Obstetric aspects of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Early Human Development

Volumn 86, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 339-344

  Kumar, Sailesh ^a   Paterson Brown, Sara ^a  

^a QUEEN CHARLOTTE S AND CHELSEA HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cerebral palsy; Fetal heart monitoring; Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; Intrapartum asphyxia; Neonatal encephalopathy

Indexed keywords

OXYTOCIN;

BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN HYPOXIA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL PALSY; CESAREAN SECTION; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; FAMILY HISTORY; FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION; FETUS; FETUS HEART RATE; FETUS MONITORING; HUMAN; HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; INFANT; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; INTRAUTERINE INFECTION; MATERNAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE PREGNANCY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEWBORN; NEWBORN DISEASE; NEWBORN HYPOXIA; OBESITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE; STAFF TRAINING; THYROID DISEASE; UTERUS RUPTURE; FEMALE; HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PATHOLOGY; PERINATAL CARE; PREGNANCY;

FEMALE; FETAL MONITORING; HEART RATE, FETAL; HUMANS; HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN; INFANT, NEWBORN; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PERINATAL CARE; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77954310485     PISSN: 03783782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.009     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. de Haan M., Wyatt J.S., Roth S., Vargha-Khadem F., Gadian D., Mishkin M. Brain and cognitive-behavioural development after asphyxia at term birth. Dev Sci 2006, 9(4):350-358.
2. Nelson K.B., Leviton A. How much of neonatal encephalopathy is due to birth asphyxia?. Am J Dis Child 1991, 145(11):1325-1331.
3. Sarnat H.B., Sarnat M.S. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Arch Neurol 1976, 33(10):696-705.
4. Hankins G.D., Speer M. Defining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 102(3):628-636.
5. Blair E., Stanley F.J. Intrapartum asphyxia: a rare cause of cerebral palsy. J Pediatr 1988, 112(4):515-519.
6. Hagberg B., Hagberg G., Beckung E., Uvebrant P. Changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. VIII. Prevalence and origin in the birth year period 1991-94. Acta Paediatr 2001, 90(3):271-277.
7. Thorngren-Jerneck K., Herbst A. Perinatal factors associated with cerebral palsy in children born in Sweden. Obstet Gynecol 2006, 108(6):1499-1505.
8. Clark S.L., Hankins G.D. Temporal and demographic trends in cerebral palsy-fact and fiction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188(3):628-633.
9. MacLennan A. A template for defining a causal relation between acute intrapartum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus statement. Bmj 1999, 319(7216):1054-1059.
10. Use and abuse of the Apgar score. Number 174-July 1996 (replaces No. 49, November 1986). Committee on Obstetric Practice and American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Fetus and Newborn. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996, 54(3):303-305. ACOG committee opinion.
11. Neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Defining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Am Coll Obstetricians Gynaecologists 2003, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
12. Graham E.M., Ruis K.A., Hartman A.L., Northington F.J., Fox H.E. A systematic review of the role of intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia in the causation of neonatal encephalopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199(6):587-595.
13. Riley R.J., Johnson J.W. Collecting and analyzing cord blood gases. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993, 36(1):13-23.
14. Goldaber K.G., Gilstrap L.C., Leveno K.J., Dax J.S., McIntire D.D. Pathologic fetal acidemia. Obstet Gynecol 1991, 78(6):1103-1107.
15. Low J.A., Lindsay B.G., Derrick E.J. Threshold of metabolic acidosis associated with newborn complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997, 177(6):1391-1394.
16. Sehdev H.M., Stamilio D.M., Macones G.A., Graham E., Morgan M.A. Predictive factors for neonatal morbidity in neonates with an umbilical arterial cord pH less than 7.00. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997, 177(5):1030-1034.
17. Goodwin T.M., Belai I., Hernandez P., Durand M., Paul R.H. Asphyxial complications in the term newborn with severe umbilical acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 167(6):1506-1512.
18. Jensen F.E. Developmental factors regulating susceptibility to perinatal brain injury and seizures. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006, 18(6):628-633.
19. Leviton A., Paneth N. White matter damage in preterm newborns-an epidemiologic perspective. Early Hum Dev 1990, 24(1):1-22.
20. Johnston M.V., Trescher W.H., Ishida A., Nakajima W. Neurobiology of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing brain. Pediatr Res 2001, 49(6):735-741.
21. Johnston M.V., Hoon A.H. Possible mechanisms in infants for selective basal ganglia damage from asphyxia, kernicterus, or mitochondrial encephalopathies. J Child Neurol 2000, 15(9):588-591.
22. Cowan F., Rutherford M., Groenendaal F., Eken P., Mercuri E., Bydder G.M., et al. Origin and timing of brain lesions in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Lancet 2003, 361(9359):736-742.
23. Cowan F. Outcome after intrapartum asphyxia in term infants. Semin Neonatol 2000, 5(2):127-140.
24. Maneru C., Serra-Grabulosa J.M., Junque C., Salgado-Pineda P., Bargallo N., Olondo M., et al. Residual hippocampal atrophy in asphyxiated term neonates. J Neuroimaging 2003, 13(1):68-74.
25. Okereafor A., Allsop J., Counsell S.J., Fitzpatrick J., Azzopardi D., Rutherford M.A., et al. Patterns of brain injury in neonates exposed to perinatal sentinel events. Pediatrics 2008, 121(5):906-914.
26. Rennie J.M., Hagmann C.F., Robertson N.J. Outcome after intrapartum hypoxic ischaemia at term. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007, 12(5):398-407.
27. Nelson K.B., Lynch J.K. Stroke in newborn infants. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3(3):150-158.
28. Wu Y.W., March W.M., Croen L.A., Grether J.K., Escobar G.J., Newman T.B. Perinatal stroke in children with motor impairment: a population-based study. Pediatrics 2004, 114(3):612-619.
29. Mercuri E., Cowan F. Cerebral infarction in the newborn infant: review of the literature and personal experience. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 1999, 3(6):255-263.
30. Gunther G., Junker R., Strater R., Schobess R., Kurnik K., Heller C., et al. Symptomatic ischemic stroke in full-term neonates: role of acquired and genetic prothrombotic risk factors. Stroke 2000, 31(10):2437-2441.
31. Lee J., Croen L.A., Backstrand K.H., Yoshida C.K., Henning L.H., Lindan C., et al. Maternal and infant characteristics associated with perinatal arterial stroke in the infant. Jama 2005, 293(6):723-729.
32. Himmelmann K., Hagberg G., Wiklund L.M., Eek M.N., Uvebrant P. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a population-based study of children born between 1991 and 1998. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(4):246-251.
33. Badawi N., Kurinczuk J.J., Keogh J.M., Alessandri L.M., O'Sullivan F., Burton P.R., et al. Antepartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. Bmj 1998, 317(7172):1549-1553.
34. Badawi N., Kurinczuk J.J., Keogh J.M., Alessandri L.M., O'Sullivan F., Burton P.R., et al. Intrapartum risk factors for newborn encephalopathy: the Western Australian case-control study. Bmj 1998, 317(7172):1554-1558.
35. Sheldon R.A., Sedik C., Ferriero D.M. Strain-related brain injury in neonatal mice subjected to hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res 1998, 810(1-2):114-122.
36. Yonekura I., Kawahara N., Nakatomi H., Furuya K., Kirino T. A model of global cerebral ischemia in C57 BL/6 mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004, 24(2):151-158.
37. Nunez J.L., McCarthy M.M. Sex differences and hormonal effects in a model of preterm infant brain injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 1008:281-284.
38. Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman CG62 2008, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, NICE Press.
39. Bricker L., Neilson J.P., Dowswell T. Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 4:CD001451.
40. Dammann O., Leviton A. Role of the fetus in perinatal infection and neonatal brain damage. Curr Opin Pediatr 2000, 12(2):99-104.
41. Wu Y.W., Colford J.M. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis. Jama 2000, 284(11):1417-1424.
42. Alfirevic Z., Devane D., Gyte G.M. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 3:CD006066.
43. Intrapartum care clinical guielines, 055 2008, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, NICE Press.
44. Low J.A., Victory R., Derrick E.J. Predictive value of electronic fetal monitoring for intrapartum fetal asphyxia with metabolic acidosis. Obstet Gynecol 1999, 93(2):285-291.
45. Williams K.P., Galerneau F. Intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns in the prediction of neonatal acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188(3):820-823.
46. Murata Y., Martin C.B., Ikenoue T., Hashimoto T., Taira S., Sagawa T., et al. Fetal heart rate accelerations and late decelerations during the course of intrauterine death in chronically catheterized rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982, 144(2):218-223.
47. Williams K.P., Galerneau F. Comparison of intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings in patients with neonatal seizures vs. no seizures: what are the differences?. J Perinat Med 2004, 32(5):422-425.
48. Samueloff A., Langer O., Berkus M., Field N., Xenakis E., Ridgway L. Is fetal heart rate variability a good predictor of fetal outcome?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994, 73(1):39-44.
49. Ayres-de-Campos D., Costa-Santos C., Bernardes J. Prediction of neonatal state by computer analysis of fetal heart rate tracings: the antepartum arm of the SisPorto multicentre validation study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005, 118(1):52-60.
50. Spencer J.A., Badawi N., Burton P., Keogh J., Pemberton P., Stanley F. The intrapartum CTG prior to neonatal encephalopathy at term: a case-control study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997, 104(1):25-28.
51. Amer-Wahlin I., Hellsten C., Noren H., Hagberg H., Herbst A., Kjellmer I., et al. Cardiotocography only versus cardiotocography plus ST analysis of fetal electrocardiogram for intrapartum fetal monitoring: a Swedish randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001, 358(9281):534-538.
52. Ojala K., Vaarasmaki M., Makikallio K., Valkama M., Tekay A. A comparison of intrapartum automated fetal electrocardiography and conventional cardiotocography-a randomised controlled study. Bjog 2006, 113(4):419-423.
53. Westgate J., Harris M., Curnow J.S., Greene K.R. Plymouth randomized trial of cardiotocogram only versus ST waveform plus cardiotocogram for intrapartum monitoring in 2400 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 169(5):1151-1160.
54. Neilson J.P. Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 3:CD000116.
55. Melin M., Bonnevier A., Cardell M., Hogan L., Herbst A. Changes in the ST-interval segment of the fetal electrocardiogram in relation to acid-base status at birth. Bjog 2008, 115(13):1669-1675.
56. Westerhuis M.E., Kwee A., van Ginkel A.A., Drogtrop A.P., Gyselaers W.J., Visser G.H. Limitations of ST analysis in clinical practice: three cases of intrapartum metabolic acidosis. Bjog 2007, 114(10):1194-1201.
57. Doria V., Papageorghiou A.T., Gustafsson A., Ugwumadu A., Farrer K., Arulkumaran S. Review of the first 1502 cases of ECG-ST waveform analysis during labour in a teaching hospital. Bjog 2007, 114(10):1202-1207.
58. East C.E., Chan F.Y., Colditz P.B., Begg L.M. Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 2:CD004075.
59. Mozurkewich E., Wolf F.M. Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 3:CD002254.
60. Hartling L., Chari R., Friesen C., Vandermeer B., Lacaze-Masmonteil T. A systematic review of intentional delivery in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2006, 19(3):177-187.
61. Arpino C., Brescianini S., Ticconi C., Di Paolo A., D'Argenzio L., Piccione E., et al. Does cesarean section prevent mortality and cerebral ultrasound abnormalities in preterm newborns?. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007, 20(2):151-159.
62. Su M., Hannah W.J., Willan A., Ross S., Hannah M.E. Planned caesarean section decreases the risk of adverse perinatal outcome due to both labour and delivery complications in the Term Breech Trial. Bjog 2004, 111(10):1065-1074.
63. Hannah M.E., Hannah W.J., Hewson S.A., Hodnett E.D., Saigal S., Willan A.R. Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomised multicentre trial. Term Breech Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 2000, 356(9239):1375-1383.
64. Whyte H., Hannah M.E., Saigal S., Hannah W.J., Hewson S., Amankwah K., et al. Outcomes of children at 2years after planned cesarean birth versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: the International Randomized Term Breech Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 191(3):864-871.
65. Draper E.S., Kurinczuk J.J., Lamming C.R., Clarke M., James D., Field D. A confidential enquiry into cases of neonatal encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002, 87(3):F176-F180.
66. Holt J., Fagerli I., Holdo B., Vold I.N. Audit of neonatal deaths of nonmalformed infants of 34 or more weeks' gestation: unavoidable catastrophic events or suboptimal care?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002, 81(10):899-904.
67. Becher J.C., Stenson B.J., Lyon A.J. Is intrapartum asphyxia preventable?. Bjog 2007, 114(11):1442-1444.
68. Berglund S., Grunewald C., Pettersson H., Cnattingius S. Severe asphyxia due to delivery-related malpractice in Sweden 1990-2005. Bjog 2008, 115(3):316-323.
69. Jonsson M., Norden S.L., Hanson U. Analysis of malpractice claims with a focus on oxytocin use in labour. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007, 86(3):315-319.
70. Jonsson M., Norden-Lindeberg S., Ostlund I., Hanson U. Metabolic acidosis at birth and suboptimal care-illustration of the gap between knowledge and clinical practice. Bjog 2009, 116(11):1453-1460.
71. Clark S.L., Belfort M.A., Byrum S.L., Meyers J.A., Perlin J.B. Improved outcomes, fewer cesarean deliveries, and reduced litigation: results of a new paradigm in patient safety. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199(2):105. e1-7.
72. Azzopardi D.V., Strohm B., Edwards A.D., Dyet L., Halliday H.L., Juszczak E., et al. Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2009, 361(14):1349-1358.