The Framingham Heart Study's Impact on Global Risk Assessment

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 68-78

  Bitton, Asaf ^a,b   Gaziano, Thomas ^a,b,c  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Developing countries; Risk assessment; Risk scores

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE MARKER; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INTERNAL VALIDITY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SCORING SYSTEM; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SUDDEN DEATH; ADULT; AGED; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HEALTH; HEALTH SURVEY; HISTORY; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION; RISK FACTOR; TIME; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH DESIGN; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (U.S.); POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 77954153205     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2010.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Bruenn H.G. Clinical notes on the illness and death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Annals of internal medicine 1970, 579-591. American College of Physicians.
2. Reches A. Transparency with respect to the health of political leaders. Isr Med Assoc J 2006, 8:751-753.
3. Barach A.L. Franklin Roosevelt's illness. Effect on course of history. N Y State J Med 1977, 77:2154-2157.
4. White P.D. Heart disease 1937, Macmillan, New York. 2nd ed.
5. Dawber T.R., Meadors G.F., Moore F.E. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1951, 41:279-281.
6. Kannel W.B., Dawber T.R., Kagan A., et al. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease-six year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1961, 55:33-50.
7. Anderson K.M., Odell P.M., Wilson P.W., et al. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1991, 121:293-298.
8. Wolf P.A., D'Agostino R.B., Belanger A.J., et al. Probality of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991, 22:312-318.
9. Giampaoli S., Palmieri L., Mattiello A., et al. Definition of high risk individuals to optimise strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005, 15:79-85.
10. Jackson R. Guidelines on preventing cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. BMJ 2000, 320:659-661.
11. Truett J., Cornfield J., Kannel W. A multivariate analysis of the risk of coronary heart disease in Framingham. J Chronic Dis 1967, 20:511-524.
12. American Heart Association Committee on Reduction of Risk of Heart and Stroke. Coronary risk handbook: estimating risk of coronary heart disease in daily practice/[prepared under the supervision of the American Heart Association, Committee on Reduction of Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke] 1973, American Heart Association, New York.
13. Kannel W.B., McGee D., Gordon T. A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 1976, 38:46-51.
14. Brittain E. Probability of coronary heart disease developing. West J Med 1982, 136:86-89.
15. Wilson P.W., D'Agostino R.B., Levy D., et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998, 97:1837-1847.
16. D'Agostino R.B., Vasan R.S., Pencina M.J., et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008, 117:743-753.
17. Anonymous Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. A cooperative study. JAMA 1977, 237:255-261.
18. Thomsen T. HeartScore: a new Web-based approach to European cardiovascular disease risk management. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005, 12:424-426.
19. Baker S., Priest P., Jackson R. Using thresholds based on risk of cardiovascular disease to target treatment for hypertension: modelling events averted and number treated. BMJ 2000, 320:680-685. [see comment][erratum appears in BMJ 2000 May 27;320(7247):1436].
20. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. Circulation 2002, 106:3143-3421. [see comment].
21. Jackson R. Updated New Zealand cardiovascular disease risk-benefit prediction guide. BMJ 2000, 320:709-710.
22. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003, 21:1011-1053.
23. WHO Prevention of cardiovascular disease. Guidelines for the assessment and management of total cardiovascular risk 2007, World Health Organization, Geneva.
24. Gori A., Bandera A., Marchetti G., et al. Spoligotyping and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2005, 11:1242-1248.
25. Gaziano T.A. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management. Circulation 2005, 112:3547-3553.
26. Assmann G., Cullen P., Schulte H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002, 105:310-315.
27. Conroy R.M., Pyorala K., Fitzgerald A.P., et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:987-1003.
28. Ferrario M., Chiodini P., Chambless L.E., et al. Prediction of coronary events in a low incidence population. Assessing accuracy of the CUORE Cohort Study prediction equation. Int J Epidemiol 2005, 34:413-421.
29. Woodward M., Brindle P., Tunstall-Pedoe H. Adding social deprivation and family history to cardiovascular risk assessment: the ASSIGN score from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC). Heart 2007, 93:172-176. for the SIGN group on risk estimation.
30. Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C., Vinogradova Y., et al. Derivation and validation of QRISK, a new cardiovascular disease risk score for the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study. BMJ 2007, 335:136.
31. Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C., Vinogradova Y., et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 2008, 336:1475-1482.
32. Ridker P.M., Buring J.E., Rifai N., et al. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007, 297:611-619.
33. Ridker P.M., Paynter N.P., Rifai N., et al. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008, 118:2243-2251. 4p following 2251.
34. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) National Center for Health Statistics. First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) 1971-1975, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
35. Gaziano T.A., Young C.R., Fitzmaurice G., et al. Laboratory-based versus non-laboratory-based method for assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: the NHANES I Follow-up Study cohort. Lancet 2008, 371:923-931.
36. D'Agostino R.B., Grundy S., Sullivan L.M., et al. Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA 2001, 286:180-187.
37. Bastuji-Garin S., Deverly A., Moyse D., et al. The Framingham prediction rule is not valid in a European population of treated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2002, 20:1973-1980.
38. Brindle P., Emberson J., Lampe F., et al. Predictive accuracy of the Framingham coronary risk score in British men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2003, 327:1267.
39. Liu J., Hong Y., D'Agostino R.B., et al. Predictive value for the Chinese population of the Framingham CHD risk assessment tool compared with the Chinese Multi-Provincial Cohort Study. JAMA 2004, 291:2591-2599.
40. Haq I.U., Jackson P.R., Yeo W.W., et al. Sheffield risk and treatment table for cholesterol lowering for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995, 346:1467-1471.
41. Wallis E.J., Ramsay L.E., Ul Haq I., et al. Coronary and cardiovascular risk estimation for primary prevention: validation of a new Sheffield table in the 1995 Scottish health survey population. BMJ 2000, 320:671-676.
42. Anderson K., Wilson P., Odell P., et al. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation 1991, 83:356-362.
43. Milne R., Gamble G., Whitlock G., et al. Framingham Heart Study risk equation predicts first cardiovascular event rates in New Zealanders at the population level. N Z Med J 2003, 116:U662.
44. Haq I.U., Ramsay L.E., Jackson P.R., et al. Prediction of coronary risk for primary prevention of coronary heart disease: a comparison of methods. QJM 1999, 92:379-385.
45. Ulmer H., Kollerits B., Kelleher C., et al. Predictive accuracy of the SCORE risk function for cardiovascular disease in clinical practice: a prospective evaluation of 44 649 Austrian men and women. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005, 12:433-441.
46. Wang T.J., Gona P., Larson M.G., et al. Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2631-2639.
47. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560-2571.
48. Williams B., Poulter N.R., Brown M.J., et al. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004, 18:139-185.
49. De Backer G., Ambrosioni E., Borch-Johnsen K., et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:1601-1610.
50. National Health Committee Guidelines for the management of mildly raised blood pressure in New Zealand 1995, Core Services Committee, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
51. Lenz M., Muhlhauser I. Cardiovascular risk assessment for informed decision making. Validity of prediction tools. Med Klin (Munich) 2004, 99:651-661.
52. Cooney M.T., Dudina A.L., Graham I.M. Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a review for clinicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:1209-1227.
53. Neuhauser H.K., Ellert U., Kurth B.M. A comparison of Framingham and SCORE-based cardiovascular risk estimates in participants of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005, 12:442-450.
54. Empana J.P., Ducimetiere P., Arveiler D., et al. Are the Framingham and PROCAM coronary heart disease risk functions applicable to different European populations? The PRIME Study. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:1903-1911.
55. Wu Y., Liu X., Li X., et al. Estimation of 10-year risk of fatal and nonfatal ischemic cardiovascular diseases in Chinese adults. Circulation 2006, 114:2217-2225.
56. Hennekens C.H., D'Agostino R.B. Global risk assessment for cardiovascular disease and astute clinical judgement. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:1899-1900.
57. Bhopal R., Fischbacher C., Vartiainen E., et al. Predicted and observed cardiovascular disease in South Asians: application of FINRISK, Framingham and SCORE models to Newcastle Heart Project data. J Public Health (Oxf) 2005, 27:93-100.
58. Hense H.W., Schulte H., Löwel H., et al. Framingham risk function overestimates risk of coronary heart disease in men and women from Germany--results from the MONICA Augsburg and the PROCAM cohorts. Eur Heart J. 2003, 24:937-945.
59. Cooper J.A., Miller G.J., Humphries S.E. A comparison of the PROCAM and Framingham point-scoring systems for estimation of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2005, 181:93-100.
60. Stephens J.W., Amber G., Vallance P., et al. Cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Are the methods of risk prediction satisfactory?. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004, 11:521-528.