Using seafloor heat flow as a tracer to map subseafloor fluid flow in the ocean crust

Geofluids

Volumn 10, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 142-160

  Fisher, A T ^a   Harris, R N ^b  

^a University of California   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Hydrothermal systems; Modeling; Seafloor heat flow; Subseafloor fluid flow

Indexed keywords

FLUID FLOW; HEAT FLOW; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; NUMERICAL MODEL; OCEANIC CRUST;

JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE; MIDDLE VALLEY; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (EQUATORIAL); PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTHEAST);

CALLUNA VULGARIS;

EID: 77953755205     PISSN: 14688115     EISSN: 14688123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2009.00274.x     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Abbott DH, Morton JL, Holmes ML. Heat flow measurements on a hydrothermally active, slow spreading ridge: the Escanaba Trough. Geophysical Research Letters 1986, 13:678-80.
2. Alt JC, Teagle DAH. Hydrothermal alteration of upper oceanic crust formed at a fast spreading ridge: mineral, chemical, and isotopic evidence from ODP Site 801. Chemical Geology 2003, 201:191-211.
3. Anderson MP. Heat as a ground water tracer. Ground Water 2005, 43:1-18.
4. Anderson RN, Hobart MA. The relationship between heat flow, sediment thickness, and age in the eastern Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 1976, 81:2968-89.
5. Anderson RN, Zoback MD, Hickman SH, Newmark RL. Permeability versus depth in the upper oceanic crust: in-situ measurements in DSDP Hole 504B, eastern equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 1985, 90:3659-69.
6. Baker ET. Hydrothermal cooling of midocean ridge axes: Do measured and modeled heat fluxes agree. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 263:140-50.
7. Baker ET, Hammond SR. Hydrothermal venting and the apparent magmatic budget of the juan de fuca ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research 1992, 97:3443-56.
8. Baker ET, Massoth GJ, Feely RA, Embly RW, Thomson RE, Burd BJ. Hydrothermal event plumes from the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters 1995, 22:147-50.
9. Barckhausen U, Renaro C, von Huene R, Cande SC, Roeser HA. Revised tectonic boundaries in the Cocos Plate off Costa Rica: implications for the segmentation of the convergent margin and for plate tectonic models. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:19.
10. Barker P, Lawver L. Anomalous temperatures in central Scotia Sea sediments - bottom water variation or pore water circulation in old crust. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:13-6.
11. Bartetzko A, Pezard P, Goldberg D, Sun Y-F, Becker K. Volcanic stratigraphy of DSDP/ODP Hole 395A: an interpretation using well-logging data. Marine Geophysical Researches 2001, 22:111-27.
12. Becker K, Davis EE. A review of CORK designs and operations during the Ocean Drilling Program. Proc. IODP, Expedition Reports: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program 2005, 301. 10.2204/iodp.proc.2301.2104, Fisher AT, Urabe TKlaus A. eds, College Station, TX, doi
13. Becker K, Langseth M, Von Herzen RP, Anderson R. Deep crustal geothermal measurements, Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift. Journal of Geophysical Research 1983, 88:3447-57.
14. Becker K, Morin RH, Davis EE. Permeabilities in the Middle Valley hydrothermal system measured with packer and flowmeter experiments. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:613-26. Davis EE, Mottl MJ, Fisher ATSlack JF. eds, College Station, TX
15. Becker NC, Wheat CG, Mottl MJ, Karsten JL, Davis EE. A geological and geophysical investigation of Baby Bare, locus of a ridge flank hydrothermal system in the Cascadia Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:557-568. 23
16. Bredehoeft JD, Papadopulos IS. Rates of vertical groundwater movement estimated from the earth's thermal profile. Water Resources Research 1965, 1:325-8.
17. Bullard EC. Heat flow in South Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 1939, 173:474-502.
18. Bullard EC. The flow of heat through the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 1954, 222:408-29.
19. Bullard EC, Maxwell AE. Heat flow through the deep sea floor. Advances in Geophysics 1956, 222:408-29.
20. Burow KR, Constantz J, Fujii R. Heat as a tracer to estimate dissolved organic carbon flux from a restored wetland. Ground Water 2005, 43:545-56.
21. Butterfield DA, McDuff RE, Franklin J, Wheat CG. Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:395-410. Davis EE, Mottl MJ, Fisher AT, Slack JF. eds, College Station, TX
22. Constantz J, Stonestrom D, Stewart AE, Niswonger R, Smith TR. Analysis of streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration. Water Resources Research 2001, 37:317-28.
23. Davis EE. Oceanic heat-flow density. Handbook of Terrestrial Heat-Flow Density Determination 1988, 223-60. Haenel RRybach LStegena L. eds, Kluwer, Amsterdam
24. Davis EE, Becker K. Formation temperatures and pressures in a sedimented rift hydrothermal system: 10 months of CORK observations, Holes 857D and 858G. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:649-66. Davis EE, Mottl MJFisher ATSlack JF. eds, College Station, TX
25. Davis EE, Becker K. Observations of natural-state fluid pressures and temperatures in young oceanic crust and inferences regarding hydrothermal circulation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 204:231-48.
26. Davis EE, Fisher AT. On the nature and consequences of hydrothermal circulation in the Middle Valley sedimented rift: inferences from geophysical and geochemical observations, Leg 139. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:695-717. Davis EE, Mottl MJFisher ATSlack JF. eds, College Station, TX
27. Davis EE, Lister CRB. Fundamentals of ridge crest topography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1974, 21:405-13.
28. Davis EE, Villinger H. Tectonic and thermal structure of the Middle Valley sedimented rift, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts: Ocean Drilling Program 1992, 139:9-41. Davis EE, Mottl MFisher AT. eds, College Station, TX
29. Davis EE, Wang K. Present and past temperatures of sediments at Site 857, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:565-72. Davis EE, Mottl MJFisher ATSlack JF. eds, College Station, TX
30. Davis EE, Chapman DS, Forster C, Villinger H. Heat-flow variations correlated with buried basement topography on the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank. Nature 1989, 342:533-7.
31. Davis EE, Chapman DS, Mottl MJ, Bentkowski WJ, Dadey K, Forster C, Harris R, Nagihara S, Rohr K, Wheat G, Whiticar M. FlankFlux: an experiment to study the nature of hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1992, 29:925-52.
32. Davis EE, Villinger H, Macdonald RD, Meldrum RD, Grigel J. A robust rapid-response probe for measuring bottom-hole temperatures in deep-ocean boreholes. Marine Geophysical Researches 1997a, 19:267-81.
33. Davis EE, Wang K, He J, Chapman DS, Villinger H, Rosenberger A. An unequivocal case for high Nusselt-number hydrothermal convection in sediment-buried igneous oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1997b, 146:137-50.
34. Davis EE, Chapman DS, Wang K, Villinger H, Fisher AT, Robinson SW, Grigel J, Pribnow D, Stein J, Becker K. Regional heat-flow variations across the sedimented Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank: constraints on lithospheric cooling and lateral hydrothermal heat transport. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:675-88. 17
35. Davis EE, Wang K, Becker K, Thomson RE, Yashayaev I. Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001695, doi:21
36. Elder JW. Physical processes in geothermal areas. Terrestrial Heat Flow: American Geophysics Union 1965, 8:211-39. Lee WHK. ed, Washington, DC
37. Elderfield H, Wheat CG, Mottl MJ, Monnin C, Spiro B. Fluid and geochemical transport through oceanic crust: a transect across the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 172:151-65.
38. Fisher AT, Becker K. A guide for ODP tools for downhole measurements. 1993, http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.tn.10.1993, Technical note 10, doi: Available at: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/tnotes/tn10/10toc.html (accessed 31 December 2009)
39. Fisher AT, Becker K. Channelized fluid flow in oceanic crust reconciles heat-flow and permeability data. Nature 2000, 403:71-4.
40. Fisher AT, Becker K, Narasimhan TN, Langseth MG, Mottl MJ. Passive, off-axis convection on the southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95:9343-70.
41. Fisher AT, Fischer K, Lavoie D, Langseth M, Xu J. Hydrogeological and geotechnical properties of shallow sediments at Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:627-48. Mottl MJ, Davis EE, Fisher AT, Slack JF, eds, College Station, TX
42. Fisher AT, Becker K, Davis EE. The permeability of young oceanic crust east of Juan de Fuca Ridge determined using borehole thermal measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 1997, 24:1311-4.
43. Fisher AT, Davis EE, Hutnak M, Spiess V, Zühlsdorff L, Cherkaoui A, Christiansen L, Edwards KM, Macdonald R, Villinger H, Mottl MJ, Wheat CG, Becker K. Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank. Nature 2003a, 421:618-21.
44. Fisher AT, Stein CA, Harris RN, Wang K, Silver EA, Pfender M, Hutnak M, Cherkaoui A, Bodzin R, Villinger H. Abrupt thermal transition reveals hydrothermal boundary and role of seamounts within the Cocos Plate. Geophysical Research Letters 2003b, 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016766, doi:15
45. Fisher AT, Villinger H, Heesemann M. User Manual for the Third-Generation, Advanced Piston Corer Temperature tool (APCT-3). 2007, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX
46. Fisher AT, Davis EE, Becker K. Borehole-to-borehole hydrologic response across 2.4 km in the upper oceanic crust: implications for crustal-scale properties. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113. 10.1029/2007JB005447, doi
47. Foucher J-P, Henry P, Harmegnies F. Long-term observations of pressure and temperature in Hole 948D, Barbados accretionary prism. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1997, 156:239-46. Ogawa Y, Shipley T, Blum PBahr J. eds, College Station, TX
48. Fukasawa M, Freeland H, Perkin R, Wantanabe T, Uchida H, Nishina A. Bottom water warming in the North Pacific Ocean. Nature 2003, 427:825-7.
49. Gieskes J, Kastner M, Einsele G, Kelts K, Niemitz J. Hydrothermal activity in the Guayman Basin, Gulf of California, a synthesis. Init. Repts., DSDP 1982, 64:1159-68. Curray J, Moore D, eds, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
50. Goto S, Yamano M, Kinoshita H. Thermal response of sediment with vertical fluid flow to periodic temperature variation at the surface. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110. 10.1029/2004JB003419, doi
51. Hamamoto H, Yamano M, Goto S. Heat flow measurement in shallow seas through long-term temperature monitoring. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32.
52. Harris RN, Chapman DS. Deep-seated oceanic heat flow, heat deficits, and hydrothermal circulation. Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere 2004, 311-36. Davis EE, Elderfield H. eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
53. Harris RN, Von Herzen RP, McNutt MK, Garven G, Jordahl K. Submarine hydrogeology of the Hawaiian archipelagic apron, Part 1, Heat flow patterns north of Oahu and Maro Reef. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:353-69. 21
54. Hartmann A, Villinger H. Inversion of marine heat flow measurements by expansion of the temperature decay function. Geophysical Journal International 2002, 148:628-36.
55. Horai K, Von Herzen RP. Measurement of heat flow on Leg 86 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Init. Repts., DSDP 1985, 86:759-77. Heath GR, Burckle LH. eds, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
56. von Huene R, Ranero CR, Wienrebe W, Hinz K. Quarternary convergent margin tectonics of Costa Rica, segmentation of the Cocos Plate, and Central American Volcanism. Tectonics 2000, 19:314-34.
57. Hutnak M, Fisher AT. The influence of sedimentation, local and regional hydrothermal circulation, and thermal rebound on measurements of heat flux from young seafloor. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112. 10.1029/2007JB005022, doi
58. Hutnak M, Fisher AT, Zühlsdorff L, Spiess V, Stauffer P, Gable CW. Hydrothermal recharge and discharge guided by basement outcrops on 0.7-3.6 Ma seafloor east of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: observations and numerical models. Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems 2006, 7. 10.1029/2006GC 001242, doi
59. Hutnak M, Fisher AT, Stein CA, Harris R, Wang K, Silver E, Spinelli G, Pfender M, Villinger H, MacKnight R, Costa Pisani P, DeShon H, Diamente C. The thermal state of 18-24 Ma upper lithosphere subducting below the Nicoya Peninsula, northern Costa Rica margin. MARGINS Theoretical Institute: SIEZE Volume 2007, 86-122. Dixon T, Moore C, Silver E, Stein S, Furlong K, Brown K, eds, Columbia University Press, New York
60. Hutnak M, Fisher AT, Harris R, Stein C, Wang K, Spinelli G, Schindler M, Villinger H, Silver E. Large heat and fluid fluxes driven through mid-plate outcrops on ocean crust. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:611-4.
61. Hyndman RD, Von Herzen RP, Erickson AJ, Jolivet J. Heat flow measurements in deep crustal holes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research 1976, 81:4053-60.
62. Hyndman RD, Davis EE, Wright JA. The measurement of marine geothermal heat flow by a multipenetration probe with digital acoustic telemetry and in situ conductivity. Marine Geophysical Researches 1979, 4:181-205.
63. Johnson HP, Hutnak M. Conductive heat flow measured in unsedimented regions of the seafloor. Transactions, American Geophysical Union 1996, 77:321-4.
64. Kastner M. Evidence for two distinct hydrothermal systems in the Gulf of California. Init. Repts., DSDP 1982, 64:529-42. Curray JMoore D. eds, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
65. Kinoshita M, Matsubayashi O, Von Herzen RP. Sub-bottom temperatrue anomalies detected by long-term temperatrue monitoring at the TAG hydrothermal mound. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:3467-70.
66. Langseth M, Becker K. Structure of igneous basement at Sites 857 and 858 based on Leg 139 downhole logging. Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. Ocean Drilling Program 1994, 139:573-83. Davis EE, Mottl MJFisher ATSlack JF. eds, College Station, TX
67. Langseth MG, Herman B. Heat transfer in the oceanic crust of the Brazil Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:10805-19.
68. Langseth MG, Silver EA. The Nicoya convergent margin - a region of exceptionally low heat flow. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:891-4.
69. Langseth MG, Grim PJ, Ewing M. Heat-flow measurements in the east Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 1965, 70:367-80.
70. Langseth MG, LePichon X, Ewing M. Crustal structure of the midocean ridges, 5, heat flow through the Atlantic Ocean floor and convection currents. Journal of Geophysical Research 1966, 71:5321-55.
71. Larson RL, Fisher AT, Jarrard R, Becker K. Highly permeable and layered Jurassic oceanic crust in the western Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1993, 119:71-83.
72. Lister CRB. On the thermal balance of a mid-ocean ridge. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1972, 26:515-35.
73. Lonsdale P, Becker K. Hydrothermal plumes, hot springs, and conductive heat flow in the southern trough of Guaymas Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1985, 73:211-25.
74. Louden KE, Wright JA. Marine heat flow data: a new compilation of observations and brief review of its analysis. Handbook of Seafloor Heat Flow 1989, 3-67. Wright JA, Louden KE. eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
75. Lu N, Ge S. Effect of horizontal heat and fluid flow on the vertical temperature distribution in a semiconfining layer. Water Resources Research 1996, 32:1449-53.
76. McKenzie D. Some remarks on heat flow and gravity anomalies. Journal of Geophysical Research 1967, 72:6261-73.
77. McNutt MK. Marine geodynamics: depth-age revisited. Reviews of Geophysics 1995, 33:413-8.
78. Meschede M, Barckhausen U, Worm H-U. Extinct spreading on the Cocos Ridge. Terra Nova 1998, 10:211-6.
79. Mottl M. Partitioning of energy and mass fluxes between mid-ocean ridge axes and flanks at high and low temperature. Energy and Mass Transfer in Submarine Hydrothermal Systems 2003, 271-86. Halbach PTunnicliffe VHein J. eds, University Press, Berlin, Germany, Dahlem, DWR 89
80. Mottl MJ, Wheat CG, Baker E, Becker N, Davis E, Feeley R, Grehan A, Kadko D, Lilley M, Massoth G, Moyer C, Sansone F. Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geology 1998, 26:51-4.
81. Parker RL, Oldenberg DW. Thermal model of ocean ridges. Nature 1973, 242:137-9.
82. Parsons B, Sclater JG. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. Journal of Geophysical Research 1977, 82:803-29.
83. Pfender M, Villinger H. Miniaturized data loggers for deep sea sediment temperature gradient measurements. Marine Geology 2002, 186:557-70.
84. Pribnow DFC, Davis EE, Fisher AT. Borehole heat flow along the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, including effects of anisotropy and temperature dependence of sediment thermal conductivity. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:13449-56.
85. Ranero CR, von Huene R. Subduction erosion along the Middle America convergent margin. Nature 2000, 404:748-52.
86. Revelle R, Maxwell AE. Heat flow through the ocean floor. Nature 1952, 170:199-200.
87. Rosenberg N, Fisher AT, Stein J. Large-scale lateral heat and fluid transport in the seafloor: revisiting the well-mixed aquifer model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 182:93-101.
88. Sclater JG. Variability of heat flux through the seafloor: discovery of hydrothermal circulation in oceanic crust. Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere 2004, 3-27. Davis EEElderfield H. eds,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
89. Sclater JG, Jaupart C, Galson D. The heat flow through oceanic and continental crust and the heat loss of the earth. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 1980, 18:269-311.
90. Spinelli GA, Giambalvo EG, Fisher AT. Hydrologic properties and distribution of sediments. Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere 2004, 151-88. Davis EE, Elderfield H, eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
91. Stein JS, Fisher AT. Multiple scales of hydrothermal circulation in Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: physical constraints and geologic models. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:8563-80.
92. Stein CA, Stein S. A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age. Nature 1992, 359:123-37.
93. Stein C, Stein S. Constraints on hydrothermal heat flux through the oceanic lithosphere from global heat flow. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:3081-95.
94. Stein CA, Stein S, Pelayo AM, Humphris SE, Zierenberg RA, Mullineaux LS, Thompson RE. Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation. Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions 1995, 91:425-45. eds, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C.
95. Stein J, Fisher AT, Langseth M, Jin W, Iturrino G, Davis E. Fine-scale heat flow, shallow heat sources, and decoupled circulation systems at two seafloor hydrothermal sites, Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geology 1998, 26:1115-1118.
96. Thomson RE, Davis EE, Burd BJ. Hydrothermal venting and geothermal heating in Cascadia Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:6121-41.
97. Uyeda S, Horai K. Heat flow measurements on Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 60. Init. Repts., DSDP 1980, 60:789-800. Hussong D, Uyeda S. eds, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
98. Vacquier V, Sclater JG, Corry CE. Studies in the thermal state of the earth, the 21st paper: heat-flow, Eastern Pacific. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 1967, 45:375-93.
99. Veirs SR, McDuff RE, Lilley MD, Delaney JR. Locating hydrothermal vents by detecting buoyant, advected plumes. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:29.
100. Villinger H, Davis EE. A new reduction algorithm for marine heat-flow measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:12846-56.
101. Villinger H, Grevemeyer I, Kaul N, Hauschild J, Pfender M. Hydrothermal heat flux through aged oceanic crust: where does the heat escape? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 202:159-70.
102. Von Herzen RP. Geothermal evidence for continuing hydrothermal circulation in older (>60 Ma) ocean crust. Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere 2004, 414-50. Davis EEElderfield H. eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
103. Von Herzen RP, Maxwell AE. The measurement of thermal conductivity of deep-sea sediments by a needle probe method. Journal of Geophysical Research 1959, 64:1557-63.
104. Von Herzen R, Uyeda S. Heat flow through the eastern Pacific floor. Journal of Geophysical Research 1963, 68:4219-50.
105. Von Herzen R, Davis EE, Fisher AT, Stein CA, Pollack HN. Comments on " Earth's heat flux revised and linked to chemistry" by A. M. Hoffmeister and R. E. Criss. Tectonophysics 2005, 409:193-8.
106. Wang K, Davis EE. Thermal effects of marine sedimentation in hydrothermally active areas. Geophysical Journal International 1992, 110:70-8.
107. Wheat CG, Fisher AT. Seawater recharge along an eastern bounding fault in Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34. 10.1029/2007GL031347, doi
108. Wheat CG, Mottl MJ. Hydrothermal circulation, Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank: factors controlling basement water composition. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:3067-80.
109. Wheat CG, Mottl M. Composition of pore and spring waters from Baby Bare: global implications of geochemical fluxes from a ridge flank hydrothermal system. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 2000, 64:629-42.
110. Wheat CG, Elderfield H, Mottl MJ, Monnin C. Chemical composition of basement fluids within an oceanic ridge flank: implications for along-strike and across-strike hydrothermal circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:13437-47.
111. Wheat CG, Mottl MJ, Fisher AT, Kadko D, Davis EE, Baker E. Heat and fluid flow through a basaltic outcrop on a ridge flank. Geochemistry, Geophysics and. Geosystems 2004, 5. 10.1029/2004GC000700, doi
112. Wilson DS. Confidence intervals for motion and deformation of the Juan de Fuca plate. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:16.
113. Wolery TJ, Sleep NH. Hydrothermal reaction at mid-ocean ridges: some implications and constraints. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 1975, 56:1073.
114. Zühlsdorff L, Hutnak M, Fisher AT, Spiess V, Davis EE, Nedimovic M, Carbotte S, Villinger H, Becker K. Site Surveys related to IODP Expedition 301: ImageFlux (SO149) and RetroFlux (TN116) expeditions and earlier studies. Proc. IODP: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Expedition 2005, 301. 10.2204/iodp.proc.2301.2102.2005, Fisher AT, Urabe T, Klaus A, eds, College Station, TX, doi