Nutrition in hepatic encephalopathy

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 257-264

  Chadalavada, Rajagopal ^a   Raja Shekhar Sappati Biyyani, ^a   Maxwell, John ^a   Mullen, Kevin ^a  

^a METROHEALTH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

hepatic encephalopathy; liver cirrhosis; liver diseases; malnutrition; nutrition assessment; nutrition therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID; CASEIN; DIURETIC AGENT; FOLIC ACID; ISOLEUCINE; LACTULOSE; LEUCINE; MAGNESIUM; METRONIDAZOLE; NEOMYCIN; PHENYLALANINE; PLACEBO; PREBIOTIC AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTEIN; RIFAXIMIN; SYNBIOTIC AGENT; THIAMINE; TRACE ELEMENT; TRYPTOPHAN; TYROSINE; VALINE; VEGETABLE PROTEIN; ZINC;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIURESIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENTERIC FEEDING; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; HYPERNATREMIA; INFECTION; KWASHIORKOR; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER GRAFT; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MALNUTRITION; MARASMUS; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SODIUM RESTRICTION; TASTE SWEET; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY; ZINC DEFICIENCY;

AMINO ACIDS; ANIMALS; DIETARY PROTEINS; FIBROSIS; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 77954018690     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0884533610368712     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. OBrien A., Williams R. Nutrition in end-stage liver disease: principles and practice. Gastroenterology. 2008 ; 134: 1729-1740.
2. Kalaitzakis E., Bjornsson E. Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis: is there a role of malnutrition. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 ; 14: 3438-3439.
3. Seymour CA, Whelan K. Dietary management of hepatic encephalopathy: too many myths persist. BMJ. 1999 ; 318: 1364-1365.
4. Nompleggi DJ, Bonkovsky HL Nutritional supplementation in chronic liver disease: an analytical review. Hepatology. 1994 ; 19: 518-533.
5. Charlton M. Branched-chain amino acid supplements as therapy for liver disease. J Nutr. 2006 ; 136: 295S - 298S.
6. Shawcross D., Jalan R. The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: central role for ammonia and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 ; 62: 2295-2304.
7. Shawcross D., Jalan R. Dispelling myths in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet. 2005 ; 365: 431-433. (Pubitemid 40179231)
8. Panickar KS, Jayakumar AR, Rao KV, Norenberg MD Ammonia-induced activation of p53 in cultured astrocytes: role in cell swelling and glutamate uptake. Neurochem Int. 2009 ; 55: 98-105.
9. Bajaj JS, Saeian K., Christensen KM, et al. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 ; 103: 1707-1715.
10. Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M., Franco J., et al. Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 2008 ; 135: 1591-1600.
11. Dhiman RK, Chawla YK Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: time to recognize and treat. Trop Gastroenterol. 2008 ; 29: 6-12.
12. Merli M., Riggio O. Dietary and nutritional indications in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2009 ; 24: 211-221.
13. Gabuzda GJ, Shear L. Metabolism of dietary protein in hepatic cirrhosis: nutritional and clinical considerations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1970 ; 23: 479-487.
14. Phillips GB, Schwartz R., Gabuzda Jr GJ, Davidson CS The syndrome of impending hepatic coma in patients with cirrhosis of the liver given certain nitrogenous substances. N Engl J Med. 1952 ; 247: 239-236.
15. Gheorghe L., Iacob R., Vadan R., Gheorghe C. Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy using a modified high-calorie high-protein diet. Rom J Gastroenterol. 2005 ; 14: 231-238.
16. Cardoba J., Lopez-Hellin J., Planas M., et al. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol. 2004 ; 41: 38-43.
17. Mullen KD, Dasarathy S. Protein restriction in hepatic encephalopathy necessary evil or illogical dogma ? J Hepatol. 2004 ; 41: 147-148.
18. Wolfe RR, Miller SL The recommended dietary allowance of protein: a misunderstood concept. JAMA. 2008 ; 299: 2891-2893.
19. Heyman JK, Whitfield CJ, Brock KE Dietary protein intakes in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and cirrhosis: current practice in NSW and ACT. MJA. 2006 ; 185: 542-543.
20. Plauth M., Merli M., Kondrup J.,, et al. ESPEN Consensus Group. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr. 1997 ; 16: 43-55.
21. McCullough AJ, Mullen KD, Smanik EJ, Tabbaa M., Szauter K. Nutrition therapy and liver disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1989 ; 18: 619-641.
22. Krenitsky J. Nutrition for patients with hepatic failure. Practical Gastroenterol. 2003 ; 6: 23-42.
23. Carvalha L., Parise ER Evaluation of nutritional status of non hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis. Arq Gastroenterol. 2006 ; 43: 269-274.
24. Selberg O., Bottcher J., Tusch G., Pichlmayr R., Henkel E., Müller MJ Identification of high and low-risk patients before liver transplantation: a prospective cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients. Hepatology. 1997 ; 25: 652-657.
25. Morgan TR, Mendenhall CL Nutritional therapy for alcoholic hepatitis: are we there yet. Hepatology. 1992 ; 16: 845-848.
26. Schulz GJ, Campos AC, Coelho JC The role of nutrition in hepatic encephalopathy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 ; 11: 275-280.
27. Srivastava N., Singh N., Joshi YK Nutrition in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Trop Gastroenterol. 2003 ; 24: 59-62.
28. Wahren J., Denis J., Desurmont P., et al. Is intravenous administration of branched chain amino acids effective in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy? A multicenter study. Hepatology. 1983 ; 3: 475-480.
29. Merli M., Riggio O. Dietary and nutritional indications in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2009 ; 24: 211-221.
30. Olde Damink SW, Jalan R., Deutz NE, et al. The kidney plays a major role in the hyperammonemia seen after simulated or actual GI bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2003 ; 37: 1277-1285.
31. Dudrick SJ, Kavic SM Hepatobiliary nutrition: history and future. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002 ; 9: 459-468.
32. Blackburn GL, Bistrian BR, Maini BS, Schlamm HT, Smith MF Nutritional and metabolic assessment of the hospitalized patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1977 ; 1: 11-22.
33. Mendenhall CL, Tosch T., Weesner RE, et al. VA cooperative study on alcoholic hepatitis, II: prognostic significance of protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 ; 43: 213-218.
34. Pirlich M., Selberg O., Boker K., Schwarze M., Müller MJ The creatinine approach to estimate skeletal muscle mass in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1996 ; 24: 1422-1427.
35. Peng S., Plank LD, McCall JL, Gillanders LK, McIlroy K., Gane EJ Body composition, muscle function, and energy expenditure in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comprehensive study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 ; 85: 1257-1266.
36. Kondrup J., Johansen N., Plum LM, et al. Incidence of nutritional risk and causes of inadequate nutritional care in hospitals. Clin Nutr. 2002 ; 21: 461-468.
37. Bianchi GP, Marchesini G., Zoli M., et al. Oral BCAA supplementation in cirrhosis with chronic encephalopathy: effects on prolactin and estradiol levels. Hepatogastroenterology. 1992 ; 39: 443-446.
38. Bianchi GP, Marchesini G., Fabbri A., et al. Vegetable versus animal protein diet in cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy: a randomized cross-over comparison. J Intern Med. 1993 ; 233: 385-392.
39. Plauth M., Roske AE, Romaniuk P., et al. Post-feeding hyperammonemia with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and liver cirrhosis: role of small intestinal ammonia release and route of nutrient administration. Gut. 2000 ; 46: 849-855.
40. van Berlo CLH, van Leeuwen PAM, Soeters PB Porcine intestinal ammonia liberation. Influence of food intake, lactulose and neomycin treatment. J Hepatol. 1988 ; 7: 250-257.
41. Sugarbaker SP, Revhaug A., Wilmore DW The role of the small intestine in ammonia production after gastric blood administration. Ann Surg. 1987 ; 206: 5-17.
42. Plauth M., Raible A., Graser TA, et al. Lactulose or paromomycin do not affect ammonia generation in the isolated perfused rat small intestine. Z Gastroenterol. 1994 ; 32: 141-145.
43. Swart GR, Zillikens MC, van Vuure JK, et al. Effect of a late evening meal on nitrogen balance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Br Med J. 1989 ; 299: 1202-1203.
44. Plank LD, Gane EJ, Peng S., et al. Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial. Hepatology. 2008 ; 48: 557-566.
45. Uribe M., Márquez MA, Garcia Ramos G., et al. Treatment of chronic SGA controlled crossover study. Dig Dis Sci. 1982 ; 27: 1109-1116.
46. Keshavarzian A., Meek J., Sutton C., Emery VM, Hughes EA, Hodgson HJ Dietary protein supplementation from vegetable sources in the management of chronic portal systemic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1984 ; 79: 945-949.
47. Uribe M., Dibildox M., Malpica S., et al. Beneficial effect of vegetable protein diet supplemented with psyllium plantago in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology. 1985 ; 88: 901-907.
48. Plauth M., Cabre E., Campillo B., et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: hepatology. Clin Nutr. 2009 ; 28: 436-444.
49. Weber FL Jr, Bagby BS, Licate L., Kelsen SG Effects of branched-chain amino acids on nitrogen metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1990 ; 11: 942-950.
50. Marchesini G., Marzocchi R., Noia M., Bianchi G. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation in patients with liver diseases. J Nutr. 2005 ; 135 (6 suppl). 1596S - 1601S. (Pubitemid 40791677)
51. Bienia R., Ratcliff S., Barbour GL, Kummer M. Malnutrition and hospital prognosis in the alcoholic patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1982 ; 6: 301-303.
52. Blendis LM, Harrison JE, Russell DM, et al. Effects of peritoneovenous shunting on body composition. Gastroenterology. 1986 ; 90: 127-134.
53. Nakaya Y., Harada N., Kakui S., et al. Severe catabolic state after prolonged fasting in cirrhotic patients: effect of oral branched-chain amino-acid-enriched nutrient mixture. J Gastroenterol. 2002 ; 37: 531-536.
54. Marchesini G., Dioguardi FS, Bianchi GP, et al. Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group. J Hepatol. 1990 ; 11: 92-101.
55. Muto Y., Sato S., Watanabe A.,, et al. Long-Term Survival Study Group. Effects of oral branched-chain amino acid granules on event-free survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 ; 3: 705-713.
56. Horst D., Grace ND, Conn HO, et al. Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 1984 ; 4: 279-287.
57. Moriwaki H., Shiraki M., Fukushima H., et al. Long-term outcome of branched-chain amino acid treatment in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res. 2008 ; 38 (suppl I): S102 - S106.
58. Merli M., Riggio O. Dietary and nutritional indications in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2009 ; 24: 211-221.
59. Ohashi H., Sukegawa E., Takami T., Yoshida T., Muto Y. Effects of supplementation with branched-chain amino acids on protein-nutritional status in rats treated by carbon tetrachloride. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 1989 ; 86: 1645-1653.
60. Watanabe A., Wakabayashi H., Kuwabara Y. Nutrient-induced thermogenesis and protein-sparing effect by rapid infusion of a branched chain-enriched amino acid solution to cirrhotic patients. J Med. 1996 ; 27: 176-182.
61. Vilstrup H., Gluud C., Hardt F., et al. Branched chain enriched amino acid versus glucose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a double-blind study of 65 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1990 ; 10: 291-296.
62. Watanabe A., Shiota T., Okita M., Nagashima H. Effect of a branched chain amino acid-enriched nutritional product on the pathophysiology of the liver and nutritional state of patients with liver cirrhosis. Acta Med Okayama. 1983 ; 37: 321-333.
63. Plauth M., Egberts EH, Hamster W., et al. Long-term treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy with branched-chain amino acids: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J Hepatol. 1993 ; 17: 308-314.
64. Egberts EH, Schomerus H., Hamster W., Jurgens P. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Gastroenterology. 1985 ; 88: 887-895.
65. Cerra FB, McMillen M., Angelico R., et al. Cirrhosis, encephalopathy, and improved results with metabolic support. Surgery. 1983 ; 94: 612-619.
66. Sieg A., Walker S., Czygan P., et al. Branched-chain amino acid-enriched elemental diet in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a double blind crossover trial. Z Gastroenterol. 1983 ; 21: 644-650.
67. Michel H., Bories P., Aubin JP, et al. Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics with a branched-chain amino acids enriched versus a conventional amino acids mixture: a controlled study of 70 patients. Liver. 1985 ; 5: 282-289.
68. McGhee A., Henderson JM, Millikan WJ Jr, et al. Comparison of the effects of hepatic-aid and a casein modular diet on encephalopathy, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance in cirrhotic patients. Ann Surg. 1983 ; 197: 288-293.
69. Madden AM, Bradbury W., Morgan MY Taste perception in cirrhosis: its relationship to circulating micronutrients and food preferences. Hepatology. 1997 ; 26: 40-48.
70. Rabbani P., Prasad AS Plasma ammonia and liver ornithine transcarbamoylase activity in zinc-deficient rats. Am J Physiol. 1978 ; 235: E203 - E206.
71. Marchesini G., Fabbri A., Bianchi G., Brizi M., Zoli M. Zinc supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1996 ; 23: 1084-1092.
72. Als-Nielsen B., Gluud LL, Gluud C. Nonabsorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 ; (2). CD003044.
73. Lawrence KR, Klee JA Rifaximin for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 ; 28: 1019-1032.
74. Riordan SM, Williams R. The intestinal flora and bacterial infection in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2006 ; 45: 744-757.