Picturing faith: Photography and the great depression

Picturing faith: Photography and the great depression

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-319

  McDannell, Colleen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

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EID: 55549139705     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (344)

1. Dorothea Lange, The Assignment I'll Never Forget, Popular Photography 46 (February 1960), 126.
2. lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/fsaquery.html (accessed March 23, 2004).
3. What Does the 'New Deal' Mean to This Mother andHer Children? San Francisco News, March 11, 1936.
4. Vicki Goldberg, The Power of Photography: How Photographs Changed Our Lives (New York: Abbeville, 1991), 138-141.
5. FSA/OWI images may be accessed via memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fahome.html.
6. Roy Emerson Stryker and Nancy Wood, In This Proud Land: America, 1935-1943, As Seen in the FSA Photographs (Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1973), 16.
7. Stryker and Wood, In This Proud Land, 8.
8. William Stott, Documentary Expression and Thirties America (Chicago: Universityof ChicagoPress, 1973), 3.
9. Ann Wilkes Tucker et al., This Was the Photo League: Compassion and the Camera from the Depression to the Cold War (Chicago: Stephen Daiter Gallery, 2001), 9.
10. Stott, Documentary Expression, 103.
11. online guide, www.archives.gov (accessed March 2003).
12. Other New York projects included Bernice Abbot's Changing New York (1939)
13. Helen Levitt's Children of New York City at Play (1935)
14. Arnold Eagle and David Robbins's One Third of a Nation (1935)
15. Sid Grossman's Harlem (1939)
16. Andrew Herman's Coney Island (1939)
17. George Herlick's City Scenes (1937).
18. Elizabeth McCausland, Rural Life in America as the Camera Shows It, Springfield Sunday Union and Republican, September 11, 1938.
19. A Miss Lowery, Roy E. Stryker to Marion Post, January 26, 1939, RSP
20. easy on this, Roy E. Stryker to Marion Post, February 1, 1939, RSP.
21. F. Jack Hurley, Marion Post Wolcott: A Photographic Journey (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989), 8.
22. Dona Freeman, 100 Years, Montrose, Colorado (n.p.: n.p., 1982), 60. Located at the Denver Public Library.
23. Radical populist, Stryker and Wood, In This Proud Land, 10
24. The Man Behind the Man Behind the Lens, Minicam Photography, November 1947, 146.
25. Roy Stryker, interview by Jack Hurley, July 27, 1967
26. F. Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties (BatonRouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 8.
27. William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 175.
28. Felix Adler, An Ethical Philosophy of Life: Presented in Its Main Outlines (New York: D. Appleton, 1918), 353
29. Vicki Goldberg, Margaret Bourke-White: A Biography (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), 5.
30. Rex Tugwell, as quoted in Maren Stange, 'Symbols of Ideal Life': Technology, Mass Media, and the FSA Photography Project, Prospects 11 (1986), 100.
31. Paul Rotha, Documentary Film (1935; rpt. New York: Communication Arts Books, 1968), 153.
32. Ronald Edsforth, The New Deal: America's Response tothe Great Depression (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000), 20.
33. Ian Jeffrey, Photography: A Concise History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 65.
34. James Guimond, American Photography and the American Dream (Chapel Hill: Universityof North Carolina Press, 1991), 63.
35. Milton Meltzer, Dorothea Lange: A Photographer's Life (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1978), 12, 52.
36. Cited in Judith Fryer Davidov, TheOnlyGentileAmongtheJews: Dorothea Lange's Documentary Photography, in Women's Camera Work: Self/Body/Other in American Visual Culture (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), 225.
37. James N. Gregory, American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 192.
38. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (1939; rpt. New York: Penguin, 1992), 27.
39. Dorothea Lange and Paul Schuster Taylor, An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion (1939; rpt. Paris: Jean Michel Place, 1999), 149.
40. Arthur Rothstein, Arthur Rothstein: Words and Pictures (New York: Amphoto, 1979), 7.
41. F. Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press), 17.
42. Joseph F. Chorpenning, ed., The Holy Family as Prototype of the Civilization of Love: Images from the Viceregal Americas (Philadelphia: St. Joseph's University Press, 1996), 134, 215.
43. Creator Index: memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fsaauthindex1.html (accessed June 2002).
44. Constance B. Schulz, ed. Michigan Remembered: Photographs from the Farm Security Administration and the Office of War Information, 1936-1943 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001), 228.
45. Matt S. Meier and Feliciano Ribera, Mexican Americans, American Mexicans: From Conquistadors to Chicanos (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 150.
46. Kay Turner, Beautiful Necessity: TheArt andMeaningof Women's Altars (NewYork: Thames and Hudson, 1999).
47. F. Jack Hurley, Russell Lee, Photographer (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Morgan and Morgan, 1978), 11.
48. Rodolfo Acuña, Occupied America: The Chicano's Struggle Toward Liberation (San Francisco: Canfield, 1972), 164-167.
49. Max Kozloff, Signs of Light: Walker Evans' American Photographs, in Lone Visions, Crowded Frames: Essays on Photography (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 134.
50. His biographer Belinda Rathbone gives the date as March 23, 1937, in Walker Evans: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995), 147,
51. Michael Brix and Birgit Mayer, eds., Walker Evans, America (New York: Rizzoli, 1991), 36.
52. Mark C. Taylor, Critical Terms for Religious Studies (Chicago: Universityof ChicagoPress, 1998), 269-284, especially 281-284.
53. Russell T. McCutcheon in Manufacturing Religion: Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 3
54. James Agee and Walker Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1939; rpt. NewYork: HoughtonMifflin, 1960), 38
55. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New (New York: Knopf, 1981), 18.
56. Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, trans. Frederick Etchells (London: J. Rodker, 1931), 29
57. Agee and Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, 38.
58. F. Jack Hurley speculates in Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 142
59. James Curtis, Mind's Eye, Mind's Truth: FSA Photography Reconsidered (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 67.
60. Hurley, Portrait of a Decade, 156.
61. Hurley, The Decisive Moment, trans. E. Tériade (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952), no pagination.
62. Agee and Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, 39-40.
63. Agee and Evans, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, 39.
64. Curtis, Mind's Eye, Mind's Truth, 35-44
65. Walker Evans, American Photographs, with an essay by Lincoln Kirstein (1938; rpt. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1988), 197
66. Walker Evans, The Reappearance of Photography, Hound and Horn 4 (1931), 126-127.
67. Rathbone, Walker Evans, 11.
68. Carl Jung, Das Seelenproblem des modernen Menschen, Europäische Revue 4 (1928), 700-715, trans. W.S. Dell and Cary F. Baynes as ModernMan in Search of a Soul (NewYork: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1933).
69. Mark C. Taylor, Disfiguring: Art, Architecture, Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 98-142.
70. Miles Orvell, The Real Thing: Imitation and Authenticity in American Culture, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 290
71. Leslie Katz, An Interview withWalker Evans, 1971, in Vicki Goldberg, ed., Photography in Print (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), 365 (rpt. from Art and America, March-April 1971).
72. Rathbone, Walker Evans, 111.
73. Michael Brix and Birgit Mayer, eds., Walker Evans, America (New York: Rizzoli, 1991), 15.
74. Allen Trachtenberg's discussion in From Image to Story: Reading the File, in Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly W. Brannan, eds., Documenting America, 1935-1943 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 44-51
75. Graham Clarke, The Photograph (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 154.
76. Katz, Interview, 357.
77. Hughes, The Shock of the New, 32.
78. John Collier Jr., and Malcolm Collier, Visual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), xiii-xiv.
79. John Collier, From Every Zenith: A Memoir and Some Essays on Life and Thought (Denver: Sage, 1963), 165.
80. J. B. Colson et al., Far from Main Street: Three Photographers in Depression-Era New Mexico (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1994), 11-12.
81. Nancie L. González, The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1967)
82. Ernest B. Fincher, Spanish-Americans as a Political Factor in New Mexico, 1912-1950 (New York: Arno, 1974)
83. Joseph V. Metzgar, The Ethnic Sensitivity of Spanish New Mexicans: A Survey and Analysis, New Mexico Historical Review 49 (1974), 49-73.
84. W. Jackson Rushing, Native American Art and the New York Avant-Garde: A History of Cultural Primitivism (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 29.
85. Laurie Lisle, Portrait of an Artist: A Biography of Georgia O'Keeffe (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 197.
86. George Kubler, The Religious Architecture of New Mexico (1940; rpt. Albuquerque: Universityof New Mexico Press, 1972), 104-105
87. Marc Treib, Sanctuaries of Spanish New Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 172-182.
88. Treib, Sanctuaries of Spanish New Mexico, 180.
89. Corbusier, The Cityof To-morrowand Its Planning (1924; London: Architectural Press, 1947), 23.
90. Steve Yates, Cultural Landscapes: New Mexico, 1940-1943, El Palacio 96 (1991), 35.
91. Rushing, Native American Art, 117.
92. Cure all, John Collier to Roy E. Stryker, Trampas, [1943], RSP
93. primitive people, John Collier to Roy E. Stryker, Santa Fe, Monday, [1943], RSP
94. shoot this town, John Collier to Roy E. Stryker, Trampas, [1943], RSP
95. sheep stories, John Collier to Roy E. Stryker, [1943], RSP.
96. The political implications of representations of the other have been developed in Edward W. Said's Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1978)
97. Other scholars have developed similar themes in their fields, including James Clifford in The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988)
98. Trinh T. Minh-ha in Woman, Native, Other: Writing, Postcoloniality, and Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989)
99. Marianna Torgovnick in Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)
100. Primitive Passions: Men, Women, and the Quest for Ecstasy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
101. Official Guide Book of the New York World's Fair, 1939, 102
102. New York Times, April 17, 1939.
103. For those who worship, New York Times, May 14, 1939
104. neither the building, Official Guide Book, 103
105. simple concepts, New York Times, May 1, 1939.
106. New York Times, July 4, 1939
107. Time, May 29, 1939, 47.
108. New York Times, February 10, 1939.
109. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Doubleday, 1973), 109, 112.
110. Willa Cather, Prefatory Note to Not Under Forty (1936; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988)
111. One Nation, Slightly Divisible, Atlantic, December 2001.
112. Roderick Nash, The Nervous Generation: American Thought, 1910-1930 (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970).
113. Kenneth K. Bailey, Southern White Protestantism in the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), 97.
114. Erskine Caldwell, Tobacco Road (1932; rpt. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 44, 104.
115. James J. Thompson, Jr., Erskine Caldwell and Southern Religion, in Robert L. McDonald, ed., The Critical Response to Erskine Caldwell (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), 268-278
116. Caldwell was fascinated by religion, and his memoir, Deep South: Memory and Observation (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1968)
117. Margaret Marshall, Their Faces, Nation 145 (4 December 1937), 622.
118. Margaret Marshall, You Have Seen Their Faces (1937rpt. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 39, 40.
119. Robert DeMott, Introduction to John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (1939; rpt. New York: Penguin, 1992), xix-xx.
120. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Knopf, 1941), 56.
121. William Christenberry, Southern Photographs (Millerton, NY: Aperture, 1983), 21, 41
122. Thomas Southall, Of Time and Place: Walker Evans and William Christenberry (San Francisco: Friends of Photography, 1990).
123. In 1984 Sacred Heart Church was moved from Rodney to Grand Gulf, Mississippi. www.grandgulfpark.state.ms.us/grandgulfpark.html and www.rootsweb.com/msjeffe2/rodney.htm (accessed November 2, 2001).
124. This discussion of the history of Wheeley's church comes from Ron Boswell, The Blessing of Beulah (Roxboro, NC: Beulah Baptist Association, 1984), 18-71.
125. Paul Harvey, Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities Among Southern Baptists, 1865-1925 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 80.
126. Cash, Mind of the South, 136.
127. The series of quotations is from Marion Post to Clara Dean Toots Wakeman, August 16, 1940.
128. Email from Linda Wolcott-Moore, March 20, 2001. Marched to church, F. Jack Hurley, Marion Post Wolcott: A Photographic Journey (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989)
129. Progressive atmosphere, biographical sketch of Marion Post Wolcott by her daughter, Linda Wolcott-Moore, www.people.virginia.edu/bhs2u/mpw/mpw-bio.html (page now inactive, accessed May 13, 2002).
130. James L. Peacock and Ruel W. Tyson, Jr., Pilgrims of Paradox: Calvinism and Experience Among the Primitive Baptists of the Blue Ridge (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1989), 20-21.
131. Samuel S. Hill, Southern Religion and the Southern Religious, in John B. Boles, ed., Autobiographical Reflections on Southern Religious History (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001), 14.
132. Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (New York: Knopf, 1998), 239.
133. Arthur F. Raper, Tenants of the Almighty (New York: Macmillan, 1943), 336, 337.
134. Robert L. Reid, Picturing Minnesota, 1936-1943: Photographs from the Farm Security Administration (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1989), 3
135. Orvell, John Vachon's America, 6-11.
136. Orvell, John Vachon's America, 157.
137. Orvell, John Vachon's America, 158.
138. Orvell, John Vachon's America, 270, 269.
139. Sherwood Eddy and Kirby Page, Creative Pioneers (NewYork: Associated Press, 1937), 67.
140. Sherwood Eddy, The Delta Cooperative's First Year, Christian Century 54 (February 3, 1937), 139-140
141. Sherwood Eddy, The Future of the Sharecroppers, Christian Century 54 (December 12, 1937), 1390-1392
142. Reinhold Niebuhr, Meditations from Mississippi, Christian Century 54 (February 10, 1937), 183-184.
143. June Hopkins, Harry Hopkins: Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer (New York: St. Martin's, 1999), 7, 13.
144. Hopkins, Harry Hopkins, 35.
145. Hopkins, Harry Hopkins, 51.
146. Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York: Basic, 1986), 132.
147. Hopkins, Harry Hopkins, 70-89
148. Dorothy M. Brown and Elizabeth McKeown, The Poor Belong to Us: Catholic Charities and American Welfare (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 13-50.
149. Hopkins, Harry Hopkins, 51.
150. Felix Adler, Address on the Occasion of the Fifty Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Ethical Movement, May 10, 1931; www.aeu.org/adler4.html (accessed May 1, 2003).
151. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse, 208.
152. Ronald Edsforth, The New Deal: America's Response tothe Great Depression (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000), 87.
153. Federal Emergency Relief Administration, in James S. Olson, ed., Historical Dictionary of the New Deal (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985), 177.
154. Hopkins, Harry Hopkins, 166.
155. Brown and McKeown, The Poor Belong to Us, 164-170.
156. Norris Magnuson, Salvation in the Slums: Evangelical Social Work, 1865-1920 (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1977), 56.
157. Harvie M. Conn, The American City and the Evangelical Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1994), 62.
158. www.dbqunitedway.org/history.html (accessed April 22, 2003).
159. Lillian Taiz, Hallelujah Lads and Lasses: Remaking the Salvation Army in America, 1880-1930 (Chapel Hill: Universityof NorthCarolina Press, 2001).
160. Beverly W. Brannan comment, On Palm Sunday weekend Lange documented the first of two regular morning services at Salvation Army headquarters and then accompa nied the group to an open-air meeting where they sought to attract newcomers. Salvation Army, in Documenting America, 1935-1943 (Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1988), 161.
161. James R. Swensen, Dorothea Lange's Portrait of Utah's Great Depression, Utah Historical Quarterly 70 (Winter 2002), 39-62.
162. Diane Winston, Red-Hot and Righteous: The Urban Religion of the Salvation Army (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 192-213.
163. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (1939; rpt. New York: Viking Penguin, 1992), 128.
164. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (1939; rpt. New York: Viking Penguin, 1992), 429-432.
165. This is my home, John Collier, Jr., to Roy E. Stryker, January 13, 1943, RSP
166. John Collier, Jr., to Roy E. Stryker, [no date,] Peñasco, 1943, RSP.
167. Americans, Barbara Dianne Savage, Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938-1948 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 36
168. without precedent, Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 195.
169. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1948), 361-362
170. Richard L. Harkness of the Philadelphia Inquirer suggested it be called, 'Freedom From Want' (231).
171. United States Treasury Department, Our War . . . Our Victory (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1942), 12.
172. United States Office of War Information, U.S.A. (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, nd), np. Filed in RSP, series 3, part B, publications, 1934-1962.
173. The ethnic and religious photographs taken in the early forties are quite extensive and best accessed through a keyword search at the online FSA/OWI archive (memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsaquery.html)
174. Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in theThirties (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 164.
175. Franklin Roosevelt, The Arsenal of Democracy, fireside chat delivered December 29, 1940, www.tamu.edu/comm/pres/speeches/fdrarsenal.html (accessed June 2002).
176. Yourerrant photographer, John Collier to Roy E. Stryker, [no date,] Santa Fe, Monday, 1943, RSP
177. I was opposed, Roy E. Stryker to John Collier, February 2, 1943, RSP.
178. Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 209
179. John Collier to Roy E. Stryker, [no date,] Santa Fe, Monday, 1943, RSP.
180. Michael R. Grey, New Deal Medicine: The Rural Health Programs of the Farm Security Administration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 114-119.
181. My transportation problem, John Collier, Jr., to Roy E. Stryker, January 3, 1943, RSP.
182. Nancy C. Wood in Heartland New Mexico: Photographs from the Farm Security Administration, 1935-1943 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989).
183. C. Stewart Doty, Acadian Hard Times: The Farm Security Administration in Maine's St. John Valley, 1940-1943 (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1991), 57-60.
184. George Q. Flynn, American Catholics and the Roosevelt Presidency, 1932-1936 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1968)
185. Joseph M. McShane, Sufficiently Radical: Catholicism, Progressivism, and the Bishops' Program of 1919 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1986)
186. Michael J. Baxter, Notes on Catholic Americanism and Catholic Radicalism: TowardaCounter-Traditionof Catholic Social Ethics, in Sandra Yocum Mize and William Portier, American Catholic Traditions: Resources for Renewal (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1997), 53-76.
187. Ronald H. Carpenter, Father Charles E. Coughlin: Surrogate Spokesman for the Disaffected (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998), 38, 122-123
188. Donald Warren, Radio Priest: Charles Coughlin, the Father of Hate Radio (New York: Free Press, 1996), 244.
189. Carpenter, Father Charles E. Coughlin, 124.
190. George H. Roeder, Jr., The Censored War: American Visual Experience During World War Two (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993)
191. Coughlin's comments on the great betrayer at the Union Party's 1936 nominating conference in Cleveland is cited in Warren, Radio Priest, 89.
192. Ferenc M. Szasz and Richard W. Etulain, Religion in Modern New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997)
193. Daniel Richard Carnett, Contending for the Faith: Southern Baptists in New Mexico, 1938-1995 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).
194. Doug McClelland, Forties Film Talk: Oral Histories of Hollywood, with 120 Lobby Posters (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1992), 407.
195. Mary Gordon, Father Chuck: A Reading of Going My Way and the Bells of St. Mary's, or Why Priests Made Us Crazy, in Thomas J. Ferraro, ed., Catholic Lives, Contemporary America (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 68.
196. Frank Walsh, Sin and Censorship: The Catholic Church and the Motion Picture Industry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 215.
197. John T. McGreevy, Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928-1960, Journal of American History 84 (June 1997), 97-131.
198. Walsh, Sin and Censorship, 228.
199. Fed up with the rain, Jack Delano to Roy E. Stryker, November 12, 1940, RSP
200. part-time farmer, Jack Delano to Roy E. Stryker, November 6, 1940, RSP
201. Alexander Feinsilver and Lillian Feinsilver, Colchester's Yankee Jews, Commentary, July 1955, 64-70
202. Seymour S. Weisman, The Jewish Community of Colchester, Connecticut (West Palm Beach, FL: Hadeira, 1995).
203. David F. Ransom, Back to the Land: Jewish Farms and Resorts in Connecticut, 1890-1945 (Hartford: Connecticut Historical Commission, 1998), 20.
204. Charles S. Bernheimer, The Russian few in the United States (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905), 388.
205. Henry L. Feingold writes, By 1931 the minuscule Jewish agricultural sector had grown to 16,000 families. The retaining of potential farmers was supported by the Jewish Agricultural Society, which lent $6.5 million for that purpose in 1930 alone. A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920-1945 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 151.
206. Deborah Dash Moore, To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. (NewYork: FreePress, 1994)
207. Bureau of the Census, vol. 2, part 1, Religious Bodies: 1936 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941), 756.
208. Ellen Eisenberg, Jewish Agricultural Colonies in New Jersey, 1882-1920 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995), xviii.
209. Max Kozloff, Jewish Sensibilityand the Photography of New York, in New York: Capital of Photography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 71, 75.
210. History of Roosevelt, New Jersey, in the Borough of Roosevelt Historical Collection, manuscript collection 1060, Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University, www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/roosevelt/rstory.shtml (accessed July 2, 1999).
211. Jack Delano, Photographic Memories (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1997): sorry, 29
212. Spent his days reading, Alberta Eiseman and Herbert F. Janick, In Touch with the Land: Images of Connecticut Farm Life, 1937-1985 (Hartford: Connecticut State Library, 1985)
213. Delano, Photographic Memories, 59.
214. J. B. Colson, The Art of the Human Document: Russell Lee in New Mexico, in Colson et al., Far from Main Street: Three Photographers in Depression-Era New Mexico (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1994), 7
215. Roy Emerson Stryker and Nancy Wood, In This Proud Land: America, 1935-1943, As Seen in the FSA Photographs (Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1973), 8.
216. Gary D. Saretzky, Documenting Diversity: Edwin Rosskam and the Photo Book, 1940-1941, Photo Review 23 (Summer 2000), 10-11.
217. Barry Chazan, Education in the Synagogue: TheTransformation of the Supplementary School, in Jack Wertheimer, ed., The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 171-172
218. Beth S. Wenger, New York Jews and the Great Depression: Uncertain Promise (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 184
219. Uriah Zevi Engelman, The Jewish Synagogue in the United States, American Journal of Sociology 41 (1935-1936), 44.
220. The Jews: Again the Wandering Children of Israel Are on the Move in Hostile Europe, Life, April 18, 1938, 46-55
221. The American Jewish Yearbook, 5701 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1940), 332-408
222. Wenger, New York Jews and the Great Depression, 183.
223. Weisman, Jewish Community of Colchester, 30.
224. Weisman, Jewish Community of Colchester, 30.
225. Spiritual depression, Wenger, New York Jews and the Great Depression, 167
226. David Kaufman, Shul with a Pool: The Synagogue-Center in American Jewish History (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999).
227. Wenger, New York Jews and the Great Depression, 195.
228. Joseph Brandes, Immigrants to Freedom: Jewish Communities in Rural New Jersey Since 1882 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 209-231.
229. Keneth Kinnamon and Michel Fabre, eds., Conversations with Richard Wright (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993), 43.
230. Richard Wright, photo direction by Edwin Rosskam, 12 Million Black Voices (1941; rpt. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1995), xix.
231. She does give correct attribution in her endnotes. Richard Wright: The Life and Times (New York: Henry Holt, 2001), 236, 249, 557 note 2.
232. Wright's friend and biographer, Michel Faber, writes that all of the photographs in 12MBV were taken by Rosskam except for one that Richard Wright himself took. The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright (New York: William Morrow, 1973), 234.
233. Miles Orvell in American Photography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
234. Nicolas Natanson in The Black Image in the New Deal: The Politics of FSA Photography (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992)
235. James Goodwin, The Depression Era in Black and White: Four American Photo Texts, Criticism 40 (1998), 273-308
236. David G. Nicholls, The Folk, the Race, and Class Consciousness: Richard Wright's 12 Million Black Voices, in Conjuring the Folk: Forms of Modernity in African America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 113-129
237. Benjamin E. Mays, The Negro's God as Reflected in His Literature (1938
238. Benjamin E. Mays, The Negro's God as Reflected in His Literature (1938; rpt. New York: Atheneum, 1968), 189-244
239. Nella Larsen, Quicksand (1928)
240. Langston Hughes, Good-bye Christ (1932), reprinted in Mays, Negro's God, 227, 224, 238.
241. Oral History of Monmouth [New Jersey] County. Available at www.visitmonmouth.com/oralhistory/bios/RosskamLouise.htm (accessed October 1, 2002)
242. Edwin Rosskam, Roosevelt, New Jersey: Big Dreams in a Small Town and What Time Did to Them (New York: Grossman, 1972), 103-106.
243. Edwin Rosskam and Ruby A. Black with an introduction by Eleanor Roosevelt, Washington: Nerve Center (1939)
244. Sherwood Anderson with photographs by Farm Security Photographers, Home Town (1940)
245. Helen M. Post, As Long as the Grass Shall Grow: Indians Today (1940)
246. Wright and Rosskam's 12 Million Black Voices (1941).
247. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944).
248. George Streator, Review of 12 Million Black Voices, Commonweal, November 28, 1941.
249. Euphemia Wyatt, Catholic World 153 (May 1942), 217-218.
250. Addison Gayle, Richard Wright: Ordeal of a Native Son (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), 139.
251. Stange, 'Not What We Seem,' mentions an offer by The New Masses, but her reference does not substantiate her claim.
252. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (1945; rpt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), xvii.
253. Horace R. Cayton, Long Old Road (New York: Trident, 1965), 237-250.
254. Martin Bulmer, Chicago School of Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 6.
255. Carla Cappetti, Writing Chicago: Modernism, Ethnography, and the Novel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993)
256. Carla Cappetti, Sociology of an Existence: Richard Wright and the ChicagoSchool, in Robert J. Butler, ed., The Critical Response to Richard Wright (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995), 84-87.
257. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 388, 382.
258. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 614.
259. Maren Stange, Bronzeville: Black Chicago in Pictures, 1941-1943 (New York: New Press, 2003), 151-152.
260. Richard Wright, Black Boy (1944; rpt. New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 59, 112, 136.
261. Walker, Richard Wright, 33
262. Fabre, Unfinished Quest, 32.
263. Natanson, Black Image in the New Deal, 250-253.
264. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 620.
265. John M. Reilly, Richard Wright Preaches the Nation 12 Million Black Voices, Black American Literature Forum 16 (1982), 117.
266. These quotations come from the online version of the Story of Redemption, www.preparingforeternity.com (accessed February 1, 2003)
267. The Story of Redemption: A Concise Presentation of the Conflict of the Ages Drawn from the Earlier Writings of Ellen G. White (Washington, DC: Reviewand Herald, 1944).
268. Walter Rea, The White Lie (Turlock, CA: M&R, 1982).
269. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 619.
270. Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan (1888; rpt. Omaha, NE: Pacific Press, 1950), 678.
271. Many African Americans thought that the Great Migration was of providential import (6).
272. Milton C. Sernett, Bound for the Promised Land: African American Religion and the Great Migration (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997).
273. Richard Wright, Fire and Cloud, in Martha Foley, ed., 200 Years of Great American Short Stories (New York: Galahad, 1975), 598-642.
274. Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991).
275. Barbara Dianne Savage, Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 124-135.
276. Barbara Dianne Savage, Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 132, and 130, quoting an OWI official.
277. Russell Lee to Roy E. Stryker, Friday night [April 1941], RSP.
278. Nicholas Natanson, The Black Image in the New Deal: The Politics of FSA Photography (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 167
279. Robert L. Reid and Larry A. Viskochil, eds., Chicago and Downstate: Illinois as Seen by the Farm Security Administration Photographers, 1936-1943 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 144-145.
280. Robert S. Lyndand Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937), 301.
281. Natanson, Black Image in the New Deal, 167.
282. Colleen McDannell, Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 229-246.
283. This photograph is reprinted and discussed in Material Christianity, xii-1.
284. 'Saturday Sinners and Sunday Saints': The Nightclub as Moral Menace in 1940s Race Movies, in John M. Giggie and Diane Winston, eds., Faith in the Market: Religion and the Rise of Urban Commercial Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 155-176
285. Judith Weisenfeld, And Hollywood Be Thy Name: African-American Religion in American Film, 1929-1950 (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming).
286. Richard Wright, photo direction by Edwin Rosskam, 12 Million Black Voices (1941; rpt. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1995), xix.
287. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (1945; rpt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), xvii.
288. Wallace Best, Passionately Human, No Less Divine: Racial Ideology and Religious Culture in the Black Churches of Chicago, 1915-1963, Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 2000.
289. Cassel C. Gross, Church of All Nations Pentecostal, July 18, 1940, box 186, ISHL.
290. Wallace Best, Lucy Smith, in Colleen McDannell, ed., The Religions of the United States in Practice (Princeton: University of Princeton Press, 2001), 11-22.
291. John T. McGreevy, Parish Boundaries: The Catholic Encounter with Race in the Twentieth-Century Urban North (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996)
292. Gerald Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
293. Randall Burkett, The Baptist Church Years of Crisis: J. C. Austin and Pilgrim Baptist Church, 1926-1950, in Timothy E. Fulop and Albert J. Raboteau, eds., African American Religion: Interpretive Essays in History and Culture (New York: Routledge, 1997).
294. Mark Sappenfield, A Home of One's Own, Christian Science Monitor, May 23, 2002.
295. Bureau of the Census, Census of Religious Bodies (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939-1940), 441
296. President's Research Committee on Social Trends, Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933), 1021.
297. These statistics are gathered from Census of Religious Bodies, vol. 2.
298. Dorothy Ann Blatnica, At the Altar of Their God: African American Catholics in Cleveland, 1922-1961 (New York: Garland, 1995), 65-69
299. Morris J. MacGregor, The Emergence of a Black Catholic Community: St. Augustine's in Washington (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1999), 271
300. Gerald P. Fogarty, Commonwealth Catholicism: A History of the Catholic Church in Virginia (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), 497-499
301. Mary A. Ward, A Mission For Justice: The History of the First African American Catholic Church in Newark, New Jersey (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2002), 71.
302. Diana L. Hayes and Cyprian Davis, in Taking Down Our Harps: Black Catholics in the United States (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1998)
303. Nancy M. Davis, Finding Voice: Revisiting Race and American Catholicism in Detroit, American Catholic Studies, Fall 2003, 46-50.
304. Reid and Viskochil, Chicago and Downstate, 147.
305. Go out . . . a coat, Gordon Parks, A Choice of Weapons (Harper and Row, 1966), 220-252.
306. In a veryshort time, Gordon Parks, Voices in the Mirror (New York: Doubleday, 1990), 81.
307. I stood her up, Gordon Parks interview by Richard Doud, December 30, 1964, AAA
308. pitiful, Parks, A Choice of Weapons, 230
309. had known poverty, Gordon Parks, To Smile in Autumn: A Memoir (New York: Norton, 1979), 124.
310. Parks, To Smile in Autumn, first photo insert
311. Gordon Parks, Half Past Autumn: A Retrospective (Boston: Little, Brown, 1997), 33
312. Gordon Parks, Voices in the Mirror, 176
313. Skip Berry, Gordon Parks: Photographer (New York: Chelsea House, 1991), 19
314. Skip Berry, Propaganda and Dreams: Photographing the 1930s in the USSR and the U.S. (Zurich: Stemmle, 1999), 152
315. F. Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 159
316. Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly Brannan, eds., Documenting America, 1935-1943 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 235
317. Lawrence W. Levine, The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 308
318. Deedee Moore, Shooting Straight: The Many Worlds of Gordon Parks, Smithsonian 20 (April 1989), 68
319. End Papers, Chronicle of Higher Education, January 10, 1990, 84
320. Natalie Hopkinson, Photos Put Under Skeptical Lens, Washington Post, January 6, 2002
321. Miles Orvell, American Photography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 119.
322. Overdid it . . . just smiled, Parks, A Choice of Weapons, 231.
323. Paul Milkman, PM: A New Deal in Journalism, 1940-1948 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
324. Arriving in January, Parks, Voices in the Mirror, 81.
325. Gordon Parks, A Choice of Weapons, 231.
326. Obituary of Vondell Gassaway in Afro American, November 21, 1964, clipping file of the Washington Public Library.
327. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 642.
328. Cayton and Drake, Black Metropolis, 642.
329. Baer, The Black Spiritual Movement, 69.
330. Gordon Parks, A Choice of Weapons, 231.
331. F. Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 168.
332. James C. Anderson, Roy Stryker: The Humane Propagandist (Louisville: Photographic Archives of the University of Louisville, 1977), 9.
333. On the Standard Oil photographs see www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/special/stryker/stryker.html (accessed February 2003).
334. Lili Corbus Bezner, Photography and Politics in America: From the New Deal into the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 17.
335. Howard Greenfeld, Ben Shahn: An Artist's Life (New York: Random House, 1998), 235.
336. Frances K. Pohl, Ben Shahn: New Deal Artist in a Cold War Climate, 1947-1954 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989).
337. Bezner, Photography and Politics in America, 71.
338. Wendy Kozol, Life's America: Family and Nation in Postwar Photojournalism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994)
339. Eric J. Sandeen, Picturing an Exhibition: The Family of Man and 1950s America (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995)
340. John Vachon, Poland, 1946: The Photographs and Letters of John Vachon, ed. Ann Vachon (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995).
341. See international.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fahome.html (accessed on May 1, 2003).
342. Robert T. Handy, The American Religious Depression, 1925-1935, Church History 24 (1960), 3-16.
343. Richard Wightman Fox, Epitaph for Middletown: Robert S. Lynd and the Analysis of Consumer Culture, in Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, eds., The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880-1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1983).
344. Joel A. Carpenter, Fundamentalist Institutions and the Rise of Evangelical Protestantism, 1929-1942, Church History 9 (1980), 62-75.