Superantigen genes in group A streptococcal isolates and their relationship with emm types

Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 57, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1238-1246

  Commons, Robert ^a,b   Rogers, Susan ^a,b   Gooding, Travis ^a,b   Danchin, Margie ^a,b   Carapetis, Jonathan ^a,b   Robins Browne, Roy ^a,b   Curtis, Nigel ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SUPERANTIGEN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; EMM GENE; GENE IDENTIFICATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEROTYPE; SMEZ GENE; SPEA GENE; SPEC GENE; SPEG GENE; SPEH GENE; SPEI GENE; SPEJ GENE; SPEK GENE; SPEL GENE; SPEM GENE; SSA GENE; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; SUPERANTIGEN GENE;

BACTERIAL TYPING TECHNIQUES; CARRIER PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; GENES, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUPERANTIGENS;

EID: 53749107435     PISSN: 00222615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/001156-0     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Banks, D. J., Porcella, S. F., Barbian, K. D., Beres, S. B., Philips, L. E., Voyich, J. M., DeLeo, F. R., Martin, J. M., Somerville, G. A. & Musser, J. M. (2004). Progress toward characterization of the group A streptococcus metagenome: complete genome sequence of a macrolide-resistant serotype M6 strain. J Infect Dis 190, 727-738.
2. Beall, B., Facklam, R. & Thompson, T. (1996). Sequencing emm-specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group A streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 34, 953-958.
3. Beres, S. B., Sylva, G. L., Barbian, K. D., Lei, B., Hoff, J. S., Mammarella, N. D., Liu, M. Y., Smoot, J. C., Porcella, S. F. & other authors (2002). Genome sequence of a serotype M3 strain of group A streptococcus: phage-encoded toxins, the high-virulence phenotype, and clone emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 10078-10083.
4. Bessen, D. E., Izzo, M. W., Fiorentino, T. R., Caringal, R. M., Hollingshead, S. K. & Beall, B. (1999). Genetic linkage of exotoxin alleles and emm gene markers for tissue tropism in group A streptococci. J Infect Dis 179, 627-636.
5. Bianco, S., Allice, T., Zucca, M. & Savoia, D. (2006). Survey of phenotypic and genetic features of Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated in Northwest Italy. Curr Microbiol 52, 33-39.
6. Black, C. M., Talkington, D. F., Messmer, T. O., Facklam, R. R., Homes, E. & Olsvik, O. (1993). Detection of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes by a nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 7, 255-259.
7. Chatellier, S., Ihendyane, N., Kansal, R. G., Khambaty, F., Basma, H., Norrby-Teglund, A., Low, D. E., McGeer, A. & Kotb, M. (2000). Genetic relatedness and superantigen expression in group A streptococcus serotype M1 isolates from patients with severe and nonsevere invasive diseases. Infect Immun 68, 3523-3534.
8. Chaussee, M. S., Liu, J., Stevens, D. L. & Ferretti, J. J. (1996). Genetic and phenotypic diversity among isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes from invasive infections. J Infect Dis 173, 901-908.
9. Cleary, P. P., Kaplan, E. L., Handley, J. P., Wlazlo, A., Kim, M. H., Hauser, A. R. & Schlievert, P. M. (1992). Clonal basis for resurgence of serious Streptococcus pyogenes disease in the 1980s. Lancet 339, 518-521.
10. Creti, R., Gherardi, G., Imperi, M., von Hunolstein, C., Baldassarri, L., Pataracchia, M., Alfarone, G., Cardona, F., Dicuonzo, G. & Orefici, G. (2005). Association of group A streptococcal emm types with virulence traits and macrolide-resistance genes is independent of the source of isolation. J Med Microbiol 54, 913-917.
11. Creti, R., Imperi, M., Baldassarri, L., Pataracchia, M., Recchia, S., Alfarone, G. & Orefici, G. (2007). emm types, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from Italy: what has changed in 11 years? J Clin Microbiol 45, 2249-2256.
12. Curtis, N. (1996). Invasive group A streptococcal infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 9, 191-202.
13. Darenberg, J., Luca-Harari, B., Jasir, A., Sandgren, A., Pettersson, H., Schalen, C., Norgren, M., Romanus, V., Norrby-Teglund, A. & Normark, B. H. (2007). Molecular and clinical characteristics of invasive group A streptococcal infection in Sweden. Clin Infect Dis 45, 450-458.
14. DelVecchio, A., Maley, M., Currie, B. J. & Sriprakash, K. S. (2002). NAD-glycohydrolase production and speA and speC distribution in group A streptococcus (GAS) isolates do not correlate with severe GAS diseases in the Australian population. J Clin Microbiol 40, 2642-2644.
15. Descheemaeker, P., Van Loock, F., Hauchecorne, M., Vandamme, P. & Goossens, H. (2000). Molecular characterisation of group A streptococci from invasive and non-invasive disease episodes in Belgium during 1993-1994. J Med Microbiol 49, 467-471.
16. Dmitrieva, N. F., Trofimov, D., Eshchina, A. S., Riapis, L. A., Pavlova, O. G., Petrova, T. V., Skorkina Iu, A., Gerasimov, A. N., Alekseev, L. P. & other authors (2002). Frequency of genes speA, speB, and speC in Streptococcus pyogenes strains and the identification of the infective agent by polymerase chain reaction. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 5, 3-6.
17. Ekelund, K., Darenberg, J., Norrby-Teglund, A., Hoffmann, S., Bang, D., Skinhoj, P. & Konradsen, H. B. (2005a). Variations in emm type among group A streptococcal isolates causing invasive or noninvasive infections in a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol 43, 3101-3109.
18. Ekelund, K., Skinhoj, P., Madsen, J. & Konradsen, H. B. (2005b). Reemergence of emm1 and a changed superantigen profile for group A streptococci causing invasive infections: results from a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol 43, 1789-1796.
19. Ferretti, J. J., McShan, W. M., Ajdic, D., Savic, D. J., Savic, G., Lyon, K., Primeaux, C., Sezate, S., Suvorov, A. N. & other authors (2001). Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 4658-4663.
20. Green, N. M., Zhang, S., Porcella, S. F., Nagiec, M. J., Barbian, K. D., Beres, S. B., LeFebvre, R. B. & Musser, J. M. (2005). Genome sequence of a serotype M28 strain of group A streptococcus: potential new insights into puerperal sepsis and bacterial disease specificity. J Infect Dis 192, 760-770.
21. Hashikawa, S., Iinuma, Y., Furushita, M., Ohkura, T., Nada, T., Torii, K., Hasegawa, T. & Ohta, M. (2004). Characterization of group C and G streptococcal strains that cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 42, 186-192.
22. Haukness, H. A., Tanz, R. R., Thomson, R. B., Jr, Pierry, D. K., Kaplan, E. L., Beall, B., Johnson, D., Hoe, N. P., Musser, J. M. & Shulman, S. T. (2002). The heterogeneity of endemic community pediatric group a streptococcal pharyngeal isolates and their relationship to invasive isolates. J Infect Dis 185, 915-920.
23. Hsueh, P. R., Teng, L. J., Lee, P. I., Yang, P. C., Huang, L. M., Chang, S. C., Lee, C. Y. & Luh, K. T. (1997). Outbreak of scarlet fever at a hospital day care centre: analysis of strain relatedness with phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. J Hosp Infect 36, 191-200.
24. Igwe, E. I., Shewmaker, P. L., Facklam, R. R., Farley, M. M., van Beneden, C. & Beall, B. (2003). Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of β-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 229, 259-264.
25. Ikebe, T., Wada, A., Inagaki, Y., Sugama, K., Suzuki, R., Tanaka, D., Tamaru, A., Fujinaga, Y., Abe, Y. & other authors (2002). Dissemination of the phage-associated novel superantigen gene speL in recent invasive and noninvasive Streptococcus pyogenes M3/T3 isolates in Japan. Infect Immun 70, 3227-3233.
26. Jing, H. B., Ning, B. A., Hao, H. J., Zheng, Y. L., Chang, D., Jiang, W. & Jiang, Y. Q. (2006). Epidemiological analysis of group A streptococci recovered from patients in China. J Med Microbiol 55, 1101-1107.
27. Johnson, D. R., Stevens, D. L. & Kaplan, E. L. (1992). Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 166, 374-382.
28. Leggiadro, R. J., Bugnitz, M. C., Peck, B. A., Luedtke, G. S., Kim, M. H., Kaplan, E. L. & Schlievert, P. M. (1993). Group A streptococcal bacteremia in a mid-south children's hospital. South Med J 86, 615-618.
29. Luca-Harari, B., Ekelund, K., van der Linden, M., Staum-Kaltoft, M., Hammerum, A. M. & Jasir, A. (2008). Clinical and epidemiological aspects of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in Denmark during 2003 and 2004. J Clin Microbiol 46, 79-86.
30. Marchesi, J. R., Sato, T., Weightman, A. J., Martin, T. A., Fry, J. C., Hiom, S. J., Dymock, D. & Wade, W. G. (1998). Design and evaluation of useful bacterium-specific PCR primers that amplify genes coding for bacterial 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 64, 795-799.
31. McCormick, J. K., Yarwood, J. M. & Schlievert, P. M. (2001). Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: an update. Annu Rev Microbiol 55, 77-104.
32. Murakami, J., Kawabata, S., Terao, Y., Kikuchi, K., Totsuka, K., Tamaru, A., Katsukawa, C., Moriya, K., Nakagawa, I. & other authors (2002). Distribution of emm genotypes and superantigen genes of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in Japan, 1994-9. Epidemiol Infect 128, 397-404.
33. Musser, J. M., Hauser, A. R., Kim, M. H., Schlievert, P. M., Nelson, K. & Selander, R. K. (1991). Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88, 2668-2672.
34. Mylvaganam, H., Bjorvatn, B. & Osland, A. (2000). Distribution and sequence variations of selected virulence genes among group A streptococcal isolates from western Norway. APMIS 108, 771-778.
35. Nakagawa, I., Kurokawa, K., Yamashita, A., Nakata, M., Tomiyasu, Y., Okahashi, N., Kawabata, S., Yamazaki, K., Shiba, T. & other authors (2003). Genome sequence of an M3 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals a large-scale genomic rearrangement in invasive strains and new insights into phage evolution. Genome Res 13, 1042-1055.
36. Nandi, S., Chakraborti, A., Bakshi, D. K., Rani, A., Kumar, R. & Ganguly, N. K. (2002). Association of pyrogenic exotoxin genes with pharyngitis and rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease among Indian isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. Lett Appl Microbiol 35, 237-241.
37. Norrby-Teglund, A., Holm, S. E. & Norgren, M. (1994). Detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of the speC gene in Swedish clinical group A streptococcal isolates. J Clin Microbiol 32, 705-709.
38. Norton, R., Smith, H. V., Wood, N., Siegbrecht, E., Ross, A. & Ketheesan, N. (2004). Invasive group A streptococcal disease in North Queensland (1996-2001). Indian J Med Res 119 (Suppl.), 148-151.
39. Proft, T. (2003). Superantigens and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 9, 1211-1218.
40. Proft, T., Moffatt, S. L., Berkahn, C. J. & Fraser, J. D. (1999). Identification and characterization of novel superantigens from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Exp Med 189, 89-102.
41. Proft, T., Moffatt, S. L., Weller, K. D., Paterson, A., Martin, D. & Fraser, J. D. (2000). The streptococcal superantigen SMEZ exhibits wide allelic variation, mosaic structure, and significant antigenic variation. J Exp Med 191, 1765-1776.
42. Proft, T., Arcus, V. L., Handley, V., Baker, E. N. & Fraser, J. D. (2001). Immunological and biochemical characterization of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins I and J (SPE-I and SPE-J) from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Immunol 166, 6711-6719.
43. Proft, T., Webb, P. D., Handley, V. & Fraser, J. D. (2003). Two novel superantigens found in both group A and group C Streptococcus. Infect Immun 71, 1361-1369.
44. Reda, K. B., Kapur, V., Goela, D., Lamphear, J. G., Musser, J. M. & Rich, R. R. (1996). Phylogenetic distribution of streptococcal superantigen SSA allelic variants provides evidence for horizontal transfer of ssa within Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun 64, 1161-1165.
45. Rogers, S., Commons, R., Danchin, M. H., Selvaraj, G., Kelpie, L., Curtis, N., Robins-Browne, R. & Carapetis, J. R. (2007). Strain prevalence, rather than innate virulence potential, is the major factor responsible for an increase in serious group A streptococcus infections. J Infect Dis 195, 1625-1633.
46. dys). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 34, 159-167.
47. Schmitz, F. J., Beyer, A., Charpentier, E., Normark, B. H., Schade, M., Fluit, A. C., Hafner, D. & Novak, R. (2003). Toxin-gene profile heterogeneity among endemic invasive European group A streptococcal isolates. J Infect Dis 188, 1578-1586.
48. Smoot, J. C., Barbian, K. D., van Gompel, J. J., Smoot, L. M., Chaussee, M. S., Sylva, G. L., Sturdevant, D. E., Ricklefs, S. M., Porcella, S. F. & other authors (2002a). Genome sequence and comparative microarray analysis of serotype M18 group A streptococcus strains associated with acute rheumatic fever outbreaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 4668-4673.
49. Smoot, L. M., McCormick, J. K., Smoot, J. C., Hoe, N. P., Strickland, I., Cole, R. L., Barbian, K. D., Earhart, C. A., Ohlendorf, D. H. & other authors (2002b). Characterization of two novel pyrogenic toxin superantigens made by an acute rheumatic fever clone of Streptococcus pyogenes associated with multiple disease outbreaks. Infect Immun 70, 7095-7104.
50. Stevens, D. L., Tanner, M. H., Winship, J., Swarts, R., Ries, K. M., Schlievert, P. M. & Kaplan, E. (1989). Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 321, 1-7.
51. Tyler, S. D., Johnson, W. M., Huang, J. C., Ashton, F. E., Wang, G., Low, D. E. & Rozee, K. R. (1992). Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin genes: detection by polymerase chain reaction and association with disease in strains isolated in Canada from 1940 to 1991. J Clin Microbiol 30, 3127-3131.
52. Vlaminckx, B. J., Mascini, E. M., Schellekens, J., Schouls, L. M., Paauw, A., Fluit, A. C., Novak, R., Verhoef, J. & Schmitz, F. J. (2003). Site-specific manifestations of invasive group A streptococcal disease: type distribution and corresponding patterns of virulence determinants. J Clin Microbiol 41, 4941-4949.
53. Yu, C. E. & Ferretti, J. J. (1989). Molecular epidemiologic analysis of the type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) gene (speA) in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes strains. Infect Immun 57, 3715-3719.
54. Yu, C. E. & Ferretti, J. J. (1991). Frequency of the erythrogenic toxin B and C genes (speB and speC) among clinical isolates of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 59, 211-215.