Memory formation during general anesthesia

Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 47-73

  Kerssens, Chantal ^a   Alkire, Michael ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954191298     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511676291.004     Document Type: Chapter

References (106)

1. Edelman GM. Naturalizing consciousness: a theoretical framework. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(9):5520-4.
2. Sandin R. Outcome after awareness with explicit recall. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2006; 57(4):429-32.
3. Alkire MT. Probing the mind: anesthesia and neuroimaging. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 84(1):149-52.
4. Russell IF, Wang M. Intraoperative awareness and the isolated forearm technique. Br J Anaesth 1995;75:819-24.
5. Nordstrom O, Sandin R. Recall during intermittent propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1996;76(5):699-701.
6. Kerssens C, Klein J, Bonke B. Awareness: monitoring versus remembering what happened. Anesthesiology 2003;99:570-5.
7. McGaugh JL, McIntyre CK, Power AE. Amygdala modulation of memory consolidation: Interaction with other brain systems. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2002;78:539-52.
8. Cahill L, Alkire MT. Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation: interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003;79(2):194-8.
9. McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. Drug enhancement of memory consolidation: historical perspective and neurobiological implications. Psychopharmacology 2008;DOI 10.1007/s00213-008-1285-6.
10. Barco A, Bailey CH, Kandel ER. Common molecular mechanisms in explicit and implicit memory. J Neurochem 2006;97(6):1520-33.
11. Alkire MT, Guzowski JF. Hypothesis: suppression of memory protein formation underlies anesthetic-induced amnesia. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):768-70.
12. Kubik S, Miyashita T, Guzowski JF. Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007;14(11):758-70.
13. Bliss TV, Lømo T. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol 1973; 232(2):331-56.
14. Franks NP. Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147(1):S72-81.
15. Scoville WB, Milner B. Loss of recentmemory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1957;20:11-21.
16. Strange BA, Otten LJ, Josephs O, Rugg MD, Dolan RJ. Dissociable human perirhinal, hippocampal, and parahippocampal roles during verbal encoding. JNeurosci 2002;22:523-8.
17. Strange BA, Fletcher PC, Henson RN, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Segregating the functions of human hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96(7):4034-9.
18. Saykin AJ, Johnson SC, Flashman LA, McAllister TW, Sparling M, Darcey TM, Moritz CH, Guerin SJ, Weaver J, Mamourian A. Functional differentiation of medial temporal and frontal regions involved in processing novel and familiar words: an fMRI study. Brain 1999;122(10):1963-71.
19. Ranganath C, D’Esposito M. Medial temporal lobe activity associated with active maintenance of novel information. Neuron 2001;31:865-73.
20. Wagner AD, Schacter DL, Rotte M, Koutstaal W, Maril A, Dale AM, Rosen BR, Buckner RL. Building memories: remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Science 1998;281(5380):1188-91.
21. Meltzer JA, Constable RT. Activation of human hippocampal formation reflects success in both encoding and cued recall of paired associates. Neuroimage 2005;15(24):384-97.
22. Nyberg L, Tulving E, Habib R, Nilsson LG, Kapur S, Houle S, Cabeza R, McIntosh AR. Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information. NeuroReport 1995;7(1):249-52.
23. Henson RN, Rugg MD, Shallice T, Dolan RJ. Confidence in recognitionmemory for words: dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci 2000;12:913-23.
24. Cabeza R, Nyberg L. Imaging cognition II: an empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. J Cogn Neurosci 2000;12(1):1-47.
25. Buckner RL, Raichle ME, Miezin FM, Petersen SE. Functional anatomic studies ofmemory retrieval for auditory words and visual pictures. J Neurosci 1996;16(19):6219-35.
26. Gabrieli JD, Poldrack RA, Desmond JE. The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:906-13.
27. Chee MW, Goh JO, Lim Y, Graham S, Lee K. Recognition memory for studied words is determined by cortical activation differences at encoding but not during retrieval. Neuroimage 2004;22(4):1456-65.
28. Otten LJ, Rugg MD. Task-dependency of the neural correlates of episodic encoding as measured by fMRI. Cereb Cortex 2001;11(12):1150-60.
29. Kensinger EA, Clarke RJ, Corkin S. What neural correlates underlie successful encoding and retrieval? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a divided attention paradigm. J Neurosci 2003;23:2407-15.
30. Fletcher PC, Stephenson CM, Carpenter TA, Donovan T, Bullmorel ET. Regional brain activations predicting subsequent memory success: an event-related fMRI study of the influence of encoding tasks. Cortex 2003;39(45):1009-26.
31. Squire LR, Wixted JT, Clark RE. Recognitionmemory and themedial temporal lobe: a new perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8(11):872-83.
32. Fries P. A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9(10):474-80.
33. Alkire MT, Hudetz AG, Tononi G. Consciousness and anesthesia. Science 2008;322(5903): 876-80.
34. Tononi G. An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neurosci 2004;5:42 (DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-5-42).
35. Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron 2006;52(1):155-68.
36. Biswal B, Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Hyde JS. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magn Reson Med 1995;34(4):537-41.
37. Greicius MD, KrasnowB, ReissAL, MenonV. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the defaultmode hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(1):253-8.
38. Greicius MD, Srivastava G, Reiss AL, Menon V. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer’s disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(13):4637-42.
39. Vincent JL, Snyder AZ, Fox MD, Shannon BJ, Andrews JR, Raichle ME, Buckner RL. Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network. J Neurophysiol 2006;96(6):3517-31.
40. Merkel G, Eger I, EI. A comparative study of halothane and halopropane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1963;24:346-57.
41. Ghoneim MM. Drugs and human memory (part 1). Anesthesiology 2004;100:987-1002.
42. Eger EI, Koblin DD, Harris RA, Kendig JJ, Pohorille A, HalseyMJ, Trudell JR. Hypothesis: inhaled anesthetics produce immobility and amnesia by different mechanisms at different sites. Anesth Analg 1997;84(4):915-18.
43. Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH. Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use. Curr Pharm Des 2002;8(1):45-58.
44. Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Wronski M, Marino P, Tong WP, Bedford RF. EEG and memory effects of low-dose infusions of propofol. Br J Anaesth 1992;69:246-54.
45. Veselis RA, Pryor KO, Reinsel RA, Mehta M, Pan H, Johnson RJ. Low-dose propofolinduced amnesia is not due to a failure of encoding: left inferior prefrontal cortex is still active. Anesthesiology 2008;109(2):213-24.
46. Dutton RC, Maurer AJ, Sonner JM, Fanselow MS, Laster MJ, Eger EI II. Isoflurane causes anterograde but not retrograde amnesia for pavlovian fear conditioning. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1223-9.
47. Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Feshchenko VA, Wronski M. The comparative amnesic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations. Anesthesiology 1997;87(4):749-64.
48. Veselis RA, Reinsel R, Feshchenko VA. Drug-induced amnesia is a separate phenomenon from sedation: electrophysiological evidence. Anesthesiology 2001;95:896-907.
49. Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Feshchenko VA, Johnson RJ. Information loss over time defines the memory defect of propofol: a comparative responsewith thiopental and dexmedetomidine. Anesthesiology 2004;101(Oct):831-41.
50. Alkire MT, Gorski LA. Relative amnesic potency of five inhalational anesthetics follows the Meyer-Overton rule. Anesthesiology 2004;101:417-29.
51. Alkire MT, Nathan SV, McReynolds JR. Memory enhancing effect of low-dose sevoflurane does not occur in basolateral amygdala-lesioned rats. Anesthesiology 2005;103(6):1167-73.
52. Otsubo T, Maekawa M, Nagai T, Sakio H, Hori Y. Facilitatory effects of subanesthetic sevoflurane on excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampal CA1 area. Brain Res 2008;1197:32-9.
53. Alkire MT, Nathan SV. Does theamygdalamediate anesthetic-induced amnesia? Basolateral amygdala lesions block sevoflurane-induced amnesia. Anesthesiology 2005;102:754-60.
54. Pryor KO, Murphy E, Reinsel RA, Mehta M, Veselis RA. Heterogeneous effects of intravenous anesthetics on modulatory memory systems in humans. Anesthesiology 2007;107:A1218.
55. Zarate CAJ, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, Charney DS, Manji HK. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatmentresistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(8):856-64.
56. Ghoneim MM, Block RI, Fowles DC. No evidence of classical conditioning of electrodermal responses during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1992;76:682-8.
57. Ishitobi S, Miyamoto T, Oi K, Toda K. Subhypnotic doses of propofol accelerate extinction of conditioned taste aversion. Behav Brain Res 2003;141(2):223-8.
58. Graf P, Schacter DL. Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic patients. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem and Cogn 1985;11:385-95.
59. Weiskrantz L. Consciousness Lost and Found: A Neuropsychological Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
60. Andrade J. Learning during anaesthesia: A review. Br J Psychol 1995;86:479-506.
61. Merikle PM, Daneman M. Memory for unconsciously perceived events: evidence from anesthetized patients. Conscious Cogn 1996;5(31):525-41.
62. Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Fallon JH, Barker SJ. PET imaging of conscious and unconscious verbal memory. J Conscious Stud 1996;3(56):448-62.
63. Richardson-Klavehn A, Bjork RA. Measures of memory. Annu Rev Psychol 1988;39:475-543.
64. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF. The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3(9):679-93.
65. Rampil IJ. A primer for EEG signal processing in anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998;89:980-1002.
66. Thornton C, Sharpe RM. Evoked responses in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:771-81.
67. Heinke W, Kenntner R, Gunter TC, Sammler D, Olthoff D, Koelsch S. Sequential effects of increasing propofol sedation on frontal and temporal cortices as indexed by auditory event-related potentials. Anesthesiology 2004;100(3):617-25.
68. Dunn BR, Dunn DA, Languis M, Andrews D. The relation of ERP components to complex memory processing. Brain Cogn 1998;36:355-76.
69. Schwender D, Kaiser A, Peter K, Poppel E. Midlatency auditory evoked potentials and explicit and implicit memory in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1994;80:493-501.
70. Sigl J, Chamoun N. An introduction to bispectral analysis for the electroencephalogram. J Clin Monit 1994;10:392-404.
71. Johansen JW, Sebel PS. Development and clinical application of electroencephalographic bispectrum monitoring. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1336-44.
72. Lubke GH, Kerssens C, Phaf RH, Sebel PS. Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients. Anesthesiology 1999;90:670-80.
73. Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, Domino KB. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg 2004;99:833-9.
74. Jacoby LL. A process dissociation framework: separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. J Mem Lang 1991;30:513-41.
75. Kerssens C, Lubke GH, Klein J, van der Woerd A, Bonke B. Memory function during propofol and alfentanil anesthesia: Predictive value of individual differences. Anesthesiology 2002;97:382-9.
76. Kerssens C, Ouchi T, Sebel PS. No evidence of memory function during anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane with close control of hypnotic state. Anesthesiology 2005;102(1):57-62.
77. Kerssens C, Klein J, van der Woerd A, Bonke B. Auditory information processing during adequate propofol anesthesia monitored by electroencephalogram bispectral index. Anesth Analg 2001;92:1210-14.
78. Roorda-Hrdlickova V, Wolters G, Bonke B, Phaf RH. Unconscious perception during general anaesthesia, demonstrated by an implicit memory task. In: Bonke B, Fitch W, Millar K, eds. Memory and Awareness in Anaesthesia. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, 1990:151-5.
79. Chortkoff BS, Gonsowski CT, Bennett HL, Levinson BW, Crankshaw DP, Dutton RC, Ionescu P, Block RI, Eger EI II. Subanesthetic concentrations of desflurane and propofol suppress recall of emotionally charged information. Anesth Analg 1995;81:728-36.
80. Levinson BW. States of awareness during general anaesthesia: preliminary communication. Br J Anaesth 1965;37(7):544-6.
81. Stonell CA, Leslie K, He C, Lee L. No sex differences in memory formation during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2006;105(5):920-6.
82. Kerssens C, Gaither JR, Sebel PS. Preserved memory function during BIS-guided anesthesia with sevoflurane for major orthopedic surgery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A487.
83. Deeprose C, Andrade J, Varma S, Edwards N. Unconscious learning during surgery with propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:171-7.
84. Heinke W, Schwarzbauer C. In vivo imaging of anaesthetic action in humans: approaches with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Br J Anaesth 2002;89:112-22.
85. Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Barker SJ, Nitin KS, Wu JC, Kao YJ. Cerebral metabolism during propofol anesthesia in humans studiedwith positron emission tomography. Anesthesiology 1995;82:393-403.
86. Alkire MT. Quantitative EEG correlations with brain glucose metabolic rate during anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology 1998;89(2):323-33.
87. Veselis RA, Feshchenko VA, Reinsel RA, Dnistrian AM, Beattie B, Akhurst TJ. Thiopental and propofol affect different regions of the brain at similar pharmacologic effects. Anesth Analg 2004;99:399-408.
88. Veselis RA, Feshchenko VA, Reinsel RA, Beattie B, Akhurst TJ. Propofol and thiopental do not interfere with regional cerebral blood flow response at sedative concentrations. Anesthesiology 2005;102(1):26-34.
89. Kerssens C, Hamann S, Peltier SJ, Hu X, Byas-Smith M, Sebel PS. Attenuated brain response to auditory word stimulation with sevoflurane: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans. Anesthesiology 2005;103:11-19.
90. Davis MH, Coleman MR, Absalom AR, Rodd JM, Johnsrude IS, Matta BF, Owen AM, Menon DK. Dissociating speech perception and comprehension at reduced levels of awareness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(41):16032-7.
91. Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Feshchenko VA, Dnistrian AM. A neuroanatomical construct for the amnesic effects of propofol. Anesthesiology 2002;97:329-37.
92. Pryor KO, Reinsel RA, Mehta MS, Veselis RA. Multiple pathways to amnesia: dissociable forms ofmemory decay caused by intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A836.
93. Alkire MT, Gruver R, Miller J, McReynolds JR, Hahn EL, Cahill L. Neuroimaging analysis of an anesthetic gas that blocks human emotional memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(5):1722-7.
94. Friston KJ. Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: a synthesis. Hum Brain Mapp 1994;2:56-78.
95. Alkire MT, Hockert PS. Long-term human emotional memory is blocked by 40% nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A732.
96. Alkire MT, Gruver RL, Cahill L. Desflurane suppresses human working memory areas without changing amygdala-hippocampal connectivity. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A835.
97. Peltier SJ, Kerssens C, Hamann SB, Sebel PS, Byas-Smith M, Hu X. Functional connectivity changes with concentration of sevoflurane anesthesia. NeuroReport 2005;16(3):285-8.
98. Kiviniemi VJ, Haanpaa H, Kantola JH, Jauhiainen J, Vainionpaa V, Alahuhta S, Tervonen O. Midazolam sedation increases fluctuation and synchrony of the resting brain BOLD signal. Magn Reson Imaging 2005;23(4):531-7.
99. Kerssens C, Glielmi CB, Peltier SJ, Sebel PS, Hu XP. Increased resting-state functional connectivity during light sedation with propofol. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1306.
100. Fell J, Klaver P, Lehnertz K, Grunwald T, Schaller C, Elger CE, Fernandez G. Human memory formation is accompanied by rhinal-hippocampal coupling and decoupling. Nat Neurosci 2001;4(12):1259-64.
101. Fell J, Klaver P, Elger CE, Fernandez G. The interaction of rhinal cortex and hippocampus in human declarative memory formation. Rev Neurosci 2002;13(4):299-312.
102. Fell J, Widman G, Rehberg B, Elger CE, Fernandez G. Human mediotemporal EEG characteristics during propofol anesthesia. Biol Cybern 2005;92(2):92-100.
103. Xu JY, Sastry BR. Benzodiazepine involvement in LTP of the GABA-ergic IPSC in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Brain Res 2005;1062:134-43.
104. Evans MS, Viola-McCabe KE. Midazolam inhibits long-term potentiation through modulation of GABAA receptors. Neuropharmacology 1996;35(3):347-57.
105. Nagashima K, Zorumski CF, Izumi Y. Propofol inhibits long-term potentiation but not long-term depression in rat hippocampal slices. Anesthesiology 2005;103(2):318-26.
106. Ren Y, Zhang FJ, Xue QS, Zhao X, Yu BW. Bilateral inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function within the basolateral amygdala blocked propofol-induced amnesia and activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein expression inhibition in the hippocampus. Anesthesiology 2008;109(5):775-81.