More than meets the eye redefining idiopathic intracranial hypertension

International Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 120, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 471-482

  Kapoor, Kapil G ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachnoid granulations; Cerebrospinal fluid; Global neurologic syndrome; Idiopathic intracranial hypertension; Lymphatic; Pseudotumor cerebri

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; FUROSEMIDE; TOPIRAMATE;

BRAIN PSEUDOTUMOR; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; COUNSELING; DRUG EFFICACY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; REVIEW; STENT; VISION TEST; VISUAL FIELD;

FEMALE; HUMANS; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI;

EID: 77954209552     PISSN: 00207454     EISSN: 15635279     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00207451003760098     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Acheson, J. F. (2006). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and visual function. British Medical Bulletin, 79-80, 233-244.
2. Acheson, J. F., Green, W. T., & Sanders, M. D. (1994). Optic nerve sheath decompression for the treatment of visual failure in chronic raised intracranial pressure. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 57(11), 1426-1429.
3. Agid, R., Farb, R. I., Willinksy, R. A., et al. (2006). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: The validity of cross-sectional neuroimaging signs. Neuroradiology, 48(8), 521-527. (Pubitemid 44165286)
4. Alexandrakis, G., Filatov, V., & Walsh, T. (1993). Pseudotumor cerebri in a 12-year-old boy with Addison's disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 116(5), 650-651
5. Arseni, C., Simoca, I., Jipescu, I., Leventi, E., Grecu, P., & Sima, A. (1992). Pseudotumor cerebri: Risk factors, clinical course, prognostic criteria. Romanian Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2(30), 115-132
6. Babikian, P., Corbett, J., & Bell, W. (1994). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children: The Iowa experience. Journal of Child Neurology, 9, 144-149.
7. Baker, R. S., Carter, D., Hendrick, E. B., & Buncic, J. R. (1985). Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri of childhood: A follow-up study. Archives of Ophthalmology, 103, 1681-1686.
8. Ball, A. K., Sinclair, A. J., Curnow, S. J., Tomlinson, J. W., Burdon, M. A., Walker, E. A., et al. (2009). Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): Evidence for hypothalamic leptin resistance? Clinical Endocrinology, 70(6), 863-869.
9. Bandyopadhyay, S., & Jacobson, D. M. (2002). Clinical features of late-onset pseudotumor cerebri ulfilling the modified dandy criteria. Journal of Neuroophthalmology, 22(1), 9-11.
10. Banta, J. T., & Farris, B. K. (2000). Pseudotumor cerebri and optic nerve sheath decompression. Ophthalmology, 107(10), 1907-1912.
11. Baqui, A. H., de Francisco, A., Airfeen, S. E., et al. (1995). Bulging fontanelle after supplementation with 25,000 IU of vitamin A in infancy using immunization contacts. Acta Paediatrica, 84(8), 863-866.
12. Baryshnik, D. B., & Farb, R. I. (2004). Changes in the appearance of venous sinuses after treatment of disordered intracranial pressure. Neurology, 62, 1445-1446.
13. Bastin, M. E., Sinha, S., Farrall, A. J., et al. (2003). Diffuse brain oedema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74, 1693-1696.
14. Benito Leon J., Leon, P. G., Ferriero, A., & Martinez, J. (1997). Intracranial hypertension syndrome as an unusual form of presentation of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage and subdural haematoma. Acta Neurochirurgica, 139(3), 261-262.
15. Bicakci, K., Bicakci, S., & Aksungur, E. (2006). Perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurolgica Scandinavica, 114, 193-197.
16. Binder, D. K., Horton, J. C., Lawton, M. T., & McDermott, M. W. (2004). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurolgica Scandinavica, 114(3), 538-552.
17. Biousse, V., Rucker, J. C., Vignal, C., et al. (2003). Anemia and papilledema. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 135, 437-446.
18. Boulton, M., Armstrong, D., Flessner, M., Hay, J., Szalai, J. P., & Johnston,M. (1998). Raised intracranial pressure increases CSF drainage through arachnoid villi and extracranial lymphatics. American Journal of Physiology, 275, R889-R896.
19. Brinker, T., Seifert, V., & Stolke, D. (1990). Acute changes in the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid system during experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 27(3), 369-372.
20. Brodsky,M. C., & Vaphiades M. (1998).Magnetic resonance imaging in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology, 105(9), 1686-1693.
21. Bruce, B. B., Kedar, S., Van Stavern, G. P., et al. (2009). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Neurology, 72, 304-309.
22. Buchheit, W. A., & Burton, C. (1969). Nomenclature in intracranial pressure. New England Journal of Medicine, 281(1), 47.
23. Buchheit, W. A., Burton, C., Haag, B., & Shaw, D. (1969). Papilledema and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine, 280(17), 938-942.
24. Burgett, R. A., Purvin, V. A., & Kawasaki, A. (1997). Lumboperitoneal shunting for pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology, 49(3), 734-739.
25. Capobianco, D. J., Brazis, P. W., & Cheshire,W. P. (1997). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and seventh nerve palsy. Headache, 37, 286-288.
26. Celebisoy, N., Gokcay, F., Sirin, H., & Akyurekli, O. (2007). Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Topiramate vs. acetazolamide, an open-label study. Acta Neurolgica Scandinavica, 116(5), 322-327.
27. Chandra, V., Dutta, A., Albanese, C. T., et al. (2007). Clinical resolution of severely symptomatic pseudotumor cerebri after gastric bypass in an adolescent. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 3(2), 198-200.
28. Chari, C., & Rao, N. S. (1991). Benign intracranial hypertension-Its unusual manifestations. Headache, 31, 599-600.
29. Chumas, P. D., Kulkarni, A. V., Drake, J. M., et al. (1993). Lumboperitoneal shunting: A retrospective study in the pediatric population. Neurosurgery, 32(3), 376-383.
30. Condulis, N., Germain, G., Charest, N., et al. (1997). Pseudotumor cerebri: A presenting manifestation of Addison's disease. Clinical Pediatrics, 36(12), 711-713.
31. Corbett, J. J., Nerad, J. A., Tse, D. T., & Anderson, R. L. (1988). Results of optic nerve sheath fenestration for pseudotumor cerebri. The lateral orbitotomy approach. Archives of Ophthalmology, 106(10), 1391-1397.
32. Corbett, J. J., & Thompson, H. S. (1989). The rational management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Archives of Neurology, 46, 1049-1051.
33. Crock, P. A.,McKenzie, J. D., Nicoll, A. M., et al. (1998). Benign intracranial hypertension and recombinant growth hormone therapy in Australia and New Zealand. Acta Paediatrica, 87(4), 381-386.
34. Curry,W. T., Butler,W. E., & Barker, F. G. (2005). Rapidly rising incidence of cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures for idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the United States, 1988-2002. Neurosurgery, 57(1), 97-108.
35. Cushing, H., & Noleson A. (1923). Notes on a series of intracranial tumor and conditions simulating them: Tumor suspects; tumors unverified; tumors verified. Archives for Neurology and Psychiatry, 10, 605-668.
36. Dandy, W. E. (1937). Intracranial pressure without brain tumor: Diagnosis and treatment. Annals of Surgery, 106, 492-513.
37. Daniels, A. B., Liu, G. T., Volpe,N. J., Galetta, S. L.,Moster, M. L., Newman, N. J., et al. (2007). Profiles of obesity, weight gain, and quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). American Journal of Ophthalmology, 143(4), 635-641.
38. Dave, S., Longmuir, R., Shah, V. A., et al. (2008). Intracranial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 23, 127-133.
39. Davidoff, L. M., & Dyke, C. G. (1937). Hypertensive meningeal hydrops: A syndrome frequently following infection in the middle ear or elsewhere in the body. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 20, 908-927.
40. De Simone, R., Marano, E., Fiorillo, C., et al. (2005). Sudden reopening of collapsed transverse sinuses and longstanding clinical remission after a single lumbar puncture in a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Pathogenetic implications. Neurological Sciences, 25, 342-344.
41. Digre, K. B., & Corbett, J. J. (2001). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): A reappraisal. Neurology, 7, 2-67.
42. Donahue, S. P. (2000). Recurrence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension after weight loss: The carrot craver. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 130, 850-851.
43. Donaldson, J.O. (1986). Endocrinology of pseudotumor cerebri. Neurologic Clinics, 4(4), 919-927.
44. Donnet, A., Metellus, P., Levrier, O., et al. (2008). Endovascular treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Clinical and radiologic outcome of 10 consecutvie patients. Neurology, 70(8), 641-647.
45. Dorman, P. J., Campbell, M. J., & Maw, A. R. (1995). Hearing loss as a false localizing sign in raised intracranial pressure. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 58, 516.
46. Durcan, F. J., Corbett, J. J., & Wall, M. (1988). The incidence of pseudotumor cerebri. Population studies in Iowa and Louisiana. Archives of Neurology, 45(8), 875-877.
47. Elian, M., Ben-Tovim, N., Bechar, M., & Bornstein, B. (1968). Recurrent benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) during pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 31(5), 685-688.
48. Farb, R. I., Vanek, I., Scott, J. N., et al. (2003). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: The prevalence andmorphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology, 60, 1418-1424.
49. Finsterer, J., Foldy, D., & Fertl, E. (2006). Topiramate resolves headache from pseudotumor cerebri. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management,, 32(5), 401-402.
50. Fishman, R. A. (1992). Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
51. Foley, J. (1955). Benign forms of intracranial hypertension: "Toxic" and "otitic" hydrocephalus. Brain, 78, 1-41.
52. Friedman, D. I., & Eller, P. F. (2003). Topiramate for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Headache, 43, 592.
53. Friedman, D. I., & Streeten, D. H. (1998). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and orthostatic edema may share a common pathogenesis. Neurology, 50, 1099-1104.
54. Friedman, D. I. (2001). Papilledema and pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, 14(1), 129.
55. Friedman, D. I. (2005). Medication-induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 6, 29-37.
56. Fujiwara, S., Sawamura, Y., Kato, T., et al. (1997). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in female homozygous twins. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 62, 652-654.
57. Gardner, K., Cox, T., & Digre, K. B. (1995). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension associated with tetracycline use in fraternal twins: case reports and review. Neurology, 45, 6-10.
58. Gibby,W. A., Cohen, M. S., Goldberg, H. I., & Sergott, R. C. (1993). Pseudotumor cerebri: CT findings and correlation with vision loss. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 160(1), 143-146.
59. Giuseffi, V., Wall, M., Siegel, P. Z., & Rojas, P. B. (1991). Symptoms and disease associations in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): A case-control study. Neurology, 41(2 Pt. 1), 239-244
60. Glueck, C. J., Golnik, K. C., Aregawi, D., et al. (2006). Changes in weight, papilledema, headache, visual field, and life status in response to diet and metformin in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension with and without concurrent polycystic ovary syndrome or hyperinsulinemia. Translational Research, 148, 215-222.
61. Glueck, C. J., Iyengar, S.,Goldenberg,N., et al. (2003). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Associations with coagulation disorders and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 142, 35-45.
62. Hershko, A. Y., Berkun, Y., Mevorach, D., et al. (2008). Increased intracranial pressure related to systemic lupus erythematosus: A 26-year experience. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38(2), 110-115.
63. Higgins, J. N., Cousins, C., Owler, B. K., et al. (2003). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: 12 cases treated by venous sinus stenting. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74(12), 1662-1666.
64. Higgins, J. N., & Pickard, J. D. (2004). Lateral sinus stenoses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension resolving after CSF diversion. Neurology, 62, 1907-1908.
65. Horoshovski, D., Amital, H., Katz,M., & Shoenfeld, Y. (1997). Pseudotumor cerebri in SLE. Clinical Rheumatology, 14, 708-710.
66. Jackson, J. H. Discussion on the relation between optic neuritis and intracranial disease. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 1880-1881, 1, 60-115.
67. Jacobson, D.M., Karanjia, P. N., Olson, K. A., &Warner, J. J. (1990). Computed tomography ventricular size has no predictive value in diagnosing pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology, 40(9), 1454-1455.
68. Johnson, L. N., Krohel, G. B., Madsen, R. W., & March, G. A., Jr. (1998). The role of weight loss and acetazolamide in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Ophthalmology, 105(12), 2313-2317.
69. Johnston, I. (2001). The historical development of the pseudotumor concept. Neurosurgical Focus, 11(2), E2.
70. Johnston, I. H., Duff, J., Jacobson, E. E., & Fagan, E. (2001). Asymptomatic intracranial hypertension in disorders of CSF circulation in childhood-Treated and untreated. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 34, 63-72.
71. Joynt, R. J., & Sahs, A. L. (1956). Brain swelling of unknown cause. Neurology, 6(11), 801-803.
72. Kaplan, C. P.,Miner,M. E., & McGregor, J. M. (1997). Pseudotumor Cerebri: Risk for cognitive impairment? Brain Injury, 11(4), 293-303.
73. Kapoor, K. G., Katz, S. E., Grzybowski, D.M., & Lubow M. (2008). Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: An evolving perspective. Brain Research Bulletin, 77(6), 327-334.
74. Kapoor, K. G. (2008a). Etiology of dizziness, tinnitus, and nausea in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Medical Hypotheses, 71(2), 310-311.
75. Kapoor, K. G. (2008b). Do patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension suffer from hyposmia? Medical Hypotheses, 71(5), 816-817.
76. Karaman, K., Gverovic-Antunica, A., Zuljan, I., et al. (2003). Familial idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Croatian Medical Journal, 44, 480-484.
77. Kelly, S. J., O'Donnell, T., Fleming, J. C., & Einhaus, S. (2009). Pseudotumor cerebri associated with lithium use in an 11-year old boy. Journal of AAPOS, 13(2), 204-206.
78. Kesler, A., & Fattal-Valevski, A. (2002). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the pediatric population. Journal of Child Neurology, 17, 745-748.
79. Kesler, A., & Gadoth, N. (2001). Epidemiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Israel. Journal of Neuroophthalmology, 21(1), 12-14.
80. Kesler, A., Hadayer, A., & Goldhammer, Y. (2004). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Risk of recurrences. Neurology, 63(9), 1737-1739.
81. Kesler, A., Kliper, E., Shenkerman,G., & Stern,N. (2009). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is associated with lower body adiposity. Ophthalmology.
82. Kesler, A., Mosek, A., Fithlicher,N., & Gidron, Y. (2005). Psychological correlates of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 7(10), 627-630.
83. Kidron, D., & Pomeranz, S. (1989). Malignant pseudotumor cerebri. Report of two cases. Journal of Neurosurgery, 71(3), 443-445.
84. Kleinschmidt, J. J., Digre, K. B., & Hanover, R. (2000). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Relationship to depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Neurology, 54(2), 319-324.
85. Koskiniemi, M., Piipaninen, H., Rantalaiho, T., Eranko, P., Farkkila, M., Raiha, K., et al. (2002). Acute central nervous system complications in varicella zoster virus infections. Journal of Clinical Virology, 25(3), 293-301.
86. Krishna, R.,Kosmorsky,G. S., &Wright,K.W. (1998). Pseudotumor cerebri sine papilledema with unilateral sixth nerve palsy. Journal of Neuroophthalmology, 18, 53-55.
87. Kupersmith, M. J., Gamel, L., Turbin, R., et al. (1998). Effects of weight loss on the course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in women. Neurology, 50(4), 1094-1098.
88. Lampl, Y., Eshel, Y., Kessler, A., et al. (2002). Serum leptin level in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 72, 642-643.
89. Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1920). On the Pacchionian bodies. Journal of Anatomy, 55, 40-48.
90. Leib, S. L., & Tuber,M. G. (1999).Meningitis (I)-Differential diagnosis; aseptic and chronic meningitis. Ther Urmsch, 56, 631-639.
91. Lepore, F. E. (1992). Unilateral and highly asymmetric papilledema in pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology, 42, 676-678.
92. Levine, J. E., Povlishock, J. T., & Becker, D. P. (1982). The morphological correlates of primate cerebrospinal fluid absorption. Brain Research, 241(1), 31-41.
93. Lim, M., Kurian, M., Penn, A., et al. (2005).Visual failure without headache in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 206-210.
94. Lin, A., Foroozan, R., Danesh-Meyer, H. V., et al. (2006). Occurrence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patients with presumed idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ophthalmology, 113(12), 2281-2284.
95. Lipton, H. L., & Michelson, P. E. (1972). Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome without papilledema. Journal of the American Medical Association, 220, 1591-1592.
96. Liu, G. T., Glaser, J. S., & Schatz, N. J. (1994). High-dose methylprednisolone and acetazolamide for visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 118(1), 88-96.
97. Malomo, A. O., Idowu, O. E., Shoknbi, M. T., et al. (2006). Nonoperative management of benign intracranial hypertension presenting with complete visual loss and deafness. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 42(1), 62-64.
98. Manfre, L., Lagalla, R., Mangiameli, A., et al. (1995). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Orbital MRI. Neuroradiology, 37, 459-461.
99. Marcus, D.M., Lynn, J., Miller, J. J., et al. (2001). Sleep disorders: A risk factor for pseudotumor cerebri? Journal of Neuroophthalmology, 21(12), 121-123.
100. Matthews, Y. Y. Drugs used in childhood idiopathic or benign intracranial hypertension. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Education & Practice Edition, 93(1), 19-25.
101. McAlpine, D. (1937). Toxic hydrocephalus. Brain, 60, 180-203.
102. McCarthy, K. D., & Reed, D. J. (1974). The effect of acetazolamide and furosemide on cerebrospinal fluid production and choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase activity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 189(1), 194-201.
103. McGirt, M. J., Woodworth, G., Thomas, G., et al. (2004). Cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement for pseudotumor cerebriassociated intractable headache: Predictors of treatment response and an analysis of long-term outcomes. Journal of Neurosurgery, 101(4), 627-632.
104. McGonigal, A., Bone, I., & Teasdale, E. (2004). Resolution of transverse sinus stenosis in idiopathic intracranial hypertension after L-P shunt. Neurology, 62, 514-515.
105. Mollanji, R., Papaiconomou, C., Boulton, M., Midha, R., & Johnston, M. (2001). Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid transport in fetal and adult sheep. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281, R1215-R1223.
106. Nadkami, T., Rekate, L., & Wallace, D. (2004). Resolution of pseudotumor cerebri after bariatric surgery for related obesity. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery, 101(15), 878-880.
107. Nazir, S. A., & Siatowski, R. M. (2003). Pseudotumor cerebri in idiopathic aplastic anemia. Journal of AAPOS, 7(1), 71-74.
108. Nickerson, C.W., & Kirk, R. F. (1965). Recurrent pseudotumor cerebri in pregnancy: Report of 2 cases. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26(6), 811-813.
109. Nonne, M (1904). Uber Falle vom Symtomkomplex "Tumor Cerebri" mit Ausgang in Heilung "Pseudotumor Cerebri)". Deutsch Z. Nervenheilkunde, 27, 169-216.
110. Ooi, L. Y.,Walker, B. R., Bodkin, P. A., & Whittle, I. R. (2008). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Can studies of obesity provide the key to understanding pathogenesis? British Journal of Neurosurgery. 187-194
111. Owler, B., Parker, G., & Halmagyi, G. M. (2003). Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome: Venous sinus obstruction and its treatment with stent placement. Journal of Neurosurgery, 98(5), 1045-1055.
112. Owler, B. K., Higgins, J. N., Pena, A., et al. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging of benign intracranial hypertension: Absence of cerebral oedema. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 20, 79-81.
113. Padeh, S., & Passwell, J. H. (1996). Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Rheumatology, 23(7), 1266-1268.
114. Pearce, J. M. S. (2009). From pseudotumour cerebri to idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Practical Neurology, 9, 353-356.
115. Phillips, P. H., Repka,M. X., & Lambert, S. R. (1998). Pseudotumor cerebri in children, Journal of AAPOS, 2, 33-38.
116. Plotnik, J. L., & Kosmorsky, G. S. (1993). Operative complications of optic nerve sheath decompression. Ophthalmology, 100(5), 683-690.
117. Purvin, V. A., Kawasaki, A., & Yee, R. D. (2000). Papilledema and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology, 118(12), 1626-1630.
118. Quincke, H. (1893). "Meningitis serosa". Sammlung klinischer Vortra ge Innere Medizin, 67, 655.
119. Quincke, H. I. (1891).Die technik der lumbalpunktion. Verhandlungen Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Innere Medizin, 10, 321-331
120. Radhakrishnan, K., Ahlskog, J. E., Cross, S. A., et al. (1993). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Descriptive epidemiology in Rochester, Minn, 1976 to 1990. Archives in Neurology, 50(1), 78-80.
121. Radhakrishnan, K., Ahlskog, J. E., Garrity, J. A., & Kurland, L. T. (1994). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 69(2), 169-180
122. Radhakrishnan, K., Thacker, A.K., Bohlaga,N. H., et al. (1993). Epidemiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A prospective and case-control study. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 116, 18-28.
123. Rangwala, L.M., & Liu,G. T. (2007). Pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Survey of Ophthalmology, 52(6), 597-617.
124. Rogers, A. H., Rogers, G. L., Bremer, D. L., & McGregor, M. L. (1999). Pseudotumor cerebri in children receiving recombinant human growth hormone. Ophthalmology, 106(6), 1186-1189.
125. Rohr, A., Dorner, L., Stingele, R., et al. (2007). Reversibility of venous sinus obstruction in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28, 656-659.
126. Rosenberg, M. L., Corbett, J. J., Smith, C., et al. (1993). Cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures in pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology, 43(6), 1071-1072.
127. Rowe, F. J., & Sarkies, N. J. (1998). Assessment of visual function in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A prospective study. Eye, 12(1), 111-118.
128. Rush, J. A. (1980). Pseudotumor cerebri: Clinical profile and visual outcome in 63 patients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 55, 541-546.
129. Sacchi, S., Russo, D., Avvisati, G., et al. (1997). All-trans retinoic acid in hematological malignancies, an update. GER Haematologica, 82(1), 106-121.
130. Santinelli, R., Tolone, C., Toraldo, R., et al. (1998). Familial idiopathic intracranial hypertension with spinal and radicular pain. Archives of Neurology, 55, 854-856.
131. Sbeiti, S., Kayed, D. M., & Majuri, H. (2003). Pseudotumor cerebri presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: More than an association. Rheumatology, 42(6), 808-810.
132. Sergott, R. C., Savino, P. J., & Bosley, T. M. (1988). Modified optic nerve sheath decompression provides long-term visual improvement for pseudotumor cerebri. Archives of Ophthalmology, 106(10), 1384-1390.
133. Sheldon, R. S., Becker,W. J., Hanley, D. A., & Culver, R. (1987). Hypoparathyroidism and pseudotumor cerebri: An infrequent clinical association. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 14(4), 622-625.
134. Simister, R., Bowler, J. V., Wilson, P. L., et al. (2008). Transverse venous sinus stenosis and intracranial hypertension: Evidence for which comes first. Journal of Neurology, 255, 601-603.
135. Soler, D., Cox, T., Bullock, P., et al. (1998). Diagnosis and management of benign intracranial hypertension. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 78, 89-94.
136. Subramanian, P. S., Goldenberg-Cohen, N., Shukla, S., Cheskin, L. J., & Miller, N. R. (2004). Plasma ghrelin levels are normal in obese patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). American Journal of Ophthalmology, 138(1), 109-113.
137. Sugerman, H. J., DeMaria, E. J., Felton, W. L., 3rd., et al. (1997). Increased intra-abdominal pressure and cardiac filling pressures in obesity-associaed pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology, 49, 507-511.
138. Sugerman, J. H., Felton, W. L., 3rd., Salvant, J. B., Jr., et al. (1995). Effects of surgically induced weight loss on idiopathic intracranial hypertension in morbid obesity. Neurology, 45(9), 1655-1699.
139. Sugerman, H. J., Felton,W. L., 3rd., Sismanis, A., et al. (1999). Gastric surgery for pseudotumor cerebri associated with severe obesity. Annals of Surgery, 229(5), 634-640.
140. Sugerman, H. J., Felton,W. L., 3rd., Sismanis, A., et al. (2001). Continuous negative abdominal pressure device to treat pseudotumor cerebri. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 486-490.
141. Symonds, C. P. (1931). Otitic hydrocephalus. Brain, 54, 55-71.
142. Tabassi, A., Salmasi, A. H., & Jalali, M. (2005). Serum and CSF vitamin A concentrations in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology, 64, 1893-1896.
143. Thambisetty, M., Lavin, P. J., Newman, N. J., & Biousse, V. (2007). Fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology, 68(3), 229-232
144. Wall, M. (1990a). The headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Cephalgia, 10, 331-335.
145. Wall, M. (1990b). Sensory visual testing in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Measures sensitive to change. Neurology, 40(12), 1859-1864.
146. Wall, M. (1991). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurologic Clinics, 9, 73-95.
147. Wall, M., Dollar, J. D., Sadun, A. A., & Kardon, R. (1995). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Lack of histologic evidence for cerebral edema. Archives of Neurology, 52, 141-145.
148. Wall, M., & George D. (1987). Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. Incidence and defects related to visual field strategy. Archives of Neurology, 44(2), 170-175.
149. Wall, M., & George, D. (1991). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A prospective study of 50 patients. Brain, 114, 155-180.
150. Wall, M., & White,W.N., 2nd. (1998). Asymmetric papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Prospective interocular comparison of sensory visual function. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 39, 134-142.
151. Warman, R. (2000). Management of pseudotumor cerebri in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 39(3), 147-150.
152. Warner, J. E., Bernstein, P. S., Yemelyanov, A., et al. (2002). Vitamin A in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Annals of Neurology, 52, 647-650.
153. Warner, J. E., Larson, A. J., Bhosale, P., et al. (2007). Retinol-binding protein and retinol analysis in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with and without idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neuroophthalmology, 27, 258-262.
154. Welch, K., & Pollay, M. (1961). Perfusion of particles through arachnoid villi of themonkey. American Journal of Physiology, 651-654.
155. Weller, R. O. (1998). Pathology of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the central nervous system: Significance for Alzheimer's disease, prion disorders, andmultiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 57(10), 885-894.
156. Wilkoff, L. J., Peckham, J. C., Dulmadge, E. A., Mowry, R. W., & Chopra, D. P. (1976). Evaluation of vitamin A analogs in modulating epithelial differentiation of 13-day chick embryo metatarsal skin explants, Cancer Research, 36(3), 964-972.
157. Williams, J. B. (1997). Adverse effects of thyroid hormones. Drugs Aging, 11(6), 460-469.
158. Williamson, R. T., & Roberts, E. (1900). Remarks on the diagnosis and prognosis in 100 cases of double optic neuritis with headache. Lancet, 1, 1350-1352.
159. Winner, P., & Bello, L. (1996). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a young child without visual symptoms or signs. Headache, 36, 574-576.
160. Youroukos, S., Psychou, F., Fryssiras, S., et al. (2000). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children. Journal of Child Neurology, 15(7), 453-457.