메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 333-353

Social, health and drug use characteristics of primary crack users in three mid-sized communities in British Columbia, Canada

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77954229834     PISSN: 09687637     EISSN: 14653370     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09687630903357700     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0031874985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of crack cocaine on robbery, burglary and homicide rates: A cross-city longitudinal analysis
    • Baumer, E., Lauritsen, J., Rosenfeld, R., & Wright, R. (1998). The influence of crack cocaine on robbery, burglary and homicide rates: A cross-city longitudinal analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 316-340.
    • (1998) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.35 , pp. 316-340
    • Baumer, E.1    Lauritsen, J.2    Rosenfeld, R.3    Wright, R.4
  • 2
    • 43049098186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis
    • Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107-118.
    • (2008) Aggression and Violent Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 107-118
    • Bennett, T.1    Holloway, K.2    Farrington, D.3
  • 3
    • 0034385231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of non-prescribed methadone and other illicit drugs during methadone maintenance treatment
    • Best, D., Harris, J., Gossop, M., Farrell, M., Finch, E., Noble, A., et al. (2000). Use of non-prescribed methadone and other illicit drugs during methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19, 9-16.
    • (2000) Drug and Alcohol Review , vol.19 , pp. 9-16
    • Best, D.1    Harris, J.2    Gossop, M.3    Farrell, M.4    Finch, E.5    Noble, A.6
  • 4
    • 0034159920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex related HIV risk behaviors: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack
    • Booth, R. E., Kwiatkowski, C. F., & Chitwood, D. D. (2000). Sex related HIV risk behaviors: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 219-226.
    • (2000) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.58 , pp. 219-226
    • Booth, R.E.1    Kwiatkowski, C.F.2    Chitwood, D.D.3
  • 5
    • 34548559331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rural, suburban, and urban variations in alcohol consumption in the United States: Findings from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions
    • Borders, T., & Booth, B. (2007). Rural, suburban, and urban variations in alcohol consumption in the United States: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Rural Health, 23, 314-321.
    • (2007) Journal of Rural Health , vol.23 , pp. 314-321
    • Borders, T.1    Booth, B.2
  • 6
    • 58149345751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opportunities to learn and barriers to change: Crack cocaine use in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver
    • Boyd, S., Johnson, J., & Moffat, B. (2008). Opportunities to learn and barriers to change: Crack cocaine use in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver. Harm Reduction Journal, 5, 1-12.
    • (2008) Harm Reduction Journal , vol.5 , pp. 1-12
    • Boyd, S.1    Johnson, J.2    Moffat, B.3
  • 7
    • 52149102021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active intravenous drug use during chronic hepatitis C therapy does not reduce sustained virological response rates in adherent patients
    • Bruggmann, P., Falcato, L., Dober, S., Helbling, B., Keiser, O., Negro, F., et al. (2008). Active intravenous drug use during chronic hepatitis C therapy does not reduce sustained virological response rates in adherent patients. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 15, 747-752.
    • (2008) Journal of Viral Hepatitis , vol.15 , pp. 747-752
    • Bruggmann, P.1    Falcato, L.2    Dober, S.3    Helbling, B.4    Keiser, O.5    Negro, F.6
  • 8
    • 64949196034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C and HIV prevalence using oral mucosal transudate, and reported drug use and sexual behaviours of youth in custody in British Columbia
    • Buxton, J., Rothon, D., Durigon, M., Lem, M., Tu, A., Remple, V., et al. (2009). Hepatitis C and HIV prevalence using oral mucosal transudate, and reported drug use and sexual behaviours of youth in custody in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 100, 121-124.
    • (2009) Canadian Journal of Public Health , vol.100 , pp. 121-124
    • Buxton, J.1    Rothon, D.2    Durigon, M.3    Lem, M.4    Tu, A.5    Remple, V.6
  • 9
    • 36348964682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficay of central nervous system stimulant treatment for cocaine dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
    • Castells, X., Casas, M., Vidal, X., Bosch, R., Roncero, C., Ramos-Quiroga, J., et al. (2007). Efficay of central nervous system stimulant treatment for cocaine dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Addiction, 102, 1871-1877.
    • (2007) Addiction , vol.102 , pp. 1871-1877
    • Castells, X.1    Casas, M.2    Vidal, X.3    Bosch, R.4    Roncero, C.5    Ramos-Quiroga, J.6
  • 12
    • 33645037598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chase Project Team (Rep. No.) Vancouver: Chase Project Team
    • Chase Project Team (2005). Community Health and Safety Evaluation (CHASE) project: Final report (Rep. No. http://chase.hivnet.ubc.ca/project/pubdocs/ CHASE-Reports/CHASE-Final-Report.pdf). Vancouver: Chase Project Team.
    • (2005) Community Health and Safety Evaluation (CHASE) Project: Final Report
  • 13
    • 27144531253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unstable housing, associated risk behaviour, and increased risk for HIV infection among injection drug users
    • Corneil, T., Kuyper, L., Shoveller, J., Hogg, R., Li, K., Spittal, P., et al. (2006). Unstable housing, associated risk behaviour, and increased risk for HIV infection among injection drug users. Health & Place, 12, 79-85.
    • (2006) Health & Place , vol.12 , pp. 79-85
    • Corneil, T.1    Kuyper, L.2    Shoveller, J.3    Hogg, R.4    Li, K.5    Spittal, P.6
  • 14
    • 0035479829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supporting the habit: Income generation activities of frequent crack users compared with frequent users of other hard drugs
    • Cross, J., Johnson, B., Davis, W. R., & Liberty, H. J. (2001). Supporting the habit: Income generation activities of frequent crack users compared with frequent users of other hard drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64, 191-201.
    • (2001) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.64 , pp. 191-201
    • Cross, J.1    Johnson, B.2    Davis, W.R.3    Liberty, H.J.4
  • 15
    • 16844379638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Follow-up studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users
    • Dalgard, O. (2005). Follow-up studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(Suppl 5), 336-8.
    • (2005) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL. 5 , pp. 336-338
    • Dalgard, O.1
  • 16
    • 0032143928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-report among injecting drug users: A review
    • Darke, S. (1998). Self-report among injecting drug users: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 51, 253-262.
    • (1998) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.51 , pp. 253-262
    • Darke, S.1
  • 17
    • 0042477903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heroin overdose: Research and evidence-based intervention
    • Darke, S., & Hall, W. (2003). Heroin overdose: Research and evidence-based intervention. Journal of Urban Health, 80, 189-200.
    • (2003) Journal of Urban Health , vol.80 , pp. 189-200
    • Darke, S.1    Hall, W.2
  • 18
    • 33646409269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of drug use and associated harms among rural injecting drug users: Comparisons with metropolitan injecting drug users
    • Day, C., Conroy, E., Lowe, J., Page, J., & Dolan, K. (2006). Patterns of drug use and associated harms among rural injecting drug users: Comparisons with metropolitan injecting drug users. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 14, 120-125.
    • (2006) Australian Journal of Rural Health , vol.14 , pp. 120-125
    • Day, C.1    Conroy, E.2    Lowe, J.3    Page, J.4    Dolan, K.5
  • 21
    • 57349100091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance use disorders in individuals with co-occurring psychiatric disorders
    • J. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. Millman & J. Langrod (Eds.) (4th ed.,) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    • Dennison, S. (2005). Substance use disorders in individuals with co-occurring psychiatric disorders. In J. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. Millman & J. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse a comprehensive textbook (4th ed., pp. 904-912). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
    • (2005) Substance Abuse a Comprehensive Textbook , pp. 904-912
    • Dennison, S.1
  • 25
    • 3142692646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among a community sample of crack cocaine users: An exploratory study with practical implications
    • Falck, R. S., Wang, J., Siegal, H. A., & Carlson, R. G. (2004). The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among a community sample of crack cocaine users: An exploratory study with practical implications. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 503-507.
    • (2004) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.192 , pp. 503-507
    • Falck, R.S.1    Wang, J.2    Siegal, H.A.3    Carlson, R.G.4
  • 28
    • 0036015820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian illicit opiate users' views on methadone and other opiate prescription treatment: An exploratory qualitative study
    • Fischer, B., Chin, A., Kuo, I., Kirst, M., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Canadian illicit opiate users' views on methadone and other opiate prescription treatment: An exploratory qualitative study. Substance Use and Misuse, 37, 495-522.
    • (2002) Substance use and Misuse , vol.37 , pp. 495-522
    • Fischer, B.1    Chin, A.2    Kuo, I.3    Kirst, M.4    Vlahov, D.5
  • 29
    • 34547850957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crack in North American cities: The neglected 'epidemic'
    • Fischer, B., & Coghlan, M. (2007). Crack in North American cities: The neglected 'epidemic'. Addiction, 102, 1340-1341.
    • (2007) Addiction , vol.102 , pp. 1340-1341
    • Fischer, B.1    Coghlan, M.2
  • 30
    • 4344576522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injection drug use and the hepatitis C virus: Considerations for a targeted treatment approach - The case study of Canada
    • Fischer, B., Haydon, E., Rehm, J., Krajden, M., & Reimer, J. (2004). Injection drug use and the hepatitis C virus: Considerations for a targeted treatment approach - The case study of Canada. Journal of Urban Health, 81, 428-447.
    • (2004) Journal of Urban Health , vol.81 , pp. 428-447
    • Fischer, B.1    Haydon, E.2    Rehm, J.3    Krajden, M.4    Reimer, J.5
  • 31
    • 44349182227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case for a supervised drug consumption site trial in Victoria, British Columbia
    • Fischer, B., Kendall, P., & Allard, C. (2008a). The case for a supervised drug consumption site trial in Victoria, British Columbia. BC Medical Journal, 50, 130-131.
    • (2008) BC Medical Journal , vol.50 , pp. 130-131
    • Fischer, B.1    Kendall, P.2    Allard, C.3
  • 32
    • 24044439504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences between co-users of cocaine and crack among Canadian illicit opioid users
    • Fischer, B., Monga, N., & Manzoni, P. (2005b). Differences between co-users of cocaine and crack among Canadian illicit opioid users. Sucht, 51, 217-224.
    • (2005) Sucht , vol.51 , pp. 217-224
    • Fischer, B.1    Monga, N.2    Manzoni, P.3
  • 34
    • 24044449243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illicit opioid use in Canada: Comparing social, health and drug use characteristics of untreated users in five cities (OPICAN study)
    • Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Brissette, S., Brochu, S., Bruneau, J., el-Guebaly, N., et al. (2005a). Illicit opioid use in Canada: Comparing social, health and drug use characteristics of untreated users in five cities (OPICAN study). Journal of Urban Health, 82, 250-266.
    • (2005) Journal of Urban Health , vol.82 , pp. 250-266
    • Fischer, B.1    Rehm, J.2    Brissette, S.3    Brochu, S.4    Bruneau, J.5    El-Guebaly, N.6
  • 36
    • 33845405571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crack across Canada: Comparing crack and non-crack users in a multi-city cohort of opioid and other street drug users
    • Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Patra, J., Kalousek, K., Haydon, E., Tyndall, M., et al. (2006b). Crack across Canada: Comparing crack and non-crack users in a multi-city cohort of opioid and other street drug users. Addiction, 101, 1760-1770.
    • (2006) Addiction , vol.101 , pp. 1760-1770
    • Fischer, B.1    Rehm, J.2    Patra, J.3    Kalousek, K.4    Haydon, E.5    Tyndall, M.6
  • 38
    • 33947642541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical health, illicit drug use, and demographic characteristics in rural stimulant users
    • Garrity, T. F., Leukefeld, C., Carlson, R. G., & Falck, R. S. (2007). Physical health, illicit drug use, and demographic characteristics in rural stimulant users. The Journal of Rural Health, 23, 99-107.
    • (2007) The Journal of Rural Health , vol.23 , pp. 99-107
    • Garrity, T.F.1    Leukefeld, C.2    Carlson, R.G.3    Falck, R.S.4
  • 39
    • 3242755117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agents in development for the management of cocaine abuse
    • Gorelick, D., Gardner, E., & Xi, Z. (2004). Agents in development for the management of cocaine abuse. Drugs, 64, 1547-1573.
    • (2004) Drugs , vol.64 , pp. 1547-1573
    • Gorelick, D.1    Gardner, E.2    Xi, Z.3
  • 40
    • 4444324187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agonist-like replacement pharmacotherapy for stimulant abuse and dependence
    • Grabowski, J., Shearer, J., Merrill, J., & Negus, S. S. (2004). Agonist-like replacement pharmacotherapy for stimulant abuse and dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1439-1464.
    • (2004) Addictive Behaviors , vol.29 , pp. 1439-1464
    • Grabowski, J.1    Shearer, J.2    Merrill, J.3    Negus, S.S.4
  • 41
    • 3543055314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions
    • Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., et al. (2004). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 807-816.
    • (2004) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 807-816
    • Grant, B.F.1    Stinson, F.S.2    Dawson, D.A.3    Chou, S.P.4    Dufour, M.C.5    Compton, W.6
  • 42
    • 20344389288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crack use as a public health problem in Canada - Call for an evaluation of 'safer crack use kits'
    • Haydon, E., & Fischer, B. (2005). Crack use as a public health problem in Canada - call for an evaluation of 'safer crack use kits'. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96, 185-188.
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of Public Health , vol.96 , pp. 185-188
    • Haydon, E.1    Fischer, B.2
  • 43
    • 20344396245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Canada Ottawa: Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Population and Public Health Branch, Health Canada
    • Health Canada (2004). I-Track: Enhanced surveillance of risk behaviours among injecting drug users in Canada (pilot survey report). Ottawa: Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Population and Public Health Branch, Health Canada.
    • (2004) I-Track: Enhanced Surveillance of Risk Behaviours Among Injecting Drug Users in Canada (Pilot Survey Report)
  • 45
    • 22244448715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
    • Hedrich, D. (2004). European report on drug consumption rooms. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
    • (2004) European Report on Drug Consumption Rooms
    • Hedrich, D.1
  • 46
    • 0037111591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crack cocaine use and other risk factors for tuberculin positivity in drug users
    • Howard, A., Klein, R., Schoenbaum, E., & Gourevitch, M. (2002). Crack cocaine use and other risk factors for tuberculin positivity in drug users. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35, 1183-1190.
    • (2002) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.35 , pp. 1183-1190
    • Howard, A.1    Klein, R.2    Schoenbaum, E.3    Gourevitch, M.4
  • 48
    • 77954221206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alberta: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC)
    • James, D. (2007). Harm reduction policy background paper. Alberta: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC).
    • (2007) Harm Reduction Policy Background Paper
    • James, D.1
  • 49
    • 0141794187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a modified commercial assay in detecting antibody to hepatitis C virus in oral fluids and dried blood spots
    • Judd, A., Parry, J., Hickman, M., McDonald, T., Jordan, L., Lewis, K., et al. (2003). Evaluation of a modified commercial assay in detecting antibody to hepatitis C virus in oral fluids and dried blood spots. Journal of Medical Virology, 71, 49-55.
    • (2003) Journal of Medical Virology , vol.71 , pp. 49-55
    • Judd, A.1    Parry, J.2    Hickman, M.3    McDonald, T.4    Jordan, L.5    Lewis, K.6
  • 50
    • 4944251804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-fatal cocaine overdose among injecting and non-injecting cocaine users in Sydney, Australia
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00875.x
    • Kaye, S., & Drake, S. (2004). Non-fatal cocaine overdose among injecting and non-injecting cocaine users in Sydney, Australia. Addiction, 99, 1315-1322. (Pubitemid 39330936)
    • (2004) Addiction , vol.99 , Issue.10 , pp. 1315-1322
    • Kaye, S.1    Darke, S.2
  • 51
    • 33846036300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of non-fatal overdose among a cohort of polysubstance-using injection drug users
    • Kerr, T., Fairbairn, N., Tyndall, M., Marsh, D., Li, K., Montaner, J., et al. (2007). Predictors of non-fatal overdose among a cohort of polysubstance-using injection drug users. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 87, 39-45.
    • (2007) Drug & Alcohol Dependence , vol.87 , pp. 39-45
    • Kerr, T.1    Fairbairn, N.2    Tyndall, M.3    Marsh, D.4    Li, K.5    Montaner, J.6
  • 53
    • 0031024436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications
    • Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4, 231-224.
    • (1997) Harvard Review of Psychiatry , vol.4 , pp. 231-224
    • Khantzian, E.J.1
  • 56
    • 0028842857 scopus 로고
    • Self-reported reasons for needle sharing and not carrying bleach among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland
    • Latkin, C., Mandell, W., Vlahov, D., Knowlton, A., Oziemkowska, M., & Celentano, D. (1995). Self-reported reasons for needle sharing and not carrying bleach among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Journal of Drug Issues, 25, 865-870.
    • (1995) Journal of Drug Issues , vol.25 , pp. 865-870
    • Latkin, C.1    Mandell, W.2    Vlahov, D.3    Knowlton, A.4    Oziemkowska, M.5    Celentano, D.6
  • 57
    • 12344303498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in impulsivity and sexual risk behaviour among inner-city crack/cocaine users and heroin users
    • Lejuez, C., Bornovalova, M., Daughters, S., & Curtin, J. (2005). Differences in impulsivity and sexual risk behaviour among inner-city crack/cocaine users and heroin users. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 77, 169-175.
    • (2005) Drug & Alcohol Dependence , vol.77 , pp. 169-175
    • Lejuez, C.1    Bornovalova, M.2    Daughters, S.3    Curtin, J.4
  • 58
    • 43849089569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "I inject less as i have easier access to pipes" injecting, and sharing of crack-smoking materials, decline as safer crack-smoking resources are distributed
    • Leonard, L., DeRubeis, E., Pelude, L., Medd, E., Birkett, N., & Seto, J. (2008). ''I inject less as i have easier access to pipes'' Injecting, and sharing of crack-smoking materials, decline as safer crack-smoking resources are distributed. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19, 255-264.
    • (2008) International Journal of Drug Policy , vol.19 , pp. 255-264
    • Leonard, L.1    DeRubeis, E.2    Pelude, L.3    Medd, E.4    Birkett, N.5    Seto, J.6
  • 59
    • 0028126898 scopus 로고
    • A cluster of tuberculosis among crack house contacts in San Mateo County, California
    • Leonhardt, K., Gentile, F., Gilbert, B., & Aiken, M. (1994). A cluster of tuberculosis among crack house contacts in San Mateo County, California. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1834-1836.
    • (1994) American Journal of Public Health , vol.84 , pp. 1834-1836
    • Leonhardt, K.1    Gentile, F.2    Gilbert, B.3    Aiken, M.4
  • 60
    • 32244439842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric and substance use disorders in individuals with hepatitis C: Epidemiology and management
    • Loftis, J. M., Matthews, A. M., & Hauser, P. (2006). Psychiatric and substance use disorders in individuals with hepatitis C: Epidemiology and management. Drugs, 66, 155-74.
    • (2006) Drugs , vol.66 , pp. 155-74
    • Loftis, J.M.1    Matthews, A.M.2    Hauser, P.3
  • 61
    • 0034160008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual and drug use behaviors among female crack users: A multi-site sample
    • Logan, T. K., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). Sexual and drug use behaviors among female crack users: A multi-site sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 237-245.
    • (2000) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.58 , pp. 237-245
    • Logan, T.K.1    Leukefeld, C.2
  • 62
    • 47049090862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Documenting practices and perceptions of 'safer' crack use: A Canadian pilot study
    • Malchy, L., Bungay, V., & Johnson, J. (2008). Documenting practices and perceptions of 'safer' crack use: A Canadian pilot study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19, 339-341.
    • (2008) International Journal of Drug Policy , vol.19 , pp. 339-341
    • Malchy, L.1    Bungay, V.2    Johnson, J.3
  • 63
    • 33745764146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of property crime among illicit opiate users outside of treatment across Canada
    • Manzoni, P., Brochu, S., Fischer, B., & Rehm, J. (2006). Determinants of property crime among illicit opiate users outside of treatment across Canada. Deviant Behaviour, 27, 351-376.
    • (2006) Deviant Behaviour , vol.27 , pp. 351-376
    • Manzoni, P.1    Brochu, S.2    Fischer, B.3    Rehm, J.4
  • 66
    • 0347986898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A potential hidden source of hepatitis C infection among noninjecting drug users
    • McMahon, J., & Tortu, S. (2003). A potential hidden source of hepatitis C infection among noninjecting drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 35, 455-460.
    • (2003) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , vol.35 , pp. 455-460
    • McMahon, J.1    Tortu, S.2
  • 67
    • 0032952778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug treatment experiences: Rural and urban comparisons
    • Metsch, L. R., & McCoy, C. B. (1999). Drug treatment experiences: Rural and urban comparisons. Substance Use & Misuse, 34, 763-784.
    • (1999) Substance use & Misuse , vol.34 , pp. 763-784
    • Metsch, L.R.1    McCoy, C.B.2
  • 69
    • 33644875265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: A systematic review of longitudinal studies
    • Micallef, J., Kaldor, J., & Dore, J. (2006). Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 13, 34-41.
    • (2006) Journal of Viral Hepatitis , vol.13 , pp. 34-41
    • Micallef, J.1    Kaldor, J.2    Dore, J.3
  • 70
    • 77954227170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Rep. No.) Rockville: NIDA
    • National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2005). NIDA info facts: Crack and cocaine (Rep. No. http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/cocaine.html). Rockville: NIDA.
    • (2005) NIDA Info Facts: Crack and Cocaine
  • 71
    • 0031908725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems in search of solutions: Health and Canadian aboriginals
    • Newbold, K. B. (1998). Problems in search of solutions: Health and Canadian aboriginals. Journal of Community Health, 23, 59-74.
    • (1998) Journal of Community Health , vol.23 , pp. 59-74
    • Newbold, K.B.1
  • 72
    • 41649108893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating crack pipe distribution in Canada: A systems change case study
    • O'Byrne, P., & Holmes, D. (2008). Evaluating crack pipe distribution in Canada: A systems change case study. Addiction Research and Theory, 16, 181-192.
    • (2008) Addiction Research and Theory , vol.16 , pp. 181-192
    • O'Byrne, P.1    Holmes, D.2
  • 74
    • 0032748154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social determinants of emergency department and hospital use by injection drug users in Canada
    • Palepu, A., Strathdee, S. A., Hogg, R. S., Anis, A. H., Rae, S., Cornelisse, P. G. A., et al. (1999). The social determinants of emergency department and hospital use by injection drug users in Canada. Journal of Urban Health, 76, 409-418.
    • (1999) Journal of Urban Health , vol.76 , pp. 409-418
    • Palepu, A.1    Strathdee, S.A.2    Hogg, R.S.3    Anis, A.H.4    Rae, S.5    Cornelisse, P.G.A.6
  • 75
    • 36849005407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syringe possession arrests are associated with receptive syringe sharing in two Mexico-US border cities
    • Pollini, R., Brouwer, K., Lozada, R., Ramos, R., Cruz, M., Magis-Rodriguez, C., et al. (2008). Syringe possession arrests are associated with receptive syringe sharing in two Mexico-US border cities. Addiction, 103, 101-108.
    • (2008) Addiction , vol.103 , pp. 101-108
    • Pollini, R.1    Brouwer, K.2    Lozada, R.3    Ramos, R.4    Cruz, M.5    Magis-Rodriguez, C.6
  • 76
    • 0027366531 scopus 로고
    • Crack users' cracked lips: An additional HIV risk factor
    • Porter, J., & Bonilla, L. (1993). Crack users' cracked lips: An additional HIV risk factor. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1490-1491.
    • (1993) American Journal of Public Health , vol.83 , pp. 1490-1491
    • Porter, J.1    Bonilla, L.2
  • 77
    • 4344628831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods of smoking crack as a potential risk factor for HIV infection: Crack smokers' perceptions and behavior
    • Porter, J., Bonilla, L., & Drucker, E. (1997). Methods of smoking crack as a potential risk factor for HIV infection: Crack smokers' perceptions and behavior. Contemporary Drug Problems, 24, 219-347.
    • (1997) Contemporary Drug Problems , vol.24 , pp. 219-347
    • Porter, J.1    Bonilla, L.2    Drucker, E.3
  • 79
    • 0036840498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual risk behaviours and STIs in drug abuse treatment populations whose drug of choice is crack cocaine
    • Ross, M. W., Hwang, L. Y., Zack, C., Bull, L., & Williams, M. L. (2002). Sexual risk behaviours and STIs in drug abuse treatment populations whose drug of choice is crack cocaine. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 13, 769-774.
    • (2002) International Journal of STD and AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 769-774
    • Ross, M.W.1    Hwang, L.Y.2    Zack, C.3    Bull, L.4    Williams, M.L.5
  • 83
    • 30844449900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential community and public health impacts of medically supervised safer smoking facilities for crack cocaine users
    • Shannon, K., Ishida, T., Morgan, R., Bear, A., Oleson, M., Kerr, T., et al. (2006). Potential community and public health impacts of medically supervised safer smoking facilities for crack cocaine users. Harm Reduction Journal, 3, 1-8.
    • (2006) Harm Reduction Journal , vol.3 , pp. 1-8
    • Shannon, K.1    Ishida, T.2    Morgan, R.3    Bear, A.4    Oleson, M.5    Kerr, T.6
  • 84
    • 41349109168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV and HCV prevalence and gender-specific risk profiles of crack cociane smokers and dual users of injection drugs
    • Shannon, K., Rusch, M., Morgan, R., Oleson, M., Kerr, T., & Tyndall, M. W. (2008). HIV and HCV prevalence and gender-specific risk profiles of crack cociane smokers and dual users of injection drugs. Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 521-534.
    • (2008) Substance use & Misuse , vol.43 , pp. 521-534
    • Shannon, K.1    Rusch, M.2    Morgan, R.3    Oleson, M.4    Kerr, T.5    Tyndall, M.W.6
  • 85
    • 44949211323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Return to Galileo? The inquisition of the international narcotic control board
    • available at
    • Small, D., & Drucker, E. (2008). Return to Galileo? The inquisition of the International Narcotic Control Board. Harm Reduction Journal, 5, available at http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/ contents/5/1/16.
    • (2008) Harm Reduction Journal , vol.5
    • Small, D.1    Drucker, E.2
  • 86
    • 0003794238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPSS Inc (Version 15.0) [Computer software]. Chicago: SPSS Inc
    • SPSS Inc (2007). SPSS for Windows (Version 15.0) [Computer software]. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
    • (2007) SPSS for Windows
  • 87
    • 0026596136 scopus 로고
    • AIDS and drug abuse in rural America: Policy practice and research briefs
    • Steel, E., & Haverkos, H. (1992). AIDS and drug abuse in rural America: Policy practice and research briefs. The Journal of Rural Health, 8, 70-73.
    • (1992) The Journal of Rural Health , vol.8 , pp. 70-73
    • Steel, E.1    Haverkos, H.2
  • 88
    • 44349084135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ottawa: Crack pipe program cancelled by city council
    • Symington, A. (2007). Ottawa: Crack pipe program cancelled by city council. HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review, 12, 29-30.
    • (2007) HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review , vol.12 , pp. 29-30
    • Symington, A.1
  • 89
    • 0031729070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crack cocaine and schizophrenia as risk factors for PPD reactivity in the dually diagnosed
    • Taubes, T., Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., & Westreich, L. (1998). Crack cocaine and schizophrenia as risk factors for PPD reactivity in the dually diagnosed. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 17, 63-74.
    • (1998) Journal of Addictive Diseases , vol.17 , pp. 63-74
    • Taubes, T.1    Galanter, M.2    Dermatis, H.3    Westreich, L.4
  • 91
    • 1642294078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sharing of noninjection drug-use implements as a risk factor for hepatitis C
    • Tortu, S., McMahon, J., Pouget, E., & Hamid, R. (2004). Sharing of noninjection drug-use implements as a risk factor for Hepatitis C. Substance Use and Misuse, 39, 211-224.
    • (2004) Substance use and Misuse , vol.39 , pp. 211-224
    • Tortu, S.1    McMahon, J.2    Pouget, E.3    Hamid, R.4
  • 92
    • 0038708362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the vancouver HIV-1 epidemic
    • Tyndall, M., Currie, S., Spittal, P., Li, K., Wood, E., O'Shaughnessy, M., et al. (2003). Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HIV-1 epidemic. AIDS, 17, 887-893.
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 887-893
    • Tyndall, M.1    Currie, S.2    Spittal, P.3    Li, K.4    Wood, E.5    O'Shaughnessy, M.6
  • 93
    • 34547215349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of mental health care services by Canadians with co-occurring substance dependence and mental disorders
    • Urbanoski, K., Rush, B., Wild, T., Bassani, D., & Castel, S. (2007). Use of mental health care services by Canadians with co-occurring substance dependence and mental disorders. Psychiatric Services, 58, 962-969.
    • (2007) Psychiatric Services , vol.58 , pp. 962-969
    • Urbanoski, K.1    Rush, B.2    Wild, T.3    Bassani, D.4    Castel, S.5
  • 95
    • 0033023854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of viremia and the importance of long-term follow-up after acute hepatitis C infection
    • Villano, S., Vlahov, D., Nelson, K., Cohn, S., & Thomas, D. (1999). Persistence of viremia and the importance of long-term follow-up after acute hepatitis C infection. Hepatology, 29, 908-914.
    • (1999) Hepatology , vol.29 , pp. 908-914
    • Villano, S.1    Vlahov, D.2    Nelson, K.3    Cohn, S.4    Thomas, D.5
  • 96
    • 0031090404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral sex, crack smoking, and HIV infection among female sex workers who do not inject drugs
    • Wallace, J. I., Porter, J., Weiner, A., & Steinberg, A. (1997). Oral sex, crack smoking, and HIV infection among female sex workers who do not inject drugs. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 470.
    • (1997) American Journal of Public Health , vol.87 , pp. 470
    • Wallace, J.I.1    Porter, J.2    Weiner, A.3    Steinberg, A.4
  • 99
    • 57649202063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based treatment for chronic hepatitis C in drug users: High rates of compliance with therapy despite ongoing drug use
    • Wilkinson, M., Crawford, V., Tippet, A., Jolly, F., Turton, J., Sims, E., et al. (2009). Community-based treatment for chronic hepatitis C in drug users: High rates of compliance with therapy despite ongoing drug use. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29, 29-37.
    • (2009) Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics , vol.29 , pp. 29-37
    • Wilkinson, M.1    Crawford, V.2    Tippet, A.3    Jolly, F.4    Turton, J.5    Sims, E.6
  • 100
    • 0142182027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requiring help injecting as a risk factor for HIV infection in the vancouver epidemic: Implications for HIV prevention
    • Wood, E., Spittal, P. M., Kerr, T., Small, W., Tyndall, M. W., O'Shaughnessy, M. V., et al. (2003). Requiring help injecting as a risk factor for HIV infection in the Vancouver epidemic: Implications for HIV prevention. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 94, 355-9.
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Public Health , vol.94 , pp. 355-9
    • Wood, E.1    Spittal, P.M.2    Kerr, T.3    Small, W.4    Tyndall, M.W.5    O'Shaughnessy, M.V.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.