Energy security and cooperation in Northeast Asia

Korean Journal of Defense Analysis

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 217-233

  Lee, Jae Seung ^a  

^a Korea University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953672480     PISSN: 10163271     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10163271003744462     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Previous studies addressing Northeast Asian energy cooperation include the following: Ji-Chul Ryu, "Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Perspectives from Korea" in China and East Asian Energy" Prospects and Issues, Asia Pacific Economic Papers, no. 361 (2007), 123-136;
2. Duckjoon Chang, "Energy and Regional Cooperation in Northeast Asia," Journal of East Asian Affairs 21, no. 2 (Fall/Winter 2007), 167-195
3. Hyun Jin Choi, "Fueling Crisis or Cooperation? The Geopolitics of Energy Security in Northeast Asia" Asian Affairs: An American Review 36, no. 1 (Spring 2009), 3-28
4. Hong-Young Park, "Northeast Asian Energy Cooperation," East Asian Review 19, no. 1 (Spring 2007), 48-68
5. Karla S. Fallon, "Promoting an Energy Partnership in Northeast Asia," Pacific Focus 21, no. 1 (Spring 2006), 175-200
6. Doh, Hyun-Jae, "Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Prospects and Challenges," East Asian Review 15, no. 3 (Autumn 2003), 85-100
7. Selig S. Harrison, "Toward Oil and Gas Cooperation in Northeast Asia," Asia Program Special Report (December 2002)
8. Niklas Swanstrom, "An Asian Oil and Gas Union: Prospects and Problems," The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly (November 2005), 81-97
9. Jae-Seung Lee, "Political Economy of Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia," in Energy Security: Asia Pacific Perspectives, ed. Virendra Gupta and Chong Guan Kwa (New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2010).
10. Glada Lahn and Keun-Wook Paik, "Russia's Oil and Gas Exports to North-East Asia"
11. Chatham House Paper (April 2005).
12. David Murphy and Martin Fackler, "Asia's Pipeline Politics," Far Eastern Economic Review (July 24, 2003)
13. Kent E. Calder, "China and Japan's Simmering Rivalry," Foreign Affairs (March/April 2006).
14. Economic interests include the profitability of projects, competition among producers and consumers, the Production Sharing Agreement (PSA), the joint development and management of projects, the installation and maintenance of gas and oil pipelines, nuclear power generation and facility management, and the emission of greenhouse gases, among others.
15. Political interests of energy cooperation include the use of energy resources as a diplomatic weapon, transportation security, nuclear facility management, territorial disputes related to resource exploitation, and resource nationalism, among others.
16. David von Hippel et al., "Energy Security and Sustainability in Northeast Asia," Energy Policy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.001.
17. Jae-Seung Lee, "Energy Security and Northeast Asian Cooperation: High-Politics Approach toward Low-Politics Agenda," International and Area Review 14, no. 1 (March 2005) (in Korean): 21-49
18. "East Asian Energy Cooperation: A Geopolitical Perspective," Petroleum (December 2005) (in Korean): 128-145.
19. Energy Information Administration (EIA), http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/index.cfm (accessed September 17, 2009).
20. For the impact of the China factor on the Asian energy market, see Robert A. Manning, The Asian Energy Factor: Myths and Dilemmas of Energy, Security, and the Pacific Future (New York: Palgrave, 2000)
21. Keun-Wook Paik, "The Implications of China's Gas Expansion Towards Natural Gas Market in Asia," Chatham House Paper February 2004
22. Pablo Bustelo, "China and the Geopolitics of Oil in the Asian Pacific Region," Elcano Royal Institue Working Paper No. 38/2005 (September 2005)
23. Roland Dannreuther, "Asian Security and China's Energy Needs", International Relations of the Asia Pacific 3, no. 2 (August 2003): 197-219
24. Felix K. Chang, "Chinese Energy and Asian Security," ORBIS: A Journal of World Affairs 45, no. 2 (2001): 211-240.
25. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook (2006).
26. Mamdouh G. Salameh, "Quest for Middle East Oil: The U.S. versus the Asia-Pacific Region," Energy Policy 31, no. 11 (September 2003), 1085-1091.
27. EIA, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Japan/Oil.html (accessed September 21, 2009).
28. EIA, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/China/Oil.html (accessed September 21, 2009).
29. Korea Energy Statistics Information System (KESIS), http://www.kesis.net/es/graph/graph_05.swf (accessed September 17, 2009).
30. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea, "Major Energy Statistics," 20 August 2008.
31. The energy crisis in North Korea had been triggered mainly by the cutoff of its petroleum supply, which had been supplied by China and Russia, after the fall of the Communist bloc in 1990. North Korea at that time could not afford to import oil even at a subsidized price.
32. Regarding the energy situation in North Korea, see David F. Von Hippel et al., "International Energy Assistance Needs and Options for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)," Energy Policy 36 (2008): 541-552
33. David F. Von Hippel and Peter Hayes, Fueling DPRK Energy Futures and Energy Security: 2005 Energy Balance, Engagement Options, and Future Paths, Nautilus Institute Report (2007), http:// www.nautilus.org/fora/security/07042DPRKEnergyBalance.pdf.
34. For North Korea-related energy projects, see David Von Hippel and Peter Hayes, "Regional Energy Infrastructure Proposals and the DPRK Energy Sector: Opportunities and Constraints," KEI-KIEP Policy Forum, January 7, 2003.
35. Paul Kerr, "KEDO Suspends Construction of Nuclear Reactors," Arms Control Today 33, no. 10 (2003)
36. Yoshinori Takeda, "KEDO Adrift," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (Summer 2005).
37. Emma Chanlett-Avery, "Rising Energy Competition and Energy Security in Northeast Asia: Issues for U.S. Policy," CRS Report for Congress (May 13, 2008).
38. Selig S. Harrison, "Gas and Geopolitics in Northeast Asia: Pipelines, Regional Stability, and the Korean Nuclear Crisis," World Policy Journal 19, no. 4 (Winter 2002/03), 23-26
39. Kent E. Calder, Korea's Energy Insecurities: Comparative and Regional Perspectives (KEI, 2006)
40. Keun-Wook Paik "Pipeline Gas Introduction to the Korean Peninsula" Chatham House Paper (January 2005)
41. Stephen Green "Pipeline Gas Introduction to the Korean Peninsula" Chatham House Paper (January 2005)
42. Jonathan Stern "Gas Pipeline Co- operation between Political Adversaries: Examples from Europe" Chatham House Paper (January 2005)
43. David Murphy and Martin Fackler, "Asia's Pipeline Politics," Far Eastern Economic Review (July 24, 2003)
44. KEI-KIEP Policy Forum, "KoRus Pipeline Sakhalin to Seoul" (January 7, 2003)
45. Kyuryoon Kim, Energy Cooperation with North Korea: Issues and Suggestions, Korea Institute for National Unification (2007).
46. For Russia's position on the North Korean nuclear program, see Alexander Fedorovskiy, "The North Korean Nuclear Crisis and Russia", International Journal of Korean Unification Studies 14, no.1 (2005), 71-96.
47. In September 2001, the senior officials meeting (SOM) in UNESCAP adopted the Khabarovsk Communiqué and the Energy SOM and the Working Group were installed. In April 2003, the Vladivostok SOM agreed to hold regularly the Inter-Governmental Steering Committee of Senior Officials. Lee, "Political Economy of Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia," 168.
48. China and Japan participated in ECNEA as observers.
49. UNESCAP, http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/dialogue/transasian/ (accessed October 8, 2009).
50. Huyn Cho, "Current Situation of Northeast Asian Energy Cooperation and its Prospects," JPI Policy Forum, no. 2009-8 (October 2009) (in Korean).
51. Siddharth Varadarajan, "Energy Key in the New Asian Architecture" (January 25, 2006), http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=VAR20060125&articleId1802 (accessed July 28, 2009).
52. The five Forums cover the following agenda items: energy security, oil stockpiling, the oil market, natural gas, renewable energy, energy efficiency and conservation.
53. Fereidun Fesharaki, "Energy and the Asian Security Nexus," Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 1 (Fall 1999), 85-100.
54. Xuanli Liao, "The Petroleum Factor in Sino-Japanese Relations: Beyond Energy Cooperation," International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7, no. 1 (July 2007): 23-26.
55. Jaewoo Choo, "Energy Cooperation Problems in Northeast Asia: Unfolding the Reality," East Asia 23, no. 3 (Fall 2006), 91-106
56. Yi-Chong Xu, "China's Energy Security," Australian Journal of International Affairs 60, no. 2 (June 2006), 265-286
57. Erica S. Downs, "The Chinese Energy Security Debate," The China Quarterly (2004) 21-41
58. Kenneth Leiberthal and Mikkal Herberg, "China's Search for Energy Security: Implications for U.S. Policy," NBR Analysis 17, no. 1 (April 2006), 5-42
59. Daojiong Zha, "China's Energy Security: Domestic and International Issues," Survival 48, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 179-190.
60. In the 2006 Working Group Report delivered to the People's Congress, the following objectives were highlighted: developing multiple oil import sources and import locations by increasing imports from Russia and Central Asia; raising the proportion of crude oil imports from areas other than the Middle East so as to achieve diversification of energy suppliers; preparing against unexpected interruptions of oil supplies by building strategic oil reserves; promoting and strengthening regional and bilateral energy cooperation with energy producing nations; and participating in the Energy Charter Treaty. Choo, "Energy Cooperation Problems in Northeast Asia: Unfolding the Reality," 91-106.
61. Japan's New Energy Strategy, announced in 2006, highlights the following measures: improving energy efficiency by 30 percent by 2030; reducing its dependence on petroleum to lower than 40 percent by 2030; reducing its dependence on petroleum in the transport industry to approximately 80 percent by 2030; and maintaining nuclear power as a proportion of the total power production at 30 40 percent. METI, "New National Energy Strategy" (June 2006), http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/data/newnationalenergystrat egy2006.pdf (accessed September 16, 2009)
62. Choo, "Energy Cooperation Problems in Northeast Asia: Unfolding the Reality," 91-106.
63. IEA, "Russia's Energy Strategy to 2020," http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2003/strategy2020.pdf (accessed July 28, 2009).
64. Amy Myers Jaffe, "The Potential of Energy as a Geopolitical Binding Factor in Asia," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 42, no. 7 (October/November 2001), 491-503.
65. The possible types of Northeast Asian energy cooperation (excluding the United States and North Korea) may include the following groupings: Russia vs. China vs. Japan vs. Korea; Russia vs. Korea-China-Japan; Russia-China vs. Korea vs. Japan (or Korea-Japan); Russia-Korea vs. China vs. Japan (or China-Japan); Russia-Japan vs. China vs. Korea (or China-Korea); Russia-Japan-China vs. Korea; Russia-China-Korea vs. Japan and Russia- Japan-Korea vs. China. Lee, "East Asian Energy Cooperation: A Geopolitical Perspec- tive," Petroleum (December 2005) (in Korean).
66. Chanlett-Avery, "Rising Energy Competition and Energy Security in Northeast Asia.
67. National Energy Policy Development Group, "National Energy Policy" (2001), www.wtrg.com/EnergyReport/National-Energy-Policy.pdf (accessed May 11, 2009).
68. Chanlett-Avery, "Rising Energy Competition and Energy Security in Northeast Asia.
69. The United States had initiated the Five-Party Energy Dialogue in 2005 and had participated in the ECNEA annual meeting in 2007 as an observer. The United States also participates in the TAES project as a full member of UNESCAP.
70. Lee, "Political Economy of Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia," 172-173.