Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 109, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 126-134

  Cox, Gregory R ^a,b   Clark, Sally A ^a   Cox, Amanda J ^a,c   Halson, Shona L ^a   Hargreaves, Mark ^d   Hawley, John A ^e   Jeacocke, Nikki ^a   Snow, Rodney J ^b   Yeo, Wee Kian ^e   Burke, Louise M ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF SPORT   (Australia)

^b DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^e RMIT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Citrate synthase; Exogenous glucose oxidation; Fat oxidation

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CITRATE SYNTHASE; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN;

ADAPTATION; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ADULT; ATHLETE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOLOGY; DIET; ENDURANCE; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SKELETAL MUSCLE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADULT; ATHLETES; CITRATE (SI)-SYNTHASE; DIET; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77954332090     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Achten J, Halson SL, Moseley L, Rayson MP, Casey A, Jeukendrup AE. Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state. J Appl Physiol 96: 1331-1340, 2004.
2. Akerstrom TC, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Thomsen C, van Hall G, Pedersen BK. Glucose ingestion during endurance training does not alter adaptation. J Appl Physiol 106: 1771-1779, 2009.
3. Angus DJ, Hargreaves M, Dancey J, Febbraio MA. Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance. J Appl Physiol 88: 113-119, 2000.
4. Bergstrom J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand 71: 140-150, 1967.
5. Borg G. Simple rating methods for estimation of perceived exertion. In: Physical Work and Effort, edited by Borg G. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1977, p. 39-45.
6. Burke LM, Cox GR, Cummings NK, Desbrow B. Guidelines for daily carbohydrate intake: do athletes achieve them? Sports Med 31: 267-299, 2001.
7. Burke LM, Read RS. Diet patterns of elite Australian male triathletes. Physician Sportsmed 15: 140-155, 1987.
8. Burke LM, Slater G, Broad EM, Haukka J, Modulon S, Hopkins WG. Eating patterns and meal frequency of elite Australian athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 13: 521-538, 2003.
9. Carey AL, Staudacher HM, Cummings NK, Stepto NK, Nikolopoulos V, Burke LM, Hawley JA. Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration, on prolonged endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 91: 115-122, 2001.
10. Civitarese AE, Hesselink MK, Russell AP, Ravussin E, Schrauwen P. Glucose ingestion during exercise blunts exercise-induced gene expression of skeletal muscle fat oxidative genes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289: E1023-E1029, 2005.
11. Cluberton LJ, McGee SL, Murphy RM, Hargreaves M. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced alterations in metabolic gene expression. J Appl Physiol 99: 1359-1363, 2005.
12. Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Houmard JA, Mitchell JB, Thomas R, Park SH. Effects of repeated days of intensified training on muscle glycogen and swimming performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 20: 249-254, 1988.
13. Costill DL, Sherman WM, Fink WJ, Maresh C, Witten M, Miller JM. The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 1831-1836, 1981.
14. Coyle EF. Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. J Sports Sci 9: 22-51, 1991.
15. De Bock K, Derave W, Eijnde BO, Hesselink MK, Koninckx E, Rose AJ, Schrauwen P, Bonen A, Richter EA, Hespel P. Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake. J Appl Physiol 104: 1045-1055, 2008.
16. Desbrow B, Anderson S, Barrett J, Rao E, Hargreaves M. Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings and 1 h time trial cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 14: 541-549, 2004.
17. Febbraio MA, Chiu A, Angus DJ, Arkinstall MJ, Hawley JA. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance. J Appl Physiol 89: 2220-2226, 2000.
18. Gulbin JP, Gaffney PT. Ultraendurance triathlon participation: typical race preparation of lower level triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 39: 12-15, 1999.
19. Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Andersen JL, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily. J Appl Physiol 98: 93-99, 2005.
20. Hawley JA, Noakes TD. Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 65: 79-83, 1992.
21. Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition 20: 669-677, 2004.
22. Karasov WH, Pond RS 3rd, Solberg DH, Diamond JM. Regulation of proline and glucose transport in mouse intestine by dietary substrate levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 7674-7677, 1983.
23. Kimber NE, Ross JJ, Mason SL, Speedy DB. Energy balance during an ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 12: 47-62, 2002.
24. Kirwan JP, Costill DL, Mitchell JB, Houmard JA, Flynn MG, Fink WJ, Beltz JD. Carbohydrate balance in competitive runners during successive days of intense training. J Appl Physiol 65: 2601-2606, 1988.
25. Lamb DR, Rinehardt KF, Bartels RL, Sherman WM, Snook JT. Dietary carbohydrate and intensity of interval swim training. Am J Clin Nutr 52: 1058-1063, 1990.
26. Lindeman AK. Eating and training habits of triathletes: a balancing act. J Am Diet Assoc 90: 993-995, 1990.
27. McConell G, Kloot K, Hargreaves M. Effect of timing of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 1300-1304, 1996.
28. McConell G, Snow RJ, Proietto J, Hargreaves M. Muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans: influence of carbohydrate availability. J Appl Physiol 87: 1083-1086, 1999.
29. Miyamoto K, Hase K, Takagi T, Fujii T, Taketani Y, Minami H, Oka T, Nakabou Y. Differential responses of intestinal glucose transporter mRNA transcripts to levels of dietary sugars. Biochem J 295: 211-215, 1993.
30. Morton JP, Croft L, Bartlett JD, Maclaren DP, Reilly T, Evans L, McArdle A, Drust B. Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 106: 1513-1521, 2009.
31. Nybo L, Pedersen K, Christensen B, Aagaard P, Brandt N, Kiens B. Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 197: 117-127, 2009.
32. Peronnet F, Massicotte D. Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update. Can J Sport Sci 16: 23-29, 1991.
33. Rauch LH, Rodger I, Wilson GR, Belonje JD, Dennis SC, Noakes TD, Hawley JA. The effects of carbohydrate loading on muscle glycogen content and cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr 5: 25-36, 1995.
34. Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc 109: 509-527, 2009.
35. Saris WH, van Erp-Baart MA, Brouns F, Westerterp KR, ten Hoor F. Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: the Tour de France. Int J Sports Med 10, Suppl 1: S26-S31, 1989.
36. Schabort EJ, Bosch AN, Weltan SM, Noakes TD. The effect of a preexercise meal on time to fatigue during prolonged cycling exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 464-471, 1999.
37. Scherrer S, Haldimann B, Kupfer A, Reubi F, Bircher J. Hepatic metabolism, of aminopyrine in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci Mol Med 54: 133-140, 1978.
38. Sherman WM, Brodowicz G, Wright DA, Allen WK, Simonsen J, Dernbach A. Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21: 598-604, 1989.
39. Sherman WM, Doyle JA, Lamb DR, Strauss RH. Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen, and exercise performance during 7 d of training. Am J Clin Nutr 57: 27-31, 1993.
40. Shi X, Summers RW, Schedl HP, Flanagan SW, Chang R, Gisolfl CV. Effects of carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27: 1607-1615, 1995.
41. Simonsen JC, Sherman WM, Lamb DR, Dernbach AR, Doyle JA, Strauss R. Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen, and power output during rowing training. J Appl Physiol 70: 1500-1505, 1991.
42. Stepto NK, Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Hopkins WG. Effects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 736-741, 1999.
43. Stepto NK, Martin DT, Fallon KE, Hawley JA. Metabolic demands of intense aerobic interval training in competitive cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 303-310, 2001.
44. Vogt M, Puntschart A, Howald H, Mueller B, Mannhart C, GfellerTuescher L, Mullis P, Hoppeler H. Effects of dietary fat on muscle substrates, metabolism, and performance in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 952-960, 2003.
45. Wagenmakers AJ, Brouns F, Saris WH, Halliday D. Oxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in men. J Appl Physiol 75: 2774-2780, 1993.
46. Yeo WK, Paton CD, Garnham AP, Burke LM, Carey AL, Hawley JA. Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. J Appl Physiol 105: 1462-1470, 2008.