Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette's syndrome treatment and other considerations

Handbook of Tourette's Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 427-453

  King, Robert A ^a   Findley, Diane ^a   Scahill, Lawrence ^a   Vitulano, Lawrence A ^a   Leckman, James F ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953934058     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Gilles de la Tourette G. Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisée par de l’incoordination motrice accompagnée d’echolalie et de copralalie. Arch Neurol (Paris) 1885; 9:19–42, 158–200.
2. King RA, Leckman J, Scahill L. Associated forms of psychopathology: obsessive– compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. In: Leckman JF, Cohen DJ, eds. Tourette’s Syndrome—Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999:43– 62.
3. Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Eapen V, Fox-Hiley P. Obsessive compulsive behaviour and depressive symptoms in young people with Tourette syndrome. A controlled study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 11(6):261–265.
4. Jagger J, Prusoff B, Cohen DJ, Kidd KK, Carbonari CM, John K. The epidemiology of Tourette’s syndrome: a pilot study. Schizophr Bull 1982; 8:267–277.
5. McMahon WM, Carter AS, Fredine N, Pauls DL. Children at familial risk for Tourette’s disorder: child and parent diagnoses.AmJ Med Genet 2003; 121B(1): 105–111.
6. McMahon WM, van de Wetering BJ, Filloux F, Betit K, Coon H, Leppert M. Bilineal transmission and phenotypic variation of Tourette’s disorder in a large pedigree. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35(5):672–680.
7. Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C, Kim Y-S, Peterson BS. Course of tic severity in Tourette’s syndrome: The first two decades. P ediatrics 1998; 102:14–19.
8. Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Louis ED, Blasucci L, Leurgans S. Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Neurology 2003; 61(7):936–940.
9. Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Otka J, Leckman JF. Clinical predictors of future tic and OCD severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Submitted.
10. Leckman J, Bloch MH, Peterson BS. Predictors on MRI of future tic severity in children with Tourette Syndrome. Abstract for ACNP meeting, Puerto Rico, December 2003.
11. Peterson BS, Pine DS, Cohen P, Brook JS. Prospective, longitudinal study of tic, obsessive–compulsive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an epidemiological sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:685–695.
12. Santangelo SL, Pauls DL, Goldstein J, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Leckman JF. Tourette’s syndrome: What are the influences of gender and comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:795–804.
13. Coffey BJ, Miguel EC, Biederman J, Baer L, Rauch SL, O’Sullivan RL, Savage CR, Phillips K, Borgman A, Green-Leibovitz MI, Moore E, Park KS, Jenike MA. Tourette’s disorder with and without obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults: are they different? J Nerv Ment Dis 1998; 186(4):201–206.
14. Garland EJ, Weiss M. Case study: obsessive difficult temperament and its response to serotonergic medication. JAmAcad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35(7):916–920.
15. Sukhodolsky DG, Rosario-Campos MC, Scahill L, Katsovich L, Pauls DL, Peterson BS, King RA, Lombroso PJ, Findley D, Leckman JF. Adaptive and family functioning in children with obsessive–compulsive disorder with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Submitted.
16. Geller DA, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Cradock K, Hagermoser L, Zaman N, Frazier JA, Coffey BJ, Spencer TJ. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder: fact or artifact? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41(1):52–58.
17. Geller DA, Coffey B, Faraone S, Hagermoser L, Zaman NK, Farrell CL, Mullin B, Biederman J. Does comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder impact the clinical expression of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder? CNS Spectrums 2003; 8(4):259–264.
18. Swerdlow NR, Zinner S, Farber RH, Seacrist C, Hartston H. Symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome: a spectrum. CNS Spectrums 1999; 4:21–33.
19. Miguel EC, Coffey BJ, Baer L, Savage CR, Rauch SL, Jenike MA. Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:246–255.
20. Leckman JF, Walker WK, Goodman WK, Pauls DL, Cohen DJ. “Just right” perceptions associated with compulsive behaviors in Tourette’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:675–680.
21. Scahill L, Leckman JF, Marek KL. Sensory phenomena in Tourette’s syndrome. In: Weiner WJ, Lang AE, eds. Advances in Neurology: Behavioral Neurology of Movement Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1995:273– 280.
22. Leckman JF, Mataix-Cols D, Rosario-Campos MC. Symptom dimensions in obsessive–compulsive disorder: developmental and evolutionary perspectives. In: Abramowitz JS, ed. Handbook of Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. New York: Kluwer. In press.
23. Mataix-Cols D, Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF. Amultidimensional model of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Submitted.
24. Baer L. Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:18– 23.
25. Leckman JF, Grice DE, Boardman J, Zhang H, Vitale A, Bondi C, Alsobrook J, Peterson BS, Cohen DJ, Rasmussen SA, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Pauls DL. Symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 911–917.
26. Leckman JF, Grice DE, Barr LC, deVries ALC, Martin C, Cohen DJ, Goodman WK, Rasmussen SA. Tic-related vs. non-tic related obsessive compulsive disorder. Anxiety 1995; 1:208–215.
27. Hantouche EG, Lancrenon S. Modern typology of symptoms and obsessive– compulsive syndromes: results of a large French study of 615 patients. Encephale 1996; 22:9–21.
28. Leckman JF, Pauls DL, Zhang H, Rosario-Campos MC, Katsovich L, Kidd KK, Pakstis AJ, Alsobrook JP, Robertson MM, Walkup JT, van de Wetering BJM, McMahon WM, King RA, Cohen DJ, and the Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. Obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatric Genet) 2003; 116:60–68.
29. Summerfeldt LJ, Richter MA, AntonyMM, Swinson RP. Symptom structure in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Behav Res Ther 1999; 37:297–311.
30. Mataix-Cols D, Rauch SL, Manzo PA, Jenike MA, Baer L. Use of factoranalyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156(9):1409–1416.
31. Mataix-Cols D, Cullen S, Lange K, Zelaya F, Andrew C, Amaro E, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Speckens A, Phillips ML. Neural correlates of anxiety associated with obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions in normal volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53(6):482–493.
32. Tek C, Ulug B. Religiosity and religious obsessions in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2001; 104:99–108.
33. Cavallini MC, Di Bella D, Siliprandi F, Malchiodi F, Bellodi L. Exploratory factor analysis of obsessive–compulsive patients and association with 5- HTTLPR polymorphism. Am J Med Genet Neuropsychiatr Genet 2002; 114(3):347–353.
34. Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, Salkovskis PM. The obsessive–compulsive inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess 2002; 14(4):485–496.
35. Feinstein SB, Fallon BA, Petkova E, Liebowitz MR. Item-by-item factor analysis of the Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive Scale symptom checklist. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 15(2):187–193.
36. Leckman JF, Zhang H, Alsobrook JP, Pauls DL. Symptom dimensions in obsessive–compulsive disorder: toward quantitative phenotypes. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet) 2001; 105:28–30.
37. Zhang H, Leckman JF, Tsai C-P, Kidd KK, Rosario-Campos MC. The tourette syndrome association international consortium for genetics. genome wide scan of hoarding in sibling pairs both diagnosed with gilles de la tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:896–904.
38. Alsobrook JP II, Leckman JF, Goodman WK, Rasmussen SA, Pauls DL. Segregation analysis of obsessive–compulsive disorder using symptom-based factor scores. Am J Med Genet, Neuropsychiatr Genet 1999; 88:669–675.
39. Rauch SL, Dougherty DD, Shin LM, Baer L, Breiter HCR, Savage CR, Jenike MA. Neural correlates of factor-analyzed OCD symptom dimension: a PET study. CNS Spectrums 1998; 3:37–43.
40. Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, Chappell PB, Price LH, Pauls DL, Anderson GM, Riddle MA, McSwiggan-Hardin MT, McDougle CJ, Barr LC, Cohen DJ. Elevated levels of CSF oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder: comparison with Tourette’s syndrome and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:782–792.
41. Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, Chappell PB, Price LH, Pauls DL, Anderson GM, Riddle MA, McDougle CJ, Barr LC, Cohen DJ. The role of oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19:723–749.
42. Cath DC, Spinhoven P, Landman AD, van Kempen GM. Psychopathology and personality characteristics in relation to blood serotonin in Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 15(2):111–119.
43. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Barr LC, Heninger GR, Price LH. The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive compulsive disorder: effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13:354–358.
44. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Lee NC, Heninger GR, Price LH. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:302–308.
45. Blier P, de Montigny C. Serotonin and drug-induced therapeutic responses in major depression, obsessive–compulsive and panic disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21(2 suppl):91S–98S.
46. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, Katzelnick DJ, Serlin RC. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52(1):53–60.
47. Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A. Fixed-dose trial of the single isomer SSRI escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(4):331–336.
48. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Koby EV, Lenane MC, Cheslow DL, Hamburger SD. Treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents. A double-blind crossover comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46(12):1088–1092.
49. DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Moroz G, Biederman J, Cantwell D, Fontaine R, Greist JH, Reichler R, Katz R, Landau P. Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive–compulsive disorder: a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31(1):45–49.
50. Riddle MA, Scahill L, King RA, Hardin MT, Anderson GM, Ort SI, Smith JC, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31(6):1062–1069.
51. Geller DA, Hoog SL, Heiligenstein JH, Ricardi RK, Tamura R, Kluszynski S, Jacobson JG. Fluoxetine Pediatric OCD Study team. Fluoxetine treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40(7):773–779.
52. March JS, Biederman J, Wolkow R, Safferman A, Mardekian J, Cook E, et al. Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280:1752– 1756.
53. Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Yang HM, Claghorn JL, Gaffney G, Greist JH, Holland D, McConville BJ, Pigott T, Walkup JT. Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. JAmAcad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 49:222– 229.
54. Geller DA, Biederman J, Stewart SE, Mullin B, Farrell C, Wagner KD, Emslie G, Carpenter D. Impact of comorbidity on treatment response to paroxetine in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder: is the use of exclusion criteria empirically supported in randomized clinical trials? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2003; 13(1):S19–S29.
55. Montgomery SA, Kasper S, Stein DJ, Hedegaard KB, Lemming OM. Citalopram 20 mg, 40 mg and 60 mg are all effective and well tolerated compared with placebo in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16(2):75–86.
56. Thomsen PH, Ebbesen C, Persson C. Long-term experience with citalopram in the treatment of adolescent OCD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40(8):895–902.
57. Mukaddes NM, Abali O, Kaynak N. Citalopram treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 57(4):405–408.
58. McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, Wasylink S, Price LH. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:794–801.
59. Erzegovesi S, Cavallini MC, Cavedini P, Diaferia G, Locatelli M, Bellodi L. Clinical predictors of drug response in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21(5):488–492.
60. Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, Hardin MT, Rasmusson A, Makuch RW, Leckman JF. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997; 7:75–85.
61. Kurlan R, Como PG, Deeley C, McDermott M, McDermott MP. A pilot controlled study of fluoxetine for obsessive–compulsive symptoms in children with Tourette’s syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16:167–172.
62. Rosenberg DR, Stewart CM, Fitzgerald KD, Tawile V, Carroll E. Paroxetine open-label treatment of pediatric outpatients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38(9):1180–1185.
63. Denys D, van Megen H, Westenberg H. Quetiapine addition to serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment in patients with treatment-refractory obsessive– compulsive disorder: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(8):700– 703.
64. Bogetto F, Bellino S, Vaschetto P, Ziero S. Olanzapine augmentation of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): a 12-week open trial. Psychiatr Res 2002; 96:91–98.
65. Leonard HL, Topol D, Bukstein O, Hindmarsh D, Allen AJ, Swedo SE. Clonazepam as an augmenting agent in the treatment of childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:792–794.
66. Figueroa Y, Rosenberg DR, Birmaher B, Keshavan MS. Combination treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1998; 8(1):61–67.
67. Koran LM, Pallanti S, Paiva RS, Quercioli L. Pulse loading versus gradual dosing of intravenous clomipramine in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1998; 8:121–126.
68. Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Koran LM. Citalopram intravenous infusion in resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(9):796– 801.
69. Sallee FR, Koran LM, Pallanti S, Carson SW, Sethuraman G. Intravenous clomipramine challenge in obsessive–compulsive disorder: predicting response to oral therapy at eight weeks. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:220–227.
70. Piacentini J. Cognitive behavioral therapy of childhood OCD. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 1999; 8(3):599–616.
71. King RA, Leonard H, March J. Practice parameters on the assessment and treatment of children with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37(suppl):27S–45S.
72. March JS, Foa E, Franklin M, Leonard H. The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS): design and stage I outcomes. Annual Meeting of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Miami, October 2003.
73. RUPP Anxiety Group. Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1279–1285.
74. Osterheld JR, Flockhart DA. Pharmacokinetics II: cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions. In: Martin A, Scahill L, Charney DS, Leckman JF, eds. Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003:54–66.
75. Desta Z, Kerbusch T, Flockhart DA. Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pimozide in healthy poor and extensive metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65:10–20.
76. Desta Z, Soukhova N, Flockhart D. In vitro inhibition of pimozide Ndealkylation by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and azithromycin. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22(2):162–168.
77. Wagner KD, Cook EH, Chung H, Messig M. Remission status after long-term sertraline treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2003; 13:53–60.
78. Riddle MA, King RA, Hardin MT, Scahill L, Ort SI, Leckman JF. Behavioral side effects of fluoxetine in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1991; 1:193–198.
79. Tierney E, Joshi PT, Linas JF, Rosenberg LA, Riddle MA. Sertraline for major depression in children and adolescents: preliminary clinical experience. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995; 5:13–27.
80. King RA, Riddle MA, Chappell PB, Hardin MT, Anderson GM, Lombroso P, Scahill L. Emergence of self-destructive phenomena in children and adolescents during fluoxetine treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30:179– 186.
81. Barr LC, Goodman WK, Price LH. Physical symptoms associated with paroxetine discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:289289.
82. Louie AK, Lannon RA, Ajari LJ. Withdrawal reaction after sertraline discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:450–451.
83. Rosenbaum JF, Fava M, Hoog SL, Ascroft RC, Krebs WB. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:77–87.
84. Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, Ort SI, King RA, Goodman WK, Cicchetti D, Leckman JF. Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36(6):844– 852.
85. Delgado PL, Goodman WK, Price LH, Heninger GR, Charney DS. Fluvoxamine/pimozide treatment of concurrent Tourette’s and obsessive compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:762–765.
86. Fennig S, Naisberg S, Fennig M, Pato A. Emergence of symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome during fluvoxamine treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Br. J Psychiatry 1994; 164:839–841.
87. March JS, Franklin M, Nelson A, Foa E. Cognitive–behavioral psychotherapy for pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Clin Child Psychol 2001; 30: 8–18.
88. March JS, Leonard HL. Obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:1265–1273.
89. Chambless DL, Ollendick TH. Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence. Annu Rev Psychol 2001; 52:685–716.
90. Franklin ME, Tolin DF, March JS, Foa EB. Treatment of pediatric obsessive– compulsive disorder: a case example of intensive cognitive–behavioral therapy involving exposure and ritual prevention. Cogn Behav Pract 2001; 8:297–304.
91. March JS, Mulle K. OCD in Children and Adolescents: A Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment Manual. New York: Guilford, 1998.
92. Riggs DS, Foa EB. Obsessive compulsive disorder. In: Barlow DH, ed. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders. New York: Guilford, 1993.
93. Schwartz JM. Neuroanatomical aspects of cognitive–behavioral therapy response in obsessive–compulsive disorder: An evolving perspective on brain behavior. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173(suppl 355):38–44.
94. Sochting I, March JS. Cognitive aspects of obsessive compulsive disorder in children. In: Frost RO, Skeketee G, eds. Cognitive Approaches to Obsessive and Compulsions: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. New York: Pergamon, 2002.
95. Mark IM. Fears, Phobias, and Rituals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
96. Watson JP, Gaind R, Marks IM. Physiological habituation to continuous phobic stimulation. Behav Res Ther 1972; 10:269–278.
97. Salkovskis PM. Understanding and treating obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 1999; 37(suppl 1):529–552.
98. Frost RO, Steketee G, eds. Cognitive Approaches to Obsessions and Compulsions: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. New York: Pergamon, 2002.
99. Tolin DF, Abramowitz JS, Przeworski A, Foa EB. Thought suppression in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:1255–1274.
100. Wenzlaff RM, Wegner DM. Thought suppression. Annu Rev Psychol 2000; 51:59–91.
101. Amir N, Freshman M, Ransey B, Neary E, Brigidi B. Thought–action fusion in individuals with OCD symptoms. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39:765–776.
102. Shafran R, Thordarson DS, Rachman S. Thought–action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1996; 10:379–391.
103. Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, Greist JH, Kobak KA, Baer L. Obsessive– compulsive symptom dimensions as predictors of compliance with and response to behaviour therapy: results from a controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2002; 71(5):255–262.
104. Ball SG, Baer L, Otto MW. Symptom subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: a quantitative review. Behav Res Ther 1996; 34:47–51.
105. Himle JA, Fischer MSW, Van Etten ML, Janeck AS, Hanna GL. Group behavioral therapy for adolescents with tic-related and non-tic-related obsessive– compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2003; 17:73–77.
106. Miguel EC, Baer L, Coffey BJ, Rauch SL, Savage CR, O’Sullivan RL, Phillips K, Moretti C, Leckman JF, Jenke MA. Phenomenological differences appearing with repetitive behaviors in obsessive–compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171:140–145.
107. Bullen JG, Hemsley DR. Sensory experience as a trigger in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1983; 14:197–201.
108. Azrin NH, Nunn RG. Habit-reversal: a method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behav Res Ther 1973; 11:619–628.
109. Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Coffey BJ, Bohne A, Peterson AL, Baer L. Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette’s disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(6):1175–1177.
110. Woods DW, Miltenberger RG, eds. Tic Disorders, Trichotillomania, and Other Repetitive Behavior Disorders: Behavioral Approaches to Analysis and Treatment. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
111. Piacentini J, Chang S, Pearlman S, McCracken J. Behavioral treatment of childhood tic disorders. Presentation at Annual Meeting of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Miami, October 2003.
112. Miltenberger RG, Fuqua RW, McKinley T. Habit reversal with muscle tics: replication and component analysis. Behavior Ther 1985; 16:39–50.
113. Woods DW, Miltenberger RG, Lumley VA. Sequential application of major habit-reversal components to treat motor tics in children. J Appl Behav Anal 1996; 29:483–493.
114. Wagner AP. What to Do When Your child Has Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Strategies and Solutions. Rochester, NY: Lighthouse Press, 2002.
115. Grados MA, Riddle MA, Samuels JF, Liang KY, Hoehn-Saric R, Bienvenu OJ, Walkup JT, Song D, Nestadt G. The familial phenotype of obsessive–compulsive disorder in relation to tic disorders: the HopkinsOCD family study. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(8):559–565.
116. Scahill L, Kano Y, King RA, Carlson A, Peller A, LeBrun U, Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF. Influence of age and tic disorders on obsessive–compulsive disorder in a pediatric sample. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2003; 13(S1): 7–18.
117. Petter T, Richter MA, Sandor P. Clinical features distinguishing patients with Tourette’s obsessive-compulsive disorder without tics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(9):456–459.
118. Geller DA, Biederman J, Stewart SE, Mullen B, Martin A, Spencer T, Faraone SV. Which SSRI? A meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1919–1928.