메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 801-812

Effects of altitude and competition on growth and mortality of the conifer Abies sachalinensis

Author keywords

Altitude; Competition; Global warming; Growth; Local crowding; Mortality

Indexed keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE; ALTITUDE; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); CONIFEROUS TREE; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; GLOBAL WARMING; GROWING SEASON; GROWTH RATE; MORTALITY;

EID: 77954456436     PISSN: 09123814     EISSN: 14401703     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0710-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0027019215 scopus 로고
    • A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal ecosystems
    • Aber JD, Federer CA (1992) A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal ecosystems. Oecologia 92: 463-474.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.92 , pp. 463-474
    • Aber, J.D.1    Federer, C.A.2
  • 4
    • 0030857856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A changing temperature response with elevation for Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania, Australia
    • Buckley BM, Cook ER, Peterson MJ, Barbetti M (1997) A changing temperature response with elevation for Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania, Australia. Clim Change 36: 477-498.
    • (1997) Clim Change , vol.36 , pp. 477-498
    • Buckley, B.M.1    Cook, E.R.2    Peterson, M.J.3    Barbetti, M.4
  • 6
    • 3042602359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neighborhood analysis of canopy tree competition: Effects of shading versus crowding
    • Canham CD, LePage PT, Coates KD (2004) A neighborhood analysis of canopy tree competition: effects of shading versus crowding. Can J For Res 34: 778-787.
    • (2004) Can J For Res , vol.34 , pp. 778-787
    • Canham, C.D.1    Lepage, P.T.2    Coates, K.D.3
  • 7
    • 0035134293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific variation in sapling mortality in relation to growth and soil moisture
    • Caspersen JP, Kobe RK (2001) Interspecific variation in sapling mortality in relation to growth and soil moisture. Oikos 92: 160-168.
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.92 , pp. 160-168
    • Caspersen, J.P.1    Kobe, R.K.2
  • 8
    • 34547978364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of size, competition and altitude on tree growth
    • Coomes DA, Allen RB (2007) Effects of size, competition and altitude on tree growth. J Ecol 95: 1084-1097.
    • (2007) J Ecol , vol.95 , pp. 1084-1097
    • Coomes, D.A.1    Allen, R.B.2
  • 9
    • 0027029402 scopus 로고
    • Resampling methods for computation-intensive data analysis in ecology and evolution
    • Crowley PH (1992) Resampling methods for computation-intensive data analysis in ecology and evolution. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 23: 405-447.
    • (1992) Ann Rev Ecol Syst , vol.23 , pp. 405-447
    • Crowley, P.H.1
  • 10
    • 0036923686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of temperate and tropical rainforest tree species: Photosynthetic responses to growth temperature
    • Cunningham SC, Read J (2002) Comparison of temperate and tropical rainforest tree species: photosynthetic responses to growth temperature. Oecologia 133: 112-119.
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.133 , pp. 112-119
    • Cunningham, S.C.1    Read, J.2
  • 11
    • 0023466476 scopus 로고
    • Air and soil temperature limitations on photosynthesis in Engelmann spruce during summer
    • DeLucia EH, Smith WK (1987) Air and soil temperature limitations on photosynthesis in Engelmann spruce during summer. Can J For Res 17: 527-533.
    • (1987) Can J For Res , vol.17 , pp. 527-533
    • Delucia, E.H.1    Smith, W.K.2
  • 12
    • 0842269805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub-arctic bog
    • Dorrepaal E, Aerts R, Cornelissen JHC, Callaghan TV, van Logtestijn RSP (2003) Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub-arctic bog. Glob Chang Biol 10: 93-104.
    • (2003) Glob Chang Biol , vol.10 , pp. 93-104
    • Dorrepaal, E.1    Aerts, R.2    Cornelissen, J.H.C.3    Callaghan, T.V.4    van Logtestijn, R.S.P.5
  • 13
    • 0026314397 scopus 로고
    • Competition and the coexistence of species in a mixed podocarp stand
    • Duncan RP (1991) Competition and the coexistence of species in a mixed podocarp stand. J Ecol 79: 1073-1084.
    • (1991) J Ecol , vol.79 , pp. 1073-1084
    • Duncan, R.P.1
  • 14
    • 0028995489 scopus 로고
    • Phenology and growth of three temperate forest life forms in response to artificial soil warming
    • Fransworth EJ, Nunez-Farfan J, Careaga SA, Bazzaz FA (1995) Phenology and growth of three temperate forest life forms in response to artificial soil warming. J Ecol 83: 967-977.
    • (1995) J Ecol , vol.83 , pp. 967-977
    • Fransworth, E.J.1    Nunez-Farfan, J.2    Careaga, S.A.3    Bazzaz, F.A.4
  • 15
    • 0036034245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone
    • Germino MJ, Smith WK, Resor AC (2002) Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone. Plant Ecol 162: 157-168.
    • (2002) Plant Ecol , vol.162 , pp. 157-168
    • Germino, M.J.1    Smith, W.K.2    Resor, A.C.3
  • 16
    • 0030303171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early summer temperatures since 1670 A.D. for Central Kamchatka reconstructed based on a Siberian larch tree-ring width chronology
    • Gostev M, Wiles G, D'Arrigo R, Jacoby G, Khomentovsky P (1996) Early summer temperatures since 1670 A. D. for Central Kamchatka reconstructed based on a Siberian larch tree-ring width chronology. Can J For Res 26: 2048-2052.
    • (1996) Can J For Res , vol.26 , pp. 2048-2052
    • Gostev, M.1    Wiles, G.2    D'Arrigo, R.3    Jacoby, G.4    Khomentovsky, P.5
  • 17
    • 36949060119 scopus 로고
    • Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation
    • Grime JP (1973) Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242: 344-347.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.242 , pp. 344-347
    • Grime, J.P.1
  • 18
    • 0027044289 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the mode of competition on stationary size distribution in plant populations
    • Hara T (1992) Effects of the mode of competition on stationary size distribution in plant populations. Ann Bot 69: 509-513.
    • (1992) Ann Bot , vol.69 , pp. 509-513
    • Hara, T.1
  • 19
    • 0028680558 scopus 로고
    • Canopy tree competition and species coexistence in an Abies veitchii and A. mariesii mixed subalpine forest, central Japan
    • Hara T, Yokoishi E, Ishiwata M, Kimura M (1994) Canopy tree competition and species coexistence in an Abies veitchii and A. mariesii mixed subalpine forest, central Japan. Ecoscience 1: 239-248.
    • (1994) Ecoscience , vol.1 , pp. 239-248
    • Hara, T.1    Yokoishi, E.2    Ishiwata, M.3    Kimura, M.4
  • 20
    • 0033736687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotic validation of small open-top chambers in a tundra ecosystem
    • Hollister RD, Webber PJ (2000) Biotic validation of small open-top chambers in a tundra ecosystem. Glob Chang Biol 6: 835-842.
    • (2000) Glob Chang Biol , vol.6 , pp. 835-842
    • Hollister, R.D.1    Webber, P.J.2
  • 21
    • 20444423322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant response to temperature in northern Alaska: Implications for predicting vegetation change
    • Hollister RD, Webber PJ, Bay C (2005) Plant response to temperature in northern Alaska: implications for predicting vegetation change. Ecology 86: 1562-1570.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1562-1570
    • Hollister, R.D.1    Webber, P.J.2    Bay, C.3
  • 22
    • 0031395387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of experimental warming on arctic willows (Salix spp.): A comparison of responses from the Canadian High Arctic, Alaskan Arctic, and Swedish Subarctic
    • Jones MH, Bay C, Nordenhall U (1997) Effects of experimental warming on arctic willows (Salix spp.): a comparison of responses from the Canadian High Arctic, Alaskan Arctic, and Swedish Subarctic. Glob Chang Biol 3(Suppl 1): 55-60.
    • (1997) Glob Chang Biol , vol.3 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 55-60
    • Jones, M.H.1    Bay, C.2    Nordenhall, U.3
  • 23
    • 0028977457 scopus 로고
    • Plant competition along soil moisture gradients: A field experiment with the desert annual Stipa capensis
    • Kadmon P (1995) Plant competition along soil moisture gradients: a field experiment with the desert annual Stipa capensis. J Ecol 83: 253-262.
    • (1995) J Ecol , vol.83 , pp. 253-262
    • Kadmon, P.1
  • 24
    • 0002638074 scopus 로고
    • Shoot dynamics of Pinus pumila in relation to altitudinal and wind exposure gradients on the Kiso Mountain Range, central Japan
    • Kajimoto T (1993) Shoot dynamics of Pinus pumila in relation to altitudinal and wind exposure gradients on the Kiso Mountain Range, central Japan. Tree Physiol 13: 41-53.
    • (1993) Tree Physiol , vol.13 , pp. 41-53
    • Kajimoto, T.1
  • 25
    • 50149112399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change
    • Kelly AE, Goulden ML (2008) Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 11823-11826.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.105 , pp. 11823-11826
    • Kelly, A.E.1    Goulden, M.L.2
  • 26
    • 0032921455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical relationships between mean plant size, size distribution and self thinning under one-sided competition
    • Kikuzawa K (1999) Theoretical relationships between mean plant size, size distribution and self thinning under one-sided competition. Ann Bot 83: 11-18.
    • (1999) Ann Bot , vol.83 , pp. 11-18
    • Kikuzawa, K.1
  • 27
    • 0029662927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of canopy structure on degree of asymmetry of competition in two forest stands in northern Japan
    • Kikuzawa K, Umeki K (1996) Effect of canopy structure on degree of asymmetry of competition in two forest stands in northern Japan. Ann Bot 77: 565-571.
    • (1996) Ann Bot , vol.77 , pp. 565-571
    • Kikuzawa, K.1    Umeki, K.2
  • 28
    • 67651167333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitation and competition in alpine plant communities
    • Kikvidze Z (2002) Facilitation and competition in alpine plant communities. Glob Environ Res 16: 53-58.
    • (2002) Glob Environ Res , vol.16 , pp. 53-58
    • Kikvidze, Z.1
  • 29
    • 0000351707 scopus 로고
    • On the altitudinal arrangement of climatic zones in Japan
    • (in Japanese)
    • Kira T (1948) On the altitudinal arrangement of climatic zones in Japan. Kanti-Nogaku 2: 143-173 (in Japanese).
    • (1948) Kanti-Nogaku , vol.2 , pp. 143-173
    • Kira, T.1
  • 30
    • 0347298644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of early summer temperature and date of snow melt for tree growth in the Siberian Subarctic
    • Kirdyanov A, Hughes M, Yaganov E, Schweingruber F, Silkin P (2003) The importance of early summer temperature and date of snow melt for tree growth in the Siberian Subarctic. Trees 17: 61-69.
    • (2003) Trees , vol.17 , pp. 61-69
    • Kirdyanov, A.1    Hughes, M.2    Yaganov, E.3    Schweingruber, F.4    Silkin, P.5
  • 31
    • 23644439081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated climate change altered dominance hierarchies and diversity of an alpine biodiversity hotspot
    • Klanderud K, Totland O (2005) Simulated climate change altered dominance hierarchies and diversity of an alpine biodiversity hotspot. Ecology 86: 2047-2054.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 2047-2054
    • Klanderud, K.1    Totland, O.2
  • 32
    • 0028974612 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile tree survivorship as a component of shade tolerance
    • Kobe RK, Pacala SW, Silander JA, Canham CD (1995) Juvenile tree survivorship as a component of shade tolerance. Ecol Appl 5: 517-532.
    • (1995) Ecol Appl , vol.5 , pp. 517-532
    • Kobe, R.K.1    Pacala, S.W.2    Silander, J.A.3    Canham, C.D.4
  • 33
    • 0021560831 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration and coexistence of two Abies species dominating subalpine forests in central Japan
    • Kohyama T (1984) Regeneration and coexistence of two Abies species dominating subalpine forests in central Japan. Oecologia 62: 156-161.
    • (1984) Oecologia , vol.62 , pp. 156-161
    • Kohyama, T.1
  • 34
    • 0027060826 scopus 로고
    • Size-structured multi-species model of rain forest trees
    • Kohyama T (1992) Size-structured multi-species model of rain forest trees. Funct Ecol 6: 206-212.
    • (1992) Funct Ecol , vol.6 , pp. 206-212
    • Kohyama, T.1
  • 35
    • 0027380892 scopus 로고
    • Size-structured tree populations in gap-dynamic forest: The forest architecture hypothesis for the stable coexistence of species
    • Kohyama T (1993) Size-structured tree populations in gap-dynamic forest: the forest architecture hypothesis for the stable coexistence of species. J Ecol 81: 131-143.
    • (1993) J Ecol , vol.81 , pp. 131-143
    • Kohyama, T.1
  • 36
    • 0026312802 scopus 로고
    • Classification and ecological characterization of coniferous forest phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido, Japan
    • Kojima S (1991) Classification and ecological characterization of coniferous forest phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido, Japan. Vegetatio 96: 25-42.
    • (1991) Vegetatio , vol.96 , pp. 25-42
    • Kojima, S.1
  • 37
    • 36248950165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of 'altitude' in ecological research
    • Körner C (2007) The use of 'altitude' in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22: 569-574.
    • (2007) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.22 , pp. 569-574
    • Körner, C.1
  • 38
    • 0028977880 scopus 로고
    • Tree competition and species coexistence in a sub-boreal forest, northern Japan
    • Kubota Y, Hara T (1995) Tree competition and species coexistence in a sub-boreal forest, northern Japan. Ann Bot 76: 503-512.
    • (1995) Ann Bot , vol.76 , pp. 503-512
    • Kubota, Y.1    Hara, T.2
  • 39
    • 0036191987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes
    • Kullman L (2002) Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. J Ecol 90: 68-77.
    • (2002) J Ecol , vol.90 , pp. 68-77
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 40
    • 27744528374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth, mortality, and morphological response of European beech and downy oak along a light gradient in sub-Mediterranean forest
    • Kunstler G, Curt T, Bouchaud M, Lepart J (2005) Growth, mortality, and morphological response of European beech and downy oak along a light gradient in sub-Mediterranean forest. Can J For Res 35: 1657-1668.
    • (2005) Can J For Res , vol.35 , pp. 1657-1668
    • Kunstler, G.1    Curt, T.2    Bouchaud, M.3    Lepart, J.4
  • 41
    • 77954458801 scopus 로고
    • Variation in growth responses of Saghalien fir (Abies sachalinensis) seedlings associated with altitudinal gradients-results of set of provenance tests at various altitudes in eighteen years
    • (in Japanese)
    • Kurahashi A, Kisanuki H, Ogasawara S (1995) Variation in growth responses of Saghalien fir (Abies sachalinensis) seedlings associated with altitudinal gradients-results of set of provenance tests at various altitudes in eighteen years. Trans Meet Hokkaido Br Jpn For Soc 43: 200-202 (in Japanese).
    • (1995) Trans Meet Hokkaido Br Jpn For Soc , vol.43 , pp. 200-202
    • Kurahashi, A.1    Kisanuki, H.2    Ogasawara, S.3
  • 42
    • 0037534012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth responses of Picea abies and Larix decidua to elevation in subalpine areas of Tyrol, Austria
    • Li MH, Yang J, Krauchi N (2003) Growth responses of Picea abies and Larix decidua to elevation in subalpine areas of Tyrol, Austria. Can J For Res 33: 653-662.
    • (2003) Can J For Res , vol.33 , pp. 653-662
    • Li, M.H.1    Yang, J.2    Krauchi, N.3
  • 43
    • 0034526663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative forest management strategies under climatic change-prospects for gap model applications in risk analyses
    • Lindner M, Lasch P, Erhard M (2000) Alternative forest management strategies under climatic change-prospects for gap model applications in risk analyses. Silva Fenn 34: 101-111.
    • (2000) Silva Fenn , vol.34 , pp. 101-111
    • Lindner, M.1    Lasch, P.2    Erhard, M.3
  • 44
    • 17644439691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial growth variation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in central and northern Europe
    • Mäkinen H, Nöjd P, Kahle HP, Newmann U, Tveite B, Mielikäinen K, Röhle H, Spiecker H (2002) Radial growth variation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in central and northern Europe. For Ecol Manage 171: 243-259.
    • (2002) For Ecol Manage , vol.171 , pp. 243-259
    • Mäkinen, H.1    Nöjd, P.2    Kahle, H.P.3    Newmann, U.4    Tveite, B.5    Mielikäinen, K.6    Röhle, H.7    Spiecker, H.8
  • 45
    • 0031395573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses to natural climatic variation and experimental warming in two tundra plant species with contrasting life forms: Cassiope tetragona and Ranunculus nivalis
    • Molau U (1997) Responses to natural climatic variation and experimental warming in two tundra plant species with contrasting life forms: Cassiope tetragona and Ranunculus nivalis. Glob Chang Biol 3(Suppl 1): 97-107.
    • (1997) Glob Chang Biol , vol.3 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 97-107
    • Molau, U.1
  • 46
    • 0033601728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling individual tree mortality for Austrian forest species
    • Monserud RA, Sterba H (1999) Modeling individual tree mortality for Austrian forest species. For Ecol Manage 113: 109-123.
    • (1999) For Ecol Manage , vol.113 , pp. 109-123
    • Monserud, R.A.1    Sterba, H.2
  • 47
    • 0028983929 scopus 로고
    • The significance of the asymmetric effect of crowding for coexistence in a mixed temperate forest
    • Nakashizuka T, Kohyama T (1995) The significance of the asymmetric effect of crowding for coexistence in a mixed temperate forest. J Veg Sci 6: 509-516.
    • (1995) J Veg Sci , vol.6 , pp. 509-516
    • Nakashizuka, T.1    Kohyama, T.2
  • 48
    • 0027100160 scopus 로고
    • Community dynamics of Ogawa Forest Reserve, a species rich deciduous forest, central Japan
    • Nakashizuka T, Iida S, Tanaka H, Shibata M, Abe S, Masaki T, Niiyama K (1992) Community dynamics of Ogawa Forest Reserve, a species rich deciduous forest, central Japan. Vegetatio 103: 105-112.
    • (1992) Vegetatio , vol.103 , pp. 105-112
    • Nakashizuka, T.1    Iida, S.2    Tanaka, H.3    Shibata, M.4    Abe, S.5    Masaki, T.6    Niiyama, K.7
  • 49
    • 0037288684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree competition and species coexistence in a warm-temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan
    • Nishimura N, Hara T, Miura M, Manabe T, Yamamoto S (2002) Tree competition and species coexistence in a warm-temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan. Plant Ecol 164: 235-248.
    • (2002) Plant Ecol , vol.164 , pp. 235-248
    • Nishimura, N.1    Hara, T.2    Miura, M.3    Manabe, T.4    Yamamoto, S.5
  • 50
    • 27744480395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promotion of species co-existence in old-growth coniferous forest through interplay of life-history strategy and tree competition
    • Nishimura N, Hara T, Kawatani M, Hoshino D, Yamamoto S (2005) Promotion of species co-existence in old-growth coniferous forest through interplay of life-history strategy and tree competition. J Veg Sci 16: 549-558.
    • (2005) J Veg Sci , vol.16 , pp. 549-558
    • Nishimura, N.1    Hara, T.2    Kawatani, M.3    Hoshino, D.4    Yamamoto, S.5
  • 51
    • 0035282818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature on the radial growth of Scots pine in northernmost Fennoscandia
    • Nöjd P, Hari P (2001) The effect of temperature on the radial growth of Scots pine in northernmost Fennoscandia. For Ecol Manage 142: 65-77.
    • (2001) For Ecol Manage , vol.142 , pp. 65-77
    • Nöjd, P.1    Hari, P.2
  • 52
    • 0031658371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to changing environment in Scots pine population across a latitudinal gradient
    • Oleksyn J, Tjoelker MG, Reich PB (1998) Adaptation to changing environment in Scots pine population across a latitudinal gradient. Silva Fenn 32: 129-140.
    • (1998) Silva Fenn , vol.32 , pp. 129-140
    • Oleksyn, J.1    Tjoelker, M.G.2    Reich, P.B.3
  • 53
    • 0037413628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
    • Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421: 37-42.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , pp. 37-42
    • Parmesan, C.1    Yohe, G.2
  • 54
    • 0034107984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree growth near treeline: Abrupt or gradual reduction with altitude?
    • Paulsen J, Weber UM, Körner C (2000) Tree growth near treeline: abrupt or gradual reduction with altitude? Arct Antarc Alp Res 32: 14-20.
    • (2000) Arct Antarc Alp Res , vol.32 , pp. 14-20
    • Paulsen, J.1    Weber, U.M.2    Körner, C.3
  • 55
    • 0035668294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mountain hemlock growth responds to climatic variability at annual and decadal time scales
    • Peterson DW, Peterson DL (2001) Mountain hemlock growth responds to climatic variability at annual and decadal time scales. Ecology 82: 3330-3345.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 3330-3345
    • Peterson, D.W.1    Peterson, D.L.2
  • 56
    • 84907095419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R: A language and environment for statistical computing
    • R development core team, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0
    • R development core team (2009) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, http://www. R-project. org.
    • (2009) R Foundation for Statistical Computing
  • 57
    • 0024889232 scopus 로고
    • Variation in competition along an environmental gradient: Hieracium floribundum in an abandoned pasture
    • Reader RJ, Best BJ (1989) Variation in competition along an environmental gradient: Hieracium floribundum in an abandoned pasture. J Ecol 77: 673-684.
    • (1989) J Ecol , vol.77 , pp. 673-684
    • Reader, R.J.1    Best, B.J.2
  • 58
    • 0029669035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and recruitment rate evaluations in heterogeneous tropical forests
    • Sheil D, May RM (1996) Mortality and recruitment rate evaluations in heterogeneous tropical forests. J Ecol 84: 91-100.
    • (1996) J Ecol , vol.84 , pp. 91-100
    • Sheil, D.1    May, R.M.2
  • 59
    • 0028165690 scopus 로고
    • Variation in structure of Larix olgensis stands along the altitudinal gradient on Paektu-san, Changbai-shan, North Korea
    • Šrůtek M, Lepš J (1994) Variation in structure of Larix olgensis stands along the altitudinal gradient on Paektu-san, Changbai-shan, North Korea. Arc Alp Res 26: 166-173.
    • (1994) Arc Alp Res , vol.26 , pp. 166-173
    • Šrůtek, M.1    Lepš, J.2
  • 60
    • 0028164372 scopus 로고
    • Effect of size structure, forest floor type and disturbance regime on tree species composition in a coniferous forest in Japan
    • Takahashi K (1994) Effect of size structure, forest floor type and disturbance regime on tree species composition in a coniferous forest in Japan. J Ecol 82: 769-773.
    • (1994) J Ecol , vol.82 , pp. 769-773
    • Takahashi, K.1
  • 61
    • 0030038330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plastic response of crown architecture to crowding in understorey trees of two co-dominating conifers
    • Takahashi K (1996) Plastic response of crown architecture to crowding in understorey trees of two co-dominating conifers. Ann Bot 77: 159-164.
    • (1996) Ann Bot , vol.77 , pp. 159-164
    • Takahashi, K.1
  • 62
    • 77954457508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Difference between evergreen conifers and deciduous hardwood trees in suppressing the growth of Abies sachalinensis understory trees
    • Takahashi K (2003a) Difference between evergreen conifers and deciduous hardwood trees in suppressing the growth of Abies sachalinensis understory trees. Veg Sci 20: 65-68.
    • (2003) Veg Sci , vol.20 , pp. 65-68
    • Takahashi, K.1
  • 63
    • 0037301588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of climatic conditions on shoot elongation of alpine dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) at its upper and lower altitudinal limits in central Japan
    • Takahashi K (2003b) Effects of climatic conditions on shoot elongation of alpine dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) at its upper and lower altitudinal limits in central Japan. Arct Antarc Alp Res 35: 1-7.
    • (2003) Arct Antarc Alp Res , vol.35 , pp. 1-7
    • Takahashi, K.1
  • 64
    • 28844484983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of artificial warming on shoot elongation of alpine dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) on Mt. Shogigashira, central Japan
    • Takahashi K (2005) Effects of artificial warming on shoot elongation of alpine dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) on Mt. Shogigashira, central Japan. Arct Antarc Alp Res 37: 620-625.
    • (2005) Arct Antarc Alp Res , vol.37 , pp. 620-625
    • Takahashi, K.1
  • 65
    • 0033400678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size-structure dynamics of two conifers in relation to understorey dwarf bamboo: A simulation study
    • Takahashi K, Kohyama T (1999) Size-structure dynamics of two conifers in relation to understorey dwarf bamboo: a simulation study. J Veg Sci 10: 833-842.
    • (1999) J Veg Sci , vol.10 , pp. 833-842
    • Takahashi, K.1    Kohyama, T.2
  • 66
    • 0141975413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of climate on the radial growth of tree species in the upper and lower distribution limits of an altitudinal ecotone on Mt. Norikura, central Japan
    • Takahashi K, Azuma H, Yasue K (2003) Effects of climate on the radial growth of tree species in the upper and lower distribution limits of an altitudinal ecotone on Mt. Norikura, central Japan. Ecol Res 18: 549-558.
    • (2003) Ecol Res , vol.18 , pp. 549-558
    • Takahashi, K.1    Azuma, H.2    Yasue, K.3
  • 67
    • 77954457279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between vegetation cover and seedling distribution of the alpine dwarf pine Pinus pumila on Mt. Norikura, central Japan
    • Takahashi K, Nagano S, Maruta E (2005a) Relationships between vegetation cover and seedling distribution of the alpine dwarf pine Pinus pumila on Mt. Norikura, central Japan. Veg Sci 22: 147-152.
    • (2005) Veg Sci , vol.22 , pp. 147-152
    • Takahashi, K.1    Nagano, S.2    Maruta, E.3
  • 68
    • 33746390985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic factors affecting the tree-ring width of Betula ermanii at the timberline on Mount Norikura, central Japan
    • Takahashi K, Tokumitsu Y, Yasue K (2005b) Climatic factors affecting the tree-ring width of Betula ermanii at the timberline on Mount Norikura, central Japan. Ecol Res 20: 445-451.
    • (2005) Ecol Res , vol.20 , pp. 445-451
    • Takahashi, K.1    Tokumitsu, Y.2    Yasue, K.3
  • 69
    • 20744433566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern of changes in species diversity, structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia
    • Takyu M, Kubota Y, Aiba S, Seino T, Nishimura T (2005) Pattern of changes in species diversity, structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia. Ecol Res 20: 287-296.
    • (2005) Ecol Res , vol.20 , pp. 287-296
    • Takyu, M.1    Kubota, Y.2    Aiba, S.3    Seino, T.4    Nishimura, T.5
  • 70
    • 33747035292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial growth and climate responses of white oak (Quercus alba) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra) at the northern distribution limit of white oak in Quebec, Canada
    • Tardif JC, Conciatori F, Nantel P, Gagnon D (2006) Radial growth and climate responses of white oak (Quercus alba) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra) at the northern distribution limit of white oak in Quebec, Canada. J Biogeogr 3: 1657-1669.
    • (2006) J Biogeogr , vol.3 , pp. 1657-1669
    • Tardif, J.C.1    Conciatori, F.2    Nantel, P.3    Gagnon, D.4
  • 71
    • 0141453294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth characteristics of six tree species on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan
    • Umeki K (2001) Growth characteristics of six tree species on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Ecol Res 16: 435-450.
    • (2001) Ecol Res , vol.16 , pp. 435-450
    • Umeki, K.1
  • 72
    • 24944495423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality of five major species on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan
    • Umeki K (2002) Tree mortality of five major species on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Ecol Res 17: 575-589.
    • (2002) Ecol Res , vol.17 , pp. 575-589
    • Umeki, K.1
  • 73
    • 0033369862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term growth dynamics of natural forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan
    • Umeki K, Kikuzawa K (1999) Long-term growth dynamics of natural forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. J Veg Sci 10: 815-824.
    • (1999) J Veg Sci , vol.10 , pp. 815-824
    • Umeki, K.1    Kikuzawa, K.2
  • 74
    • 34548039948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of the 2003 summer drought on the intra-annual growth pattern of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) on a dry site in the Netherlands
    • van der Werf GW, Sass-Klaassen UGW, Mohren GMJ (2007) The impact of the 2003 summer drought on the intra-annual growth pattern of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) on a dry site in the Netherlands. Dendrochronologia 25: 103-112.
    • (2007) Dendrochronologia , vol.25 , pp. 103-112
    • van der Werf, G.W.1    Sass-Klaassen, U.G.W.2    Mohren, G.M.J.3
  • 75
    • 0025624294 scopus 로고
    • Asymmetric competition in plant populations
    • Weiner J (1990) Asymmetric competition in plant populations. Trends Ecol Evol 5: 360-364.
    • (1990) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.5 , pp. 360-364
    • Weiner, J.1
  • 76
    • 0022845596 scopus 로고
    • Measuring diffuse competition along an environmental gradient: Results from a shoreline plant community
    • Wilson SD, Keddy PA (1986) Measuring diffuse competition along an environmental gradient: results from a shoreline plant community. Am Nat 127: 862-869.
    • (1986) Am Nat , vol.127 , pp. 862-869
    • Wilson, S.D.1    Keddy, P.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.