Many times doomed but still alive: An attempt to understand the continuity of the special relationship

Journal of Transatlantic Studies

Volumn 3, Issue , 2005, Pages 63-83

  Élie, Jérôme B ^a  

^a GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954116525     PISSN: 14794012     EISSN: 17541018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14794010508656786     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Baylis, John. 1984. Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939-1984:The Special Relationship, xiv–xiv. London:Macmillan Press Ltd.
2. See:Baylis John, The ‘Special Relationship’ A Diverting Myth? Haunted by History:Myths in International Relations Buffet Cyril, Heuser Beatrice, Berghahn Books Providence 1998 118 134 in
3. Danchev, Alex. 1998. On Specialness:Essays in Anglo-American Relations, 3–3. London:Macmillan Press Ltd.
4. Dickie, John. 1994. ‘Special’ No More. Anglo-American Relations:Rhetoric and Reality, xiv–xiv. London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
5. Allen, H.C., 1959. The Anglo-American Relationship since 1783, 237–237. London:Black. quoted in:David Reynolds, ‘Rethinking Anglo-American Relations’, International Affairs, 65, 1 (1988/89), p.90.
6. Baylis, John, ed. 1997. Anglo-American Relations Since 1939:the Enduring Alliance, Manchester:Manchester University Press. Christopher Hitchens, Blood, Class and Empire:the Enduring Anglo-American Relationship, New York, Nation Books, 2004.
7. See for example:Walt Stephen M., Why Alliances Endure or Collapse Survival 1997 39 1 156 179
8. Reynolds, David. 1985/86. A ‘Special Relationship’? America, Britain and the International Order Since the Second World War. International Affairs, 62 (1):1–20.
9. Danchev. On Specialness… 6–8.
10. Danchev. On Specialness… 2–2.
11. A classic example of this approach is:Raymond Dawson and Richard Rosecrance Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance World Politics 1966 19 1 21 51
12. Baylis, John. 1985. The Anglo-American Relationship and Alliance Theory. International Relations, 8 (4):375–378.
13. See:Reynolds David, Competitive Co-operation:Anglo-American Relations in World War Two The Historical Journal 1980 23 1 233 245 and The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–1941:a Study in Competitive Co-operation, London, Europa Publisher, 1981.
14. Hathaway, Robert M., 1981. Ambiguous Partnership:Britain and America, 1944–1947, New York:Columbia University Press.
15. Baylis. The Anglo-American Relationship and Alliance Theory 373–373.
16. See:Watt Donald, Cameron Succeeding John Bull:America in Britain's Place, 1900–1975:a Study of the Anglo-American Relationship and World Politics in the Context of British and American Foreign-Policy-Making in the Twentieth Century Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1984
17. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 95–96.
18. Reynolds. A ‘Special Relationship’?… 2–2.
19. For arguments along this line, see:Heuser Beatrice, “Punching Above Her Weight”:les Forces Militaires de la Grande-Bretagne dans l'Après-Guerre Froide Stratégique 1997 65 1 132 135 and ‘Undoing Britain? A Survey of Britain’, The Economist, November 6, 1999, p.16.
20. Reynolds, David. 1991. Britannia Overruled:British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century, 178–178. London and New York:Longman.
21. Dumbrell, John. 2001. A Special Relationship:Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After, 13–14. Basingstoke:Palgrave.
22. Schroeder, Paul W., 1976. “ Alliances, 1815–1945:Weapons of Power and Tools of Management ”. In Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems, Edited by:Knorr, Klaus. 230–231. Lawrence, Kan.:University of Kansas Press. See also:Christopher Gelpi, ‘Alliances as Instruments of Intra-Allied Control’, in:Helga Haftendorn, Robert O. Keohane, and Celeste A. Wallander, ed., Imperfect Unions:Security Institutions Over Time and Space, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 107–139.
23. Baylis. Anglo-American Defence Relations… xiv–xiv.
24. For recent examples of their usage, see:Angleterre et Amérique Les Echos 1995 juin 28Jean-Pierre Langellier, ‘Le vieux couple Londres-Washington’, Le Monde, 3 octobre 2001; Jacques Duplouich, ‘La première visite d'Etat d'un président américain au Royaume-Uni’, Le Figaro, 18 novembre 2003; Pauline Schnapper, ‘Mythes et réalité de la relation spéciale’, in:Agnès Alexandre-Collier, ed., La ‘relation spéciale” Royaume-Uni/Etats-Unis:entre mythe et réalité (1945–1990), Editions du Temps, Nantes, 2002, p.39.
25. For a recent example, see:Beckett Francis, What Has America Ever Done For us? New Statesman 2003 March 18 20 3
26. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 98–98. and p. 110
27. Danchev, Alex. 2003. Greeks and Romans:Anglo-American Relations After 9/11. RUSI Journal, 148 (2):17–17.
28. Howard, Michael. 1994. Victory that Exhausted the Nation. The Times, May 28quoted in:Baylis, ‘The ‘Special Relationship’ A Diverting Myth?’, p. 134.
29. See:Deighton Anne, Britain and the Three Interlocking Circles Europe 1945–1990s:the End of an Era? Varsori Antonio, St Martin's Press and Macmillan Ltd London and New York 1995 155 169
30. Baylis. The ‘Special Relationship’ A Diverting Myth? 134–134.
31. Reynolds. Britannia Overruled… 298–298.
32. George, Stephen. 1994. An Awkward Partner:Britain and the European Community, Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.
33. Unwin, Peter. March 1995. Where Britain Belongs March, Occasional Paper No 9, The Davies Memorial institute of International Studies
34. See:Varsori Antonio, Is Britain Part of Europe? The Myth of British ‘Difference’ Haunted by History… Buffet, Heuser, 135 156
35. Baylis. The ‘Special Relationship’ A Diverting Myth? 126–126. Reynolds, ‘Rethinking Anglo-American Relations’, p. 108.
36. Dumbrell. A Special Relationship… 222–222.
37. Beloff. The Special Relationship:an Anglo-American Myth 167–167.
38. Schnapper, Pauline. 2000. La Grande-Bretagne et l'Europe:le grand malentendu, Paris:Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.
39. On Britain and Europe, see:Britain For and Against Europe:British Politics and the Question of European integration Baker David, Seawright David, Clarendon Press Oxford 1998 Jeremy Black, Convergence or divergence? Britain and the Continent, Basingstoke and London, Macmillan, 1994; Roy Denman, Missed Chances:Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century, London, Cassell Publisher, 1997; Stephen George, ed., Britain and the European Community:the Politics of Semi-Detachment, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992; John W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945–1992, Basingstoke and London, Macmillan, 1993.
40. Menon, Anand. 1996. Defence Policy and Integration in Western Europe. Contemporary Security Policy, 17 (2):265–265.
41. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 98–98.
42. Danchev. On Specialness… 159–160.
43. Speech by the Prime Minister, Mr Tony Blair, at a Luncheon to Mark the 150th Anniversary of the Associated Press, London, December 15,1998 (http://www.fco.gov.uk.
44. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 97–97.
45. Danchev. On Specialness… 158–158.
46. Baylis. The Anglo-American Relationship and Alliance Theory 368–369.
47. Skidelsky, Robert. March/April 2002. “ Imbalance of Power ”. In Foreign Policy Vol. 129, March/April, 53–53. Skidelsky's point was taken up by Geir Lundestad in his:The United States and Western Europe since 1945:From ‘Empire’ by Invitation to Transatlantic Drift, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2003, p.96.
48. See:Keohane Robert O., Nye Joseph S., Power and Interdependence HarperCollins New York 1989
49. Dumbrell. A Special Relationship… 16–16.
50. Campbell, Duncan. 1984. The Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier:American Military Power in Britain, London:M. Joseph.
51. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 1990. Bound to Lead:the Changing Nature of American Power, 31–31. New York:Basic Books Inc.
52. For an excellent study of the intelligence special relationship in the early Cold War period, see:Aldrich Richard J., The Hidden Hand:Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence John Murray London 2001
53. Lundestad. The United States and Western Europe since 1945… 98–98.
54. Richardson, Louise. 1996. When Allies Differ:Anglo-American Relations during the Suez and Falkland Crises, 221–221. New York:St. Martin's Press.
55. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 110–110.
56. Edmonds, Robins. 1986. Setting the Mould:the United States and Britain, 1945–1950, Oxford:Clarendon.
57. For an analysis of the impact of the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks in the US on the special relationship, see:Marsh Steve, September 11 and Anglo-American Relations:Reaffirming the Special Relationship Journal of Transatlantic Studies, supplement on Transatlantic Views on the Impact of 11 September 2001 Spring 2003 56 75
58. See:MacAskill Ewen, Norton-Taylor Richard, Borger Julian, How a US Bugging Operation Was Exposed by One Lone Whistleblower:Spotlight on the Actions of British Spies and Legality of Iraq Invasion The Guardian 2004 February 26‘Text of the Memorandum Detailing the US Plan to Bug the Phones and E-mails of Key Security Council Members’, The Observer, March 2, 2003; Jefferson Morley, ‘British Press Hails Wiretap Whistleblower:A Year Later, World Press Debates Allegation That U.S. Spied on U.N. Diplomats’, The Washington post, February 26, 2004; Glenn Frankel, ‘Short Suggests Britain Eavesdropped on Annan:Former Cabinet Official Says British Intelligence Recorded U.N. Secretary General's Conversations in Run-Up to War’, The Washington post, February 26, 2004; ‘Full Text of John Humphrys’ Interview with Clare Short on BBC Radio 4's Today programme’, The Guardian, February 26, 2004.
59. For an interesting development on the French perception of Anglo-American ties, see:Heuser Beatrice, Dunkirk, Diên Biên Phu, Suez or Why France Does Not Trust Allies and Has Learnt to Love the Bomb Haunted by History… Buffet, Heuser, 157 174
60. See:Interception Capabilities 2000:Report to the Director General for Research of the European Parliament (Scientific and Technical Options Assessment programme office) on the Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information Author:Duncan Campbell, IPTV Ltd Edinburgh, Scotland Editor:Dick Holdsworth (Head of STOA Unit), Luxembourg, October 1999, PE number:PE 168.184 Vol.2/5. (Report available online at:http://www.europarl.eu.int/stoa/publi/pdf/98-14-01-2_en.pdf. In the press, see:Laurent Zecchini, ‘Comment les Etats-Unis espionnent l’Europe’, Le Monde, 23 Février 2000; Barry James, ‘Report to EU Says U.S. and U.K. Spied on Allies’, The International Herald Tribune, February 24, 2000; Richard Norton-Taylor and David Gow, ‘French anger at US-British global spying’, The Guardian, February 24, 2000; Martin Fletcher, ‘EU anger at ‘spy ring”, The Times (London), March 31, 2000.
61. Compare for example the periodisations given in:Anglo-American Relations Since 1939… Baylis, and Robert M. Hathaway, Great Britain and the United States:Special Relations since World War II, Boston, Twayne Publishers, 1990.
62. Baylis. The Anglo-American Relationship and Alliance Theory 378–378. and pp.269–370.
63. Danchev. On Specialness… 164–164.
64. Danchev. On Specialness… 155–155.
65. Danchev. On Specialness… 162–162.
66. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 108–108.
67. Élie, Jérôme. La réunification allemande et les relations anglo-américaines:première crised'après-guerre froide de la ‘Relation Spéciale’. Relations Internationales, No 120, forthcoming in 2004
68. Danchev. On Specialness… 154–154.
69. For an interesting study, which includes the impact of such links, see:Richardson, When Allies Differ…
70. Baylis. The Anglo-American Relationship and Alliance Theory 370–370.
71. O'Sullivan, John. 2001. How ‘Special’? For How Long? Between Washington and London. The National Review, February:18–20. 5Gideon Rachman, ‘Is the Anglo-American Relationship Still Special?’, The Washington Quarterly, 24, 2 (2001), p.9.
72. Beloff. The Special Relationship:an Anglo-American Myth 170–170.
73. Baylis, John. The ‘Special Relationship’ A Diverting Myth? 123–123.
74. Therefore, the special relationship should certainly be studied in the framework developed by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger in their:The Invention of Tradition Cambridge University Press Cambridge and New York 1983
75. Reynolds. Rethinking Anglo-American Relations 98–98.
76. For an interesting study of the special relationship, which analyses the interplay between culture, sentiment and interests, see:Dumbrell, A Special Relationship…
77. Danchev. On Specialness… 156–156.
78. Baylis. The ‘Special Relationship’ A Diverting Myth? 129–129. Ball's comments are quoted from:George W. Ball, The Discipline of Power:Essentials of a Modern World Structure, London, Bodley Head, 1968.
79. Danchev. On Specialness… 158–158.
80. This last development is based on:Élie Jérôme, La ‘relation spéciale’ anglo-américaine, le New Labour et la défense européenne, 1997–2000:une nouvelle politique stratégique pour le Royaume Uni? Graduate Institute of International Studies Geneva 2000 unpublished Master's thesis
81. The Strategic Defence Review — with a volume of eleven Supporting Essays and a pack of 27 Fact Sheets; Cm 3999, July 1998 (www.mod.uk). See also:Mclnnes Colin, Labour's Strategic Defence Review International Affairs 1998 74 4 823 845 and Michael Codner, ‘Making a Difference With a Force for Good? — The Strategic Defence Review’, RUS1 International Security Review (1999), pp.9–23.
82. Quoted in:Hennessy Peter, Whitehall Watch:Accounting for Britain's presence in Washington The Independent London1990December 5 5 17
83. See:Second Report:British-US Relations; Report and Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices 2001 December HC 327, 18(Available at:http://www.parliament.uk
84. See:Nye Joseph S., Jr. Soft Power:The Means to Success in World Politics Public Affairs New York 2004
85. Gaddis, John Lewis. 1992. “ How the Cold War Might End:An Exercise in Faulty Prediction ”. In The United States and the End of the Cold War:Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations, Edited by:Gaddis, John Lewis. 135–136. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press.