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Bonaventure, P.; Letavic, M.; Dugovic, C.; Wilson, S.; Aluisio, L.; Pudiak, C.; Lord, B.; Mazur, C.; Kamme, F.; Nishino, S.; Carruthers, N.; Lovenberg, T. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 73, 1084-1096
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77950863934
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Stocking, E. M.; Aluisio, L.; Atack, J. R.; Bonaventure, P.; Carruthers, N. I.; Dugovic, C.; Everson, A.; Fraser, I.; Jiang, X.; Leung, P.; Lord, B.; Ly, K. S.; Morton, K. L.; Nepomuceno, D.; Shah, C. R.; Shelton, J.; Soyode-Johnson, A.; Letavic, M. A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 2755-2760
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Dugovic, C.6
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29144437722
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3 receptor, see
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3 receptor, see: Celanire, S.; Wijtmans, M.; Talaga, P.; Leurs, R.; de Esch, I. J. P. Drug Disc. Today 2005, 10, 1613-1627
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Celanire, S.1
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Leurs, R.4
De Esch, I.J.P.5
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5
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58149093623
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Yea, C. M.; Allan, C. E.; Ashworth, D. M.; Barnett, J.; Baxter, A. J.; Broadbridge, J. D.; Franklin, R. J.; Hampton, S. L.; Hudson, P.; Horton, J. A.; Jenkins, P. D.; Penson, A. M.; Pitt, G. R. W.; Riviere, P.; Robson, P. A.; Rooker, D. P.; Semple, G.; Sheppard, A.; Haigh, R. M.; Roe, M. B. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 8124-8134
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Franklin, R.J.7
Hampton, S.L.8
Hudson, P.9
Horton, J.A.10
Jenkins, P.D.11
Penson, A.M.12
Pitt, G.R.W.13
Riviere, P.14
Robson, P.A.15
Rooker, D.P.16
Semple, G.17
Sheppard, A.18
Haigh, R.M.19
Roe, M.B.20
more..
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6
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45549096050
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Shu, C.; Zeng, X.; Hao, M.-H.; Wei, X.; Yee, N. K.; Busacca, C. A.; Han, Z.; Farina, V.; Senanayake, C. H. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 1303-1306
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Shu, C.1
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Yee, N.K.5
Busacca, C.A.6
Han, Z.7
Farina, V.8
Senanayake, C.H.9
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7
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77954121139
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For a case with a R configuration at C-2 (starting from cis -4-hydroxy- d -proline), see:;;;; WO 030757
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For a case with a R configuration at C-2 (starting from cis -4-hydroxy- d -proline), see: Bradbury, R. H.; Halsall, C. T.; Hennequin, L. F. A.; Kettle, J. G.; Plowright, A. WO 030757, 2005.
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(2005)
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Bradbury, R.H.1
Halsall, C.T.2
Hennequin, L.F.A.3
Kettle, J.G.4
Plowright, A.5
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8
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0027967358
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Mayer, S. C.; Ramanjulu, J.; Vera, M. D.; Pfizenmayer, A. J.; Joullie, M. M. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5192-5205
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Mayer, S.C.1
Ramanjulu, J.2
Vera, M.D.3
Pfizenmayer, A.J.4
Joullie, M.M.5
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9
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77954093160
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WO 072458
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Lubisch, W.; Oost, T.; Wernet, W.; Unger, L.; Hornberger, W.; Geneste, H. WO 072458, 2006.
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(2006)
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Lubisch, W.1
Oost, T.2
Wernet, W.3
Unger, L.4
Hornberger, W.5
Geneste, H.6
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10
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77954124539
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Within this class of pharmaceuticals, meropenem is the most famous. Process patents for the key hydroxy proline piece include:;;;; Chinese Patent 101033209
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Within this class of pharmaceuticals, meropenem is the most famous. Process patents for the key hydroxy proline piece include: Zhang, F.; Ju, Y.; Pan, H.; Wang, G.; Xie, M. Chinese Patent 101033209, 2007.
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(2007)
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Zhang, F.1
Ju, Y.2
Pan, H.3
Wang, G.4
Xie, M.5
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13
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33749007131
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Related hydroxyproline derived N -monosubstituted amides are even more common; see, for example
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Related hydroxyproline derived N -monosubstituted amides are even more common; see, for example: Yee, N. K.; Farina, V.; Houpis, I. N.; Haddad, N.; Frutos, R. P.; Gallou, F.; Wang, X.-J.; Wei, X.; Simpson, R. D.; Feng, X.; Fuchs, V.; Xu, Y.; Tan, J.; Zhang, L.; Xu, J.; Smith-Keenan, L. L.; Vitous, J.; Ridges, M. D.; Spinelli, E. M.; Johnson, M. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 7133-7145
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Yee, N.K.1
Farina, V.2
Houpis, I.N.3
Haddad, N.4
Frutos, R.P.5
Gallou, F.6
Wang, X.-J.7
Wei, X.8
Simpson, R.D.9
Feng, X.10
Fuchs, V.11
Xu, Y.12
Tan, J.13
Zhang, L.14
Xu, J.15
Smith-Keenan, L.L.16
Vitous, J.17
Ridges, M.D.18
Spinelli, E.M.19
Johnson, M.20
more..
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53849096413
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Xin, J.; Chang, L.; Hou, Z.; Shang, D.; Liu, X.; Feng, X. Chem. - Eur. J. 2008, 14, 3177-3181
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Xin, J.1
Chang, L.2
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33748791724
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Palomo, C.; Vera, S.; Mielgo, A.; Gomez-Bengoa, E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2006, 45, 5984-5987
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Palomo, C.1
Vera, S.2
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Clapham, B.; Cho, C.-W.; Janda, K. D. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 868-873
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Clapham, B.1
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17
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84855617598
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Standard Sigma-Aldrich pricing: N -Boc-homopiperazine, $3180/mol; homopiperazine $124/mol
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Standard Sigma-Aldrich pricing: N -Boc-homopiperazine, $3180/mol; homopiperazine $124/mol.
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18
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33845558546
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Baker, G. L.; Fritschel, S. J.; Stille, J. R.; Stille, J. K. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 2954-2960
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Baker, G.L.1
Fritschel, S.J.2
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Stille, J.K.4
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21
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84855637380
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We were able to purchase 1 kg of N -acetylated 4 for less than $1/g
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We were able to purchase 1 kg of N -acetylated 4 for less than $1/g.
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22
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77954095292
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AS-H column, 85/15 hexanes/ethanol, 1 mL min flow rate, (S, S) enantiomer retention time 39 min, (R, R) enantiomer 42 min
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AS-H column, 85/15 hexanes/ethanol, 1 mL min flow rate, (S, S) enantiomer retention time 39 min, (R, R) enantiomer 42 min.
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23
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67650472198
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Zheng, C.; Li, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wang, H.; Cui, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, G. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 1685-1691
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Adv. Synth. Catal.
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Zheng, C.1
Li, Y.2
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Wang, H.4
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Zhang, J.6
Zhao, G.7
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24
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50549087286
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Chorghade, M. S.; Debendra, K. M.; Sahoo, G.; Gurjar, M.; Mandlech, M. V.; Bhoite, N.; Moghe, S.; Raines, R. T. J. Fluorine Chem. 2008, 129, 781-784
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Chorghade, M.S.1
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Bhoite, N.6
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34250722045
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Ma, Z.; Hu, H.; Xiong, W.; Zhai, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 63, 7523-7531
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Ma, Z.1
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33846069767
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Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, G. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 288-291
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Li, Y.1
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77954134250
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As shown in Figures 3 and 4, initial medicinal chemistry efforts utilized the di-HCl salt of cyclobutylhomopiperazine for the synthesis of 1. We found the ditosylate to be less hygroscopic and, thus, more suitable for benchtop handling. See the Experimental Section for details on the synthesis of cyclobutylhomopiperazine ditosylate
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As shown in Figures 3 and 4, initial medicinal chemistry efforts utilized the di-HCl salt of cyclobutylhomopiperazine for the synthesis of 1. We found the ditosylate to be less hygroscopic and, thus, more suitable for benchtop handling. See the Experimental Section for details on the synthesis of cyclobutylhomopiperazine ditosylate.
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0034725916
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Wang, T.; Zhongxing, Z.; Meanwell, N. A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4740-4742
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Wang, T.1
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Meanwell, N.A.3
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0032567392
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Chou, W.-C.; Tan, C.-W.; Chen, S.-F.; Ku, H. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 10015-10017
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Chou, W.-C.1
Tan, C.-W.2
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Ku, H.4
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31
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77954095850
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See the Supporting Information for characterization related to the crude mixture 8 and 7
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See the Supporting Information for characterization related to the crude mixture 8 and 7.
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32
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0000844109
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For lead references on STAB-H reductions, see
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For lead references on STAB-H reductions, see: Abdel-Magid, A. F.; Carson, K. G.; Harris, B. D.; Maryanoff, C. A.; Shah, R. D. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3849
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J. Org. Chem.
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Abdel-Magid, A.F.1
Carson, K.G.2
Harris, B.D.3
Maryanoff, C.A.4
Shah, R.D.5
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34
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0037505335
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For an example of a polymer-supported variant of triacetoxyborohydride, which can be utilized in reductions that require no aqueous workup
-
For an example of a polymer-supported variant of triacetoxyborohydride, which can be utilized in reductions that require no aqueous workup, see: Bhattacharyya, S.; Rana, S.; Gooding, O. W.; Labadie, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 4957-4960
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(2003)
Tetrahedron Lett.
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Bhattacharyya, S.1
Rana, S.2
Gooding, O.W.3
Labadie, J.4
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35
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0004258422
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The CRC Handbook, 72nd ed. reports a solubility of 8 mg/100 mL of boric acid in diethyl ether and slight solubility of sodium acetate in alcohol.; CRC Press: Boca Raton
-
The CRC Handbook, 72nd ed. reports a solubility of 8 mg/100 mL of boric acid in diethyl ether and slight solubility of sodium acetate in alcohol. The CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1991
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(1991)
The CRC Handbook
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36
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77954123774
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We theorized that a minimum of 1/7 equiv of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (relative to water) was required for the quench, as magnesium sulfate forms a heptahydrate with water
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We theorized that a minimum of 1/7 equiv of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (relative to water) was required for the quench, as magnesium sulfate forms a heptahydrate with water.
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37
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77954131891
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Because our final step ultimately employed Mitsunobu conditions, complete removal of the potentially nucleophilic acetate was necessary. Peak shaving to remove minor impurities resulted in the substantial decrease in yield from crude to purified 6
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Because our final step ultimately employed Mitsunobu conditions, complete removal of the potentially nucleophilic acetate was necessary. Peak shaving to remove minor impurities resulted in the substantial decrease in yield from crude to purified 6.
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38
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62349129313
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The actual structure(s) of the elimination byproduct(s) was not proven. Elimination reactions at C4 of various proline analogues have been shown to provide both potential product regioisomers
-
The actual structure(s) of the elimination byproduct(s) was not proven. Elimination reactions at C4 of various proline analogues have been shown to provide both potential product regioisomers. Zhao, X.; Zhuang, W.; Fang, D.; Xue, X.; Zhou, J. Synlett 2009, 779-782
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(2009)
Synlett
, pp. 779-782
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Zhao, X.1
Zhuang, W.2
Fang, D.3
Xue, X.4
Zhou, J.5
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27744442711
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Brackmann, F.; Schill, H.; de Meijere, A. Chem. - Eur. J. 2005, 11, 6593-6600
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(2005)
Chem. - Eur. J.
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, pp. 6593-6600
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Brackmann, F.1
Schill, H.2
De Meijere, A.3
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40
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77954105933
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Similar reactions utilizing the corresponding tosylate and nosylate were equally fruitless
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Similar reactions utilizing the corresponding tosylate and nosylate were equally fruitless.
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41
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84855637379
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2/methanol with 0.2% TEA and then holding for 20 min, 2 mL/min flow rate, (2 R, 4S) isomer retention time 5.3 min, (2 R, 4 R) isomer retention time 11.5 min, (2 S, 4 S) isomer retention time 24.3 min, (2 S, 4 R) isomer retention time 31.6 min
-
2/methanol with 0.2% TEA and then holding for 20 min, 2 mL/min flow rate, (2 R, 4S) isomer retention time 5.3 min, (2 R, 4 R) isomer retention time 11.5 min, (2 S, 4 S) isomer retention time 24.3 min, (2 S, 4 R) isomer retention time 31.6 min.
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