Snub-nosed monkeys: Multilevel societies across varied environments

Evolutionary Anthropology

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 98-113

  Kirkpatrick, R Craig ^a   Grueter, Cyril C ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Colobines; Conspecific threat; Feeding ecology; Rhinopithecus; Socioecology; Temperate environments

Indexed keywords

PYGATHRIX;

EID: 77954569906     PISSN: 10601538     EISSN: 15206505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/evan.20259     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Groves CP. The forgotten leaf-eaters, and the phylogeny of the Colobinae. In: Napier JR, Napier PH, editors. Old World monkeys: evolution, systematics, and behavior. New York: Academic Press. p 555-587.
2. Kirkpatrick RC. 1998. Ecology and behavior of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys. In: Jablonksi NG, editor. The natural history of the snub-nosed and doucs monkeys. Singapore: World Scientific Press. p 155-190.
3. Jablonski NG, Pan RL. 1995. Sexual dimorphism in the snub-nosed langurs (Colobinae: Rhinopithecus). Am J Phys Anthropol 96:251-272.
4. Le XC, Boonratana R, compilers. 2006. A conservation action plan for the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey in Vietnam. Hanoi: Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources.
5. Covert HH, Le QK, Wright BW. 2008. Research for the conservation of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus). In: Fleagle JG, Gilbert CC, editors. Elwyn Simons: a search for origins. New York: Springer. p 409-427.
6. Bleisch WV, Cheng AS, Ren XD, Xie JH. 1993. Preliminary results from a field study of wild Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi). Folia Primatol 60:72-92.
7. Long YC, Kirkpatrick RC, Zhong T, Xiao L. 1994. Report on the distribution, population, and ecology of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. Primates 35:241-250.
8. Boonratana R, Le XC. 1998. Preliminary observations of the ecology and behavior of Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus [Presbytiscus] avunculus) in northern Vietnam. In: Jablonski NG, editor. The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys. Singapore: World Scientific Press. p 207-216.
9. Kirkpatrick RC, Long YC, Zhong T, Xiao L. 1998. Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti. Int J Primatol 17:13-51.
10. Xiang ZF, Huo S, Xiao W, Quan RC, Grueter CC. 2007. Diet and feeding behavior of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet: adaptations to a marginal environment. Am J Primatol 69:1141-1158.
11. Grueter CC, Li DY, Ren BP, Wei FW, van Schaik CP. 2009. Dietary profile of Rhinopithecus bieti and its socioecological implications. Int J Primatol 30:601-624.
12. Kirkpatrick RC. 2007. The Asian colobines: diversity among leaf-eating monkeys. In: Bearder S, Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, editors. Primates in perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 186-200.
13. Johnson KG, Wang W, Reid DG, Hu J. 1993. Food habits of Asiatic leopards (Panthera pardus fusea) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China. J Mamm 74:646-650.
14. Le KQ, Nguyen AD, Vu AT, Wright BW, Covert HH. 2007. Diet of the Tonkin snubnosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in the Khau Ca area, Ha Giang Province, northeastern Vietnam. Vietnam J Primatol 1:75-83.
15. nd Congress of the International Primatological Society. Primate Eye 96: abstract 800.
16. Bleisch WV, Xie JH. 1998. Ecology and behavior of the Guizhou snub-nosed langur (Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] brelichi), with a discussion of socioecology in the genus. In: Jablonski NG, editor. The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys. Singapore: World Scientific: Press. p 217-240.
17. Nie S, Xiang Z, Li M. 2009. Preliminary report on the diet and social structure of gray snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi) at Yangaoping, Guizhou, China. Acta Theriol Sin 29:326-331.
18. Li YM. 2006. Seasonal variation of diet and food availability in a group of Sichuan snubnosed monkeys in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. Am J Primatol 68:217-233.
19. Guo ST, Li BG, Watanabe K. 2007. Diet and activity budget of Rhinopithecus roxellana in the Qinling Mountains, China. Primates 48: 268-276.
20. Kirkpatrick RC, Gu HJ, Zhou XP. 1999. A preliminary report on Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Baihe Nature Reserve. Folia Primatol 70:117-120.
21. Kirkpatrick RC. 1996. Ecology and behavior of the Yunnan snub-nosed langur Rhinopithecus bieti (Colobinae). Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis.
22. Grueter CC, Li DY, Ren BP, Wei FW, Xiang ZF, van Schaik CP. 2009. Fallback foods of temperate-living primates: a case study on snubnosed monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:700-715.
23. Ding W, Zhao Q. 2004. Rhinopithecus bieti at Tacheng, Yunnan: diet and daytime activities. Int J Primatol 25:583-598.
24. Liu ZH, Ding W, Grueter CC. 2004. Seasonal variation in ranging patterns of Yunnan snubnosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt Fuhe. Acta Zool Sin 50:691-696.
25. Fashing PJ. 2007. African colobine monkeys: patterns of between-group interaction. In: Bearder S, Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, editors. Primates in perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 201-224.
26. Tan CL, Guo ST, Li BG. 2007. Population structure and ranging patterns of Rhinopithecus roxellana in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, China. Int J Primatol 28:577-591.
27. Grueter CC, van Schaik CP. 2010. Evolutionary determinants of modular societies in colobines. Behav Ecol 21:63-71.
28. Grueter CC, Li DY, van Schaik CP, Ren BP, Long YC, Wei FW. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. I. Characteristics of range use. Int J Primatol 29: 1121-1145.
29. Bishop NH. 1979. Himalayan langurs: temperate colobines. J Hum Evol 8:251-281.
30. Wada K, Tokida E. 1981. Habitat utilization by wintering Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) in the Shiga Heights. Primates 22:330-348.
31. Su YJ, Ren RM, Yan KH, Li JJ, Yin Z, Zhu ZQ, Hu ZL, Hu YF. 1998. Preliminary survey of the home range and ranging behavior of golden monkeys Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] roxellana in Shennongjia National Natural Reserve, Hubei, China. In: Jablonksi NG, editor. The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys. Singapore: World Scientific Press. p 255-268.
32. Li YK, Jiang ZG, Li CW, Grueter CC. n.d. Effects of seasonal folivory and frugivory on ranging patterns in Rhinopithecus roxellana. Int J Primatol. In press.
33. Guo ST, Ji WH, Li BG, Li M. 2008. Response of a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys to commercial logging in the Qinling Mountains, China. Cons Biol 22:1055-1064.
34. Watanuki Y, Nakayama Y, Azuma S, Ashizawa S. 1994. Foraging on buds and bark of mulberry trees by Japanese monkeys and their range utilization. Primates 35:15-24.
35. Fashing PJ, Mulindahabi F, Gakima JB, Masozera M, Mununura I, Plumptre AJ, Nguyen N. 2007. Activity and ranging patterns of Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii in Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda: possible costs of large group size. Int J Primatol 28:529-550.
36. Grueter CC. 2009. Determinants of modular societies in snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) and other Asian colobines. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
37. Ren RM, Su YJ, Yan KH, Li JJ, Zhou Y, Zhu ZQ, Hu ZL, Hu YF. 1998. Preliminary survey of the social organization of Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] roxellana in Shennongjia National Natural Reserve, Hubei, China. In: Jablonksi NG, editor. The natural history of the doucs and snub-nosed monkeys. Singapore: World Scientific Press. p 269-277.
38. Liu ZH, Ding W, Grueter CC. 2007. Preliminary data on the social organization of blackand-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Tacheng, China. Acta Theriol Sin 27: 120-122.
39. Cui LW, Huo S, Zhong T, Xiang ZF, Xiao W, Quan RC. 2008. Social organization of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Deqin, China. Am J Primatol 70:169-174.
40. Stammbach E. 1987. Desert, forest and montane baboons: multilevel societies. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 112-220.
41. Stanford CB. 1991. Social dynamics of intergroup encounters in the capped langur (Presbytis pileata). Am J Primatol 25:35-47.
42. Grueter CC, van Schaik CP. 2009. Sexual size dimorphism in Asian colobines revisited. Am J Primatol 71:609-616.
43. Xiang ZF, Grueter CC. 2007. First direct evidence of infanticide and cannibalism in wild snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). Am J Primatol 69:249-254.
44. Zhao DP, Li BG, Groves CP, Watanabe K. 2008. Impact of male takeover on intra-unit sexual interactions and subsequent interbirth interval in wild Rhinopithecus roxellana. Folia Primatol 79:93-102.
45. Grueter CC, Zinner D. 2004. Nested societies: convergent adaptations of baboons and snub-nosed monkeys? Primate Rep 70:1-98.
46. Xi WZ, Li BG, Zhao DP, Ji WH, Zhang P. 2008. Benefits to female helpers in wild Rhinopithecus roxellana. Int J Primatol 29:593-600.
47. Xiang ZF, Nie SG, Lei XP, Chang ZF, Wei FW, Li M. 2009. Current status and conservation of the gray snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus brelichi (Colobinae) in Guizhou, China. Biol Cons 142:469-476.
48. Zhao DP, Ji WH, Li BG, Watanabe K. 2008. Mate competition and reproductive correlates of female dispersal in a polygynous primate species (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Behav Proc 79:165-170.
49. Zhang P, Watanabe K, Li BG. 2008. Female social dynamics in a provisioned free-ranging band of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains, China. Am J Primatol 70:1013-1022.
50. Zhang P, Watanabe K, Li BG. 2006. Social organization of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains, central China. Primates 47:374-382.
51. Zhao DP, Li BG. 2009. Do deposed adult male Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana roam as solitary bachelors or continue to interact with former band members? Curr Zool 55:235-237.
52. nd Congress of the International Primatological Society. Primate Eye 96: abstract 892.
53. White D. 2007. Evidence of preferred interaction partners within golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) social units. Am J Primatol 69(suppl): abstract 170.
54. Li BG, Zhao DP. 2007. Copulation behavior within one-male groups of wild Rhinopithecus roxellana in the Qinling Mountains of China. Primates 48:190-196.
55. Zhao DP, Li BG, Li YH, Wada K. 2005. Extra-unit sexual behavior among wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains of China. Folia Primatol 76:172-176.
56. Guo ST, Ji WH, Li M, Chang HL, Li BG. 2009. The mating system of the Sichuan snubnosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Am J Primatol 71:1-8.
57. Yeager CP. 1991. Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization: intergroup patterns of association. Am J Primatol 23:73-86.
58. Kummer H. 1968. Social organization of hamadryas baboons: a field study. Bibliotheca Primatol 6.
59. Dunbar RIM, Dunbar EP. 1975. Social dynamics of gelada baboons. Basel: Karger.
60. Swedell L, Hailemeskel G, Schreier A. 2008. Composition and seasonality of diet in wild hamadryas baboons: preliminary findings from Filoha. Folia Primatol 79:476-490.
61. Henzi SP, Barrett L. 2005. The historical socioecology of savanna baboons (Papio hamadryas). J Zool Lond 265:215-226.
62. Schreier AL, Swedell L. 2009. The fourth level of social structure in a multi-level society: ecological and social functions of clans in hamadryas baboons. Am J Primatol 71:948-955.
63. Wrangham RW. 1980. An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75:262-300.
64. van Schaik CP. 1983. Why are diurnal primates living in groups? Behaviour 87:91-117.
65. Janson CH. 2000. Primate socio-ecology: the end of a golden age. Evol Anthropol 9:73-86.
66. Marshall AJ, Wrangham RW. 2007. Evolutionary consequences of fallback foods. Int J Primatol 28:1219-1235.
67. van Schaik CP, van Noordwijk MA, Nunn CL. 1999. Sex and social evolution in primates. In: Lee PC, editor. Comparative primate socioecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 204-231.
68. Rubenstein DI, Hack M. 2004. Natural and sexual selection and the evolution of multi-level societies: insights from zebras with comparisons to primates. In: Kappeler PM, van Schaik CP, editors. Sexual selection in primates: new and comparative perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 266-279.
69. Treves A, Chapman CA. 1996. Conspecific threat, predation avoidance, and resource defense: implications for grouping in langurs. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 39:43-53.
70. Rendall D, DiFiore A. 1995. The road less travelled: phylogenetic perspectives in primatology. Evol Anthropol 4:43-52.
71. Stanford CB. 1989. Predation on capped langurs (Presbytis pileata) by cooperatively hunting jackals (Canis aureus). Am J Primatol 19:53-56.
72. Yeager CP. 1992. Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization: nature and possible function of intergroup patterns of association. Am J Primatol 26:133-137.
73. Matsuda I, Tuuga A, Higashi S. 2010. Effects of water level on sleeping-site selection and inter-group association in proboscis monkeys: why do they sleep alone inland on flooded days? Ecol Res 25:475-482.
74. Beehner JC, Bergman TJ. 2008. Infant mortality following male takeovers in wild geladas. Am J Primatol 70:1152-1159.
75. Le XC, Le KQ, Dong TH, Boonratana R. 2008. Rhinopithecus avunculus. In: IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2009.2. Available at: http://www.redlist.org/apps/redlist/details/19594/0.
76. nd Congress of the International Primatological Society. Primate Eye 96: abstract 854.
77. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 2009. IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2009.2. Available at:www.iucnredlist.org.
78. nd Congress of the International Primatological Society. Primate Eye 96: abstract 893.
79. Li BG, Pan RL, Oxnard CE. 2002. Extinction of snub-nosed monkeys in China during the past 400 years. Int J Primatol 23:1227-1244.
80. Xiao W, Ding W, Cui LW, Zhou RL, Zhao QK. 2003. Habitat degradation of Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan, China. Int J Primatol 24:389-398.
81. Li L, Yu SX, Ren BP, Li M, Wu RD, Long YC. 2009. A study on the carrying capacity of the available habitat for the Rhinopithecus bieti population at Mt. Laojun in Yunnan, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 16:474-478.
82. Bai SC, Zou SQ, Lin S, Tuo, D, Zhong T, Wang XH. 1988. An investigation of distribution number and food habit of the Rhinopithecus bieti. Zool Res 9(suppl):67-75.
83. Waterman PG, Ross JAM, Bennett EL, Davies AG. 1988. A comparison of the floristics and leaf chemistry of the tree flora in two Malaysian rain forests and the influence of leaf chemistry on populations of colobine monkeys in the Old World. Biol J Linn Soc 34:1-32.
84. Ménard N. 2002. Ecological plasticity of Barbary macaques. Evol Anthropol 11(suppl): 95-100.
85. Yang SJ, Zhao QK. 2001. Bamboo leaf-based diet of Rhinopithecus bieti at Lijiang, China. Folia Primatol 72:92-95.
86. Altmann SA. Baboons, space, time, and energy. Am Zool 14:221-248.
87. Xiang ZF. 2005. The ecology and behavior of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti, Colobinae) at Xiaochangdu in Honglaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Tibet, China. Ph.D. dissertation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.
88. Li DY, Grueter CC, Ren BP, Long YC, Li M, Peng ZS, Wei FW. 2008. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. II: use of land cover types and altitudes. Int J Primatol 29:1147-1173.
89. Yang SJ. 2003. Altitudinal ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti at Jinsichang, Lijiang, China. Folia Primatol 74:88-91.
90. Ren BP, Li M, Long YC, Wei FW. 2009. Influence of day length, ambient temperature, and seasonality on daily travel distance in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey at Jinsichang, Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 71: 233-241.
91. Ren BP, Li M, Long YC, Wu R, Wei FW. 2009. Home range and seasonality of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Integr Zool 4:162-171.
92. Huo S. 2005. Diet and habitat use of Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt Longma. Ph.D. dissertation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.
93. Li YM. 2002. The seasonal daily travel in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Pygathrix roxellana) in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. Primates 43:271-276.
94. Xiang ZF, Nie SG, Chang ZF, Wei FW, Li M. 2010. Sleeping sites of Rhinopithecus brelichi at Yangaoping, Guizhou. Int J Primatol 31:59-71.