum, 2000.
168. Weisenfeld, Judith. "Saturday Sinners and Sunday Saints: The Nightclub as Urban Menace in 1940s Race Movies." In Faith in the Market: Religion and The Rise of Urban Commercial Culture, edited by John Giggie and Diane Winston. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002.
169. Weisenfeld, Judith. "Teaching Morality in Race Movies." In Religions of the United States in Practice, edited by Colleen McDannell, vol. 2. Princeton University Press, 2001.
170. Weisenfeld, Judith. "Truths That Liberate the Soul: Eva Jessye and the Politics of Religious Performance." In Women and Religion in the African Diaspora, edited by R. Marie Griffith and Barbara Diane Savage. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
171. Wiggins, William H., Jr. "Pilgrims, Crosses, and Faith: The Folk Dimensions of Heaven Bound." Black American Literature Forum 25 (Spring 1991): 93-100.
172. Williams, Linda. Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O.J. Simpson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
173. Wimbush, Vincent, ed. African Americans and the Bible: Sacred Texts and Social Textures. New York: Continuum, 2000.
174. Winkler, Allan M. The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
175. Young, Lola. Fear of the Dark: "Race," Gender and Sexuality in the Cinema. New York: Routledge, 1996.