Metamorphic P-T profile and P-T path discontinuity across the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya: Investigation of channel flow models

Journal of Metamorphic Geology

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 527-549

  Imayama, T ^a   Takeshita, T ^b   Arita, K ^b  

^a NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Channel flow; Main Central Thrust; Nepal Himalaya; P T path; Thermobarometry

Indexed keywords

CHANNEL FLOW; DISCONTINUITY; EXHUMATION; GARNET; GEOBAROMETRY; KYANITE; P-T CONDITIONS; P-T-T PATH; PRESSURE GRADIENT; STAUROLITE; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; THRUST FAULT;

NEPAL;

EID: 77954182351     PISSN: 02634929     EISSN: 15251314     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00879.x     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Arita K. Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the Lower Himalayas, central Nepal. Tectonophysics 1983, 95:43-60.
2. Beaumont C, Jamieson RA, Nguyen MH, Lee B. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature 2001, 414:738-742.
3. Beaumont C, Jamieson RA, Nguyen MH, Medvedev S. Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109. doi:10.1029/2003JB002809
4. Bhattacharya A, Mohanty L, Maji A, Sen SK, Raith M. Non-ideal mixing in the phlogopite-annite binary: constrains from experimental data on Mg-Fe partitioning and a reformulation of the biotite-garnet geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1992, 111:87-93.
5. Bird P. Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96:10275-10286.
6. Brookfield ME. The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous. Sedimentary Geology 1993, 84:1-35.
7. Burchfiel BC, Chen Z, Hodges KV. The south Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan orogen: extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geological Society of American Special Paper 1992, 269:1-41.
8. Burg JP, Brunel M, Gapais D, Chen GM, Liu GH. Deformation of leucogranites of the crystalline Main Central sheet in southern Tibet (China). Journal of Structural Geology 1984, 6:536-542.
9. Catlos EJ, Harrison TM, Kohn MJ. Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:16177-16204.
10. Catlos EJ, Harrison TN, Manning CE. Records of the evolution of the Himalayan orogen from in situ Th-Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite: eastern Nepal and western Garwal. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2002, 20:459-479.
11. Catlos EJ, Dube CS, Harrison TM, Edwards MA. Late Miocene movement within the Himalayan Main Central Thrust shear zone, Sikkim, north-east India. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2004, 22:207-226.
12. Chatterjee ND, Froese E. A thermodynamic study of the pseudo-binary join muscovite-paragonite in the system KAlSi3O8-NaAlSi3O8-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. American Mineralogist 1975, 60:985-993.
13. Connolly JAD. Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: a tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 236:524-541.
14. Copeland P, Harrison TM, Hodges KV, Maruéjol P, Le Fort P, Pécher A. An early Pliocene disturbance of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal: implications for Himalayan tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96:8475-8500.
15. Daniel CG, Hollister LS, Parrish RR, Grujic D. Exhumation of the Main Central Thrust from Lower Crustal Depths, eastern Bhutan Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2003, 21:317-334.
16. Davidson C, Grujic DE, Hollister LS, Schmid SM. Metamorphic reactions related to decompression and synkinematic intrusion of leucogranite, High Himalayan Crystallines, Bhutan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1997, 15:593-612.
17. DeCelles PG, Robinson DM, Quade J. Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics 2001, 20:487-509.
18. Depinein VG, Andronicos CL, Morgan JP. Near-isothermal conditions in the middle and lower crust induced by melt migration. Nature 2008, 452:80-83.
19. England P, Molnar P. The interpretation of inverted metamorphic isograds using simple physical calculations. Tectonics 1993, 12:145-157.
20. England PC, Thompson AB. Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional metamorphism, Part I: Heat transfer during the evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. Journal of Petrology 1984, 25:894-928.
21. Evans TP. A method for calculating effective bulk composition modification due to crystal fractionation in garnet-bearing schist: implications for isopleths thermobarometry. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2004, 23:547-557.
22. Frost BR, Chacko T. The granulite uncertainly principle: limitations on thermobarometry in granulites. Journal of Geology 1989, 97:435-450.
23. Gansser A. Geology of the Himalayas 1964, Interscience Publisher, London
24. Godin L, Parrish RR, Brown RL, Hodges KV. Crustal thickening leading to exhumation of the Himalayan metamorphic core of central Nepal: insight from U-Pb geochronology and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology. Tectonics 2001, 20:729-747.
25. Godin L, Grujic D, Law RD, Searle MP. Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones: an introduction. Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, Special Publications 268 2006, 1-23. Law RD, Searle MP, Godin L, eds, Geological Society, London
26. Goscombe B, Hand M. Contrasting P-T paths in the eastern Himalaya, Nepal: inverted isograds in a paired metamorphic mountain belt. Journal of Petrology 2000, 41:1673-1719.
27. Goscombe B, Gray D, Hand M. Crustal architecture of the Himalayan metamorphic front in eastern Nepal. Gondwana Research 2006, 10:232-255.
28. Grasemann B, Vannay J-C. Flow controlled inverted metamorphism in shear zones. Journal of Structural Geology 1999, 21:743-750.
29. Groppo C, Rolfo F, Lombardo B. P-T evolution across the Main Central Thrust Zone (Eastern Nepal): hidden discontinuities revealed by petrology. Journal of Petrology 2009, 50:1149-1180.
30. Grujic D, Casey M, Davidson C. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: evidence from quartz microfabrics. Tectonophysics 1996, 260:21-43.
31. Grujic D, Lincoln S, Hollister S, Parrish RR. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 198:177-191.
32. Hackler RT, Wood BJ. Experimental determination of Fe and Mg exchange between garnet and olivine and estimation of Fe-Mg mixing properties in garnet. American Mineralogist 1989, 74:994-999.
33. Harley SL. The origins of granulites: a metamorphic perspective. Geological Magazine 1989, 126:215-247.
34. Harris NBW, Caddick M, Kosler J, Goswami S, Vance D, Tindle AG. The pressure-temperature-time path of migmatites from the Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2004, 22:249-264.
35. Harrison TM, Grove M, McKeegan KD, Coath CD, Lovera OM, Le Fort P. Origin and episodic emplacement of the Manaslu intrusive complex, central Himalaya. Journal of Petrology 1999, 40:3-19.
36. Hashimoto S, Ohta Y, Akiba C. Geology of the Nepal Himalaya 1973, Saikon, Tokyo
37. Hodges KV. Overview: tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2000, 112:324-350.
38. Hodges KV, Le Fort P, Pêcher A. Possible thermal buffering by crustal anatexis in collisional orogens: thermobarometric evidence from the Nepalese Himalaya. Geology 1988, 16:707-710.
39. Hodges KV, Parrish RR, Housh TB. Simultaneous Miocene extension and shortening in the Himalayan Orogen. Science 1992, 258:1466-1470.
40. Hoisch TD. Empirical calibration of six geobarometers for the mineral assemblage quartz + muscovite + biotite + plagioclase + garnet. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1990, 104:225-234.
41. Holdaway MJ. Application of new experimental and garnet Margules data to the garnet-biotite geothermometer. American Mineralogist 2000, 85:881-892.
42. Holdaway MJ. Recalibration of GASP geobarometer in light of recent garnet and plagioclase activity models and versions of the garnet-biotite geothermometer. American Mineralogist 2001, 86:1117-1129.
43. Holland TJB, Powell R. An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1998, 16:309-343.
44. Hubbard MS. Ductile shear as a cause of inverted metamorphism: example from the Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Geology 1996, 104:493-499.
45. Hubbard MS, Harrison TM. 40Ar/39Ar age constrains on deformation and metamorphism in the main central thrust zone and Tibetan slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 1989, 8:865-880.
46. Huerta AD, Royden LH, Hodges KV. The interdependence of deformational and thermal processes in mountain belts. Science 1996, 273:637-639.
47. Imayama T, Arita K. Nd isotopic data reveal the material and tectonic nature of the Main Central Thrust zone in Nepal Himalaya. Tectonophysics 2008, 451:265-281.
48. Jain AK, Manickavasagam RM. Inverted metamorphism in the intracontinental ductile shear zone during Himalayan collision tectonics. Geology 1993, 21:407-410.
49. Jamieson RA, Beaumont C, Hamilton J, Fulisack P. Tectonic assembly of inverted metamorphic sequences. Geology 1996, 24:839-842.
50. Jamieson RA, Beaumont C, Nguyen MH, Lee B. Interaction of metamorphism, deformation and exhumation in large convergent orogens. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2002, 20:9-24.
51. Jamieson RA, Beaumont C, Medvedev S, Nguyen MH. Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B06407. doi:10.1029/2003JB002811
52. Jamieson RA, Beaumont C, Nguyen MH, Grujic D. Provenance of the Greater Himalayan sequence and associated rocks: predictions of channel flow models. Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, Special Publications 268 2006, 165-182. Law RD, Searle MP, Godin L, eds, Geological Society, London
53. Jessup MJ, Cottle JM, Searle MP. P-T-t-D paths of Everest Series schist, Nepal. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2008, 26:717-739.
54. Kohn MJ. P-T-t data from central Nepal support critical taper and repudiate large-scale channel flow of the Greater Himalayan sequence. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2008, 120:259-273.
55. Kohn MJ, Catlos EJ, Ryerson FJ, Harrison TM. Pressure-temperature-time path discontinuity in the Main Central Thrust zone, central Nepal. Geology 2001, 29:571-574.
56. Kozioi AM, Newton RC. Redetermination of the anorthite breakdown reaction and improvement of the plagioclase-garnet-Al2SiO5-quartz geobarometer. American Mineralogist 1988, 73:216-223.
57. Kretz R. Symbols of rock forming minerals. American Mineralogist 1983, 68:277-279.
58. Le Fort P. Himalayas: the collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc. American Journal of Science 1975, 275A:1-44.
59. Le Fort P. Manaslu leucogranite: a collision signature of the Himalaya - a model for its genesis and emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:10545-10568.
60. Martin AJ, DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Patchett PJ, Isachsen C. Isotopic and structural constraints on the location of the Main Central Thrust in the Annapurna Range, central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2005, 117:926-944.
61. Massonne H-J, Schreyer W. Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting assemblage with K-feldspar, phlogopite, and quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1987, 96:212-224.
62. McQuarrie N, Robinson D, Long S. Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 272:105-117.
63. Miyazaki K. Formation of a high-temperature metamorphic complex due to pervasive melt migration in the hot crust. Island Arc 2007, 16:69-82.
64. Nelson KD, Zhao W, Brown LD. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science 1996, 274:1684-1688.
65. Newton RC, Charlu TV, Kleppa OJ. Thermochemistry of the high structural state plagioclases. Geochemica Cosmochimica Acta 1980, 44:933-941.
66. Parrish RR, Hodges KV. Isotopic constrains on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1996, 108:904-911.
67. Passchier CW, Trouw RL. Microtectonics 2005, 2nd edn, Springer, Berlin
68. Powell R, Holland T. Optimal geothermometry and geobarometry. American Mineralogist 1994, 79:120-133.
69. Powell R, Holland T, Worley B. Calculating phase diagrams involving solid solutions via non-linear equations, with examples using thermocalc. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1998, 16:577-588.
70. Ring V, Brandon MT, Willett SD, Lister GS. Exhumation processes. Exhumation Processes: Normal Faulting, Ductile Flow and Erosion, Special Publications 154 1999, 1-27. Ring U, Brandon MT, Lister GS, Willett SD. eds, Geological Society, London
71. Robinson DM, DeCelles PG, Patchett PJ, Garzion CN. The kinematic evolution of the Nepalese Himalaya interpreted from Nd isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letter 2001, 192:507-521.
72. Robinson DM, DeCells PG, Copeland P. Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: implications for channel flow models. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2006, 118:865-885.
73. Royden LH. The steady state thermal structure of eroding orogenic belts and accretionary prisms. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:4487-4507.
74. Schelling D. The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 1992, 11:925-943.
75. Schelling D, Arita K. Thrust tectonics, central shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 1991, 10:851-862.
76. Searle MP, Godin L. The south Tibetan detachment and the Manaslu Leucogranite: a structural reinterpretation and restoration of the Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal. The Journal of Geology 2003, 111:505-523.
77. Searle MP, Rex AJ. Thermal model for the Zanskar Himalaya. Journal Metamorphic Geology 1989, 7:127-134.
78. Searle MP, Simpson RL, Law RD, Parrish RR, Waters DJ. The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal-South Tibet. Journal of Geological Society of London 2003, 160:345-366.
79. Searle M, Law RD, Godin L. Defining the Himalayan Main Central Thrust in Nepal. Journal of Geological Society of London 2008, 165:523-534.
80. Simpson RL, Parrish RR, Searle MP, Waters DJ. Two episodes of monazite crystallization during metamorphism and crustal melting in the Everest region of the Nepalese Himalaya. Geology 2000, 28:403-406.
81. Spear FS. On the interpretation of peak metamorphic temperatures in light of garnet diffusion during cooling. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1991, 9:379-388.
82. Spear FS. Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths 1993, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC
83. Spear FS, Selverstone J. Quantitative P-T paths from zoned minerals: theory and tectonic applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1983, 83:348-357.
84. Spear FS, Kohn MJ, Cheney JT. P-T paths from anatectic pelites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1999, 134:17-32.
85. Spear FS, Kohn MJ, Nenard T, Florence F. Program Gibbs, version 5.0 2001, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
86. Swapp SM, Hollister LS. Inverted metamorphism within the Tibetan slab of Bhutan: evidence for a tectonically transported heat-source. Canadian Mineralogist 1991, 29:1019-1041.
87. Takigami Y, Sakai H, Orihashi Y. 1.5-1.7 Ga rocks discovered from the Lesser Himalaya and Siwalik belt: 40Ar-39Ar ages and their significances in the evolution of the Himalayan orogen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2002, 66:A762.
88. Tracy RJ, Robinson P, Thompson AB. Garnet composition and zoning in the determination of temperature and pressure of metamorphism, central Massachusetts. American Mineralogist 1976, 61:762-775.
89. Vannay JC, Grasemann B. Himalayan inverted metamorphism and syn-convergence extension a consequence of a general shear extrusion. Geological Magazine 2001, 138:253-276.
90. Vannay JC, Hodges KV. Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, central Nepal. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1996, 14:635-656.
91. Viskupic K, Hodges KV, Bowring SA. Timescales of melt generation and the thermal evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core, Everest region, eastern Nepal. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2005, 149:1-21.
92. Waldbaum DR, Thompson JB. Mixing properties of sanidine crystalline solutions: II. Calculations based on volume data. American Mineralogist 1968, 53:2000-2017.
93. Walker CB, Searle MP, Waters DJ. An integrated tectonothermal model for the evolution on the High Himalaya in western Zanskar with constrains from thermobarometry and metamorphic modeling. Tectonics 2001, 20:810-833.
94. White RW, Powell R, Holland TJB. Calculation of partial melting equilibria in the system Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (NCKFMASH). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2001, 19:139-153.
95. White RW, Powell R, Holland TJB. Progress relating to calculation of partial melting equilibria for metapelites. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2007, 25:511-527.
96. Yagi KZ, Takeshita T. Regional variation in exhumation and strain ration of the high-pressure Sambagawa metamorphic rocks in central Shikoku, south-west Japan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2002, 20:633-647.
97. Zhao W, Nelson KD. Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet. Nature 1993, 366:557-559.