The importance of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and postprandial glucose (PPG) control on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

Volumn 89, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-9

  Yu, Pan Chang ^a   Bosnyak, Zsolt ^b   Ceriello, Antonio ^c  

^a CHINESE PLA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (China)

^b NOVO NORDISK A S   (Denmark)

^c INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

Author keywords

A1c; Cardiovascular disease; Fasting plasma glucose; FPG; Glycaemic control; HbA1c

Indexed keywords

GLICLAZIDE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INDAPAMIDE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; INSULIN; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C PROTEIN, HUMAN;

CLINICAL TRIAL; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN TREATMENT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; REVIEW; STROKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG EFFECTS; INCIDENCE; METABOLISM; RISK FACTOR;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77953812305     PISSN: 01688227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.12.009     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Glasgow R.E., Ruggiero L., Eakin E.G., Dryfoos J., Chobanian L. Quality of life and associated characteristics in a large national sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:562-567.
2. Roper N.A., Bilous R.W., Kelly W.F., Unwin N.C., Connolly V.M. Excess mortality in a population with diabetes and the impact of material deprivation: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2001, 322:1389-1393.
3. Juutilainen A., Lehto S., Ronnemaa T., Pyorala K., Laakso M. Similarity of the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged subjects. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:714-719.
4. Krolewski A.S., Warram J.H., Valsania P., Martin B.C., Laffel L.M., Christlieb A.R. Evolving natural history of coronary artery disease in diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Med. 1991, 90:56S-61S.
5. Stamler J., Vaccaro O., Neaton J.D., Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993, 16:434-444.
6. Valensi P., Benroubi M., Borzi V., Gumprecht J., Kawamori R., Shaban J., et al. The IMPROVEtrade mark study - a multinational, observational study in type 2 diabetes: baseline characteristics from eight national cohorts. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2008, 62:1809-1819.
7. EDPG Guidelines for diabetes care. A desktop guide to type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. European Diabetes Policy Group 1998. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. 1999, 12:345-378.
8. Schramm T.K., Gislason G.H., Kober L., Rasmussen S., Rasmussen J.N., Abildstrom S.Z., et al. Diabetes patients requiring glucose-lowering therapy and nondiabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk: a population study of 3.3 million people. Circulation 2008, 117:1945-1954.
9. Haffner S.M., Lehto S., Ronnemaa T., Pyorala K., Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339:229-234.
10. Mak K.H., Moliterno D.J., Granger C.B., Miller D.P., White H.D., Wilcox R.G., et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome in the thrombolytic era of acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1997, 30:171-179.
11. Malmberg K., Yusuf S., Gerstein H.C., Brown J., Zhao F., Hunt D., et al. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation 2000, 102:1014-1019.
12. Holman R.R., Paul S.K., Bethel M.A., Matthews D.R., Neil H.A. 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:1577-1589.
13. Gerstein H.C., Miller M.E., Byington R.P., Goff D.C., Bigger J.T., Buse J.B., et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:2545-2559.
14. Patel A., MacMahon S., Chalmers J., Neal B., Billot L., Woodward M., et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:2560-2572.
15. Duckworth W., Abraira C., Moritz T., Reda D., Emanuele N., Reaven P.D. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360:129-139.
16. Raz I., Wilson P.W., Strojek K., Kowalska I., Bozikov V., Gitt A.K., et al. Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:381-386.
17. Turner R.C., Holman R.R., Cull C.A., Stratton I.M., Matthews D.R., Frighi V. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998, 352:837-853.
18. Stratton I.M., Adler A.I., Neil H.A., et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2000, 321:405-412.
19. Anselmino M., Ohrvik J., Malmberg K., Standl E., Ryden L. Glucose lowering treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is prognostically important not only in established but also in newly detected diabetes mellitus: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart. Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29:177-184.
20. Moss S.E., Klein R., Klein B.E., Meuer S.M. The association of glycemia and cause-specific mortality in a diabetic population. Arch. Int. Med. 1994, 154:2473-2479.
21. Gall M.A., Borch-Johnsen K., Hougaard P., Nielsen F.S., Parving H.H. Albuminuria and poor glycemic control predict mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995, 44:1303-1309.
22. Agewall S., Wikstrand J., Ljungman S., Fagerberg B. Usefulness of microalbuminuria in predicting cardiovascular mortality in treated hypertensive men with and without diabetes mellitus. Risk Factor Intervention Study Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997, 80:164-169.
23. Turner R.C., Millns H., Neil H.A., Stratton I.M., Manley S.E., Matthews D.R., et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 1998, 316:823-828.
24. Selvin E., Marinopoulos S., Berkenblit G., Rami T., Brancati F.L., Powe N.R., et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med. 2004, 141:421-431.
25. Elley C.R., Kenealy T., Robinson E., Drury P.L. Glycated haemoglobin and cardiovascular outcomes in people with Type 2 diabetes: a large prospective cohort study. Diabet. Med. 2008, 25:1295-1301.
26. Nathan D.M., Cleary P.A., Backlund J.Y., Genuth S.M., Lachin J.M., Orchard T.J., et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353:2643-2653.
27. Shichiri M., Kishikawa H., Ohkubo Y., Wake N. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000, 23(Suppl. 2):B21-B29.
28. Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D.J., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., Moules I.K., et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366:1279-1289.
29. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia 1991, 34:877-890.
30. Chalmers J., Cooper M.E. UKPDS and the legacy effect. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:1618-1620.
31. Holman R.R., Paul S.K., Bethel M.A., Neil H.A., Matthews D.R. Long-term follow-up after tight control of blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:1565-1576.
32. Ray K.K., Seshasai S.R., Wijesuriya S., Sivakumaran R., Nethercott S., Preiss D., et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2009, 373:1765-1772.
33. Turnbull F.M., Abraira C., Anderson R.J., Byington R.P., Chalmers J.P., Duckworth W.C., et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009, 52:2288-2298.
34. DECODE Study Group Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch. Intern. Med. 2001, 161:397-405.
35. Nakagami T., Qiao Q., Tuomilehto J., Balkau B., Tajima N., Hu G., et al. Screen-detected diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia as predictors of cardiovascular mortality in five populations of Asian origin: the DECODA study. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2006, 13:555-561.
36. Meigs J.B., Nathan D.M., D'Agostino R.B., Wilson P.W. Fasting and postchallenge glycemia and cardiovascular disease risk: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1845-1850.
37. Levitan E.B., Song Y., Ford E.S., Liu S. Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164:2147-2155.
38. Hanefeld M., Fischer S., Julius U., Schulze J., Schwanebeck U., Schmechel H., et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: the Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia 1996, 39:1577-1583.
39. Esposito K., Giugliano D., Nappo F., Marfella R. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2004, 110:214-219.
40. Hanefeld M., Chiasson J.L., Koehler C., Henkel E., Schaper F., Temelkova-Kurktschiev T. Acarbose slows progression of intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Stroke 2004, 35:1073-1078.
41. Mita T., Watada H., Shimizu T., Tamura Y., Sato F., Watanabe T., et al. Nateglinide reduces carotid intima-media thickening in type 2 diabetic patients under good glycemic control. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007, 27:2456-2462.
42. Chiasson J.L., Josse R.G., Gomis R., Hanefeld M., Karasik A., Laakso M. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003, 290:486-494.
43. Goldstein D.E., Little R.R., Lorenz R.A., Malone J.I., Nathan D.M., Peterson C.M. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(Suppl. 1):S106-S108.
44. American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32(Suppl. 1):S13-S61.
45. Asian-Pacific Type 2 Diabetes Policy Group, Type 2 diabetes practical targets and treatments, in: Health Communications Australia Pty Limited and In Vivo Communications Pty Limited, Sydney, Australia, on behalf of the Asian-Pacific Type 2 Diabetes Policy Group and IDF Western Pacific Region, 2002.
46. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Targets for glycemic control. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2008, 32:S29-S32.
47. Colagiuri S., Dickinson S., Girgis S., Colagiuri R. National Evidence Based Guideline for Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes 2009, Diabetes Australia and the NHMRC, Canberra.
48. IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes 2005, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
49. Japenese Society of Nephrology Chapter 19: Diabetic patients. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 2009, 13:234-236.
50. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions Type 2 Diabetes: National Clinical Guideline for Management in Primary and Secondary Care (Update) 2008, Royal College of Physicians, London.
51. New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG) Management of Type 2 Diabetes 2003.
52. Qaseem A., Vijan S., Snow V., Cross J.T., Weiss K.B., Owens D.K. Glycemic control and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the optimal hemoglobin A1c targets. A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 147:417-422.
53. Rodbard H., Jellinger P. Consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr. Pract. 2009, 15:540-559.
54. Ceriello A., Colagiuri S., Gerich J., Tuomilehto J. Guideline for management of postmeal glucose. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2008, 18:S17-S33.
55. Gaede P., Lund-Andersen H., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:580-591.
56. Gaede P., Vedel P., Larsen N., Jensen G.V., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:383-393.
57. IDF International Diabetes Federation: Diabetes Atlas 2006.