Chinese energy and Asian security

Orbis

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 211-240

  Chang, Felix K ^a  

^a Foreign Policy Research Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040970134     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(01)00069-2     Document Type: Article

References (257)

1. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
2. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
3. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
4. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
5. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
6. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
7. "Oil-Prospective Spratlys Still a Flashpoint," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 25, 1999, pp. 35-37; "'Intrusion' Ships Have Left Spratly Isles, Says Vietnam," Reuters, May 23, 1998; Mure Dickie, "China Says Accelerating Border Talks with Vietnam," Reuters, July 15, 1997; Scott Hillis, "China's Jiang Meets Vietnam's Do Muoi in Beijing," Reuters, July 14, 1997; Jane Macartney, "China, Vietnam Wrap Up Talks, No Results Announced," Reuters, Apr. 11, 1997; Michael Vatikiotis et al., "Drawn to the Fray," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 3, 1997, pp. 14-16; and "A Rig Too Near," Economist, Mar. 29, 1997.
8. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
9. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
10. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
11. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
12. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
13. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
14. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
15. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
16. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
17. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
18. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
19. Quotation from Michael Studeman, "Calculating China's Advances in the South China Sea: Identifying the Triggers of 'Expansionism,'" Naval War College Review, Spring 1998, pp. 68-90. See also "The Best Things in Life," Economist, Nov. 30, 2000; Seth Faison, "Even As Asians Worry, China Is Unlikely to Devalue," New York Times, Aug. 11, 1998; "China's Currency: About to Crack?" Economist, Sept. 26, 1998; Peter Passell, "Devalue the Yuan? China Doesn't Seem About to Do That," New York Times, Feb. 26, 1998; "East Asia's Whits the Middle Kingdom," Economist, Feb. 14, 1998; "China Tries to Assuage SE Asia's Worries," Reuters, Dec. 16, 1997; Mamdouh G. Salameh, "China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict," Survival, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 133-46; Philip Shenon, "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site," New York Times, July 21, 1994; John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, Dec. 1992, pp. 999-1028; Kim Woodward, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1980), pp. 1-35; and Selig S. Harrison, China, Oil, and Asia: Conflict Ahead? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 10-56, 189-212.
20. Otherwise, China could again experience energy shortages such as those of the 1980s, which were estimated to have cost the Chinese economy as much as 10 percent of its total industrial output at the time. Owen Brown, "China's 5-Yr Plan Sets Big Goals for Reform, Economy," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Ni Weidou and Nien Dak Sze, "Energy Supply and Development in China," in Energizing China: Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, ed. Michael B. McElroy, Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 67-118; and Jonathan E. Sinton, David G. Fridley, and James Dorian, "China's Energy Future: The Role of Energy in Sustaining Growth," in China's Economic Future: Challenges to U.S. Policy, ed. Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 260-61.
21. Otherwise, China could again experience energy shortages such as those of the 1980s, which were estimated to have cost the Chinese economy as much as 10 percent of its total industrial output at the time. Owen Brown, "China's 5-Yr Plan Sets Big Goals for Reform, Economy," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Ni Weidou and Nien Dak Sze, "Energy Supply and Development in China," in Energizing China: Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, ed. Michael B. McElroy, Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 67-118; and Jonathan E. Sinton, David G. Fridley, and James Dorian, "China's Energy Future: The Role of Energy in Sustaining Growth," in China's Economic Future: Challenges to U.S. Policy, ed. Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 260-61.
22. Otherwise, China could again experience energy shortages such as those of the 1980s, which were estimated to have cost the Chinese economy as much as 10 percent of its total industrial output at the time. Owen Brown, "China's 5-Yr Plan Sets Big Goals for Reform, Economy," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Ni Weidou and Nien Dak Sze, "Energy Supply and Development in China," in Energizing China: Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, ed. Michael B. McElroy, Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 67-118; and Jonathan E. Sinton, David G. Fridley, and James Dorian, "China's Energy Future: The Role of Energy in Sustaining Growth," in China's Economic Future: Challenges to U.S. Policy, ed. Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 260-61.
23. International Energy Agency, Coal in the Energy Supply of China (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999), pp. 13-82; Richard P. Melnick and Professor W. Carl Kester, "The An Tai Bao Coal Mining Project," Harvard Business School case, Dec. 6, 1991, pp. 1-8; and Armand Hammer and Neil Lyndon, Hammer (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987), p. 460.
24. International Energy Agency, Coal in the Energy Supply of China (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999), pp. 13-82; Richard P. Melnick and Professor W. Carl Kester, "The An Tai Bao Coal Mining Project," Harvard Business School case, Dec. 6, 1991, pp. 1-8; and Armand Hammer and Neil Lyndon, Hammer (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987), p. 460.
25. International Energy Agency, Coal in the Energy Supply of China (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1999), pp. 13-82; Richard P. Melnick and Professor W. Carl Kester, "The An Tai Bao Coal Mining Project," Harvard Business School case, Dec. 6, 1991, pp. 1-8; and Armand Hammer and Neil Lyndon, Hammer (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987), p. 460.
26. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
27. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
28. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
29. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
30. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
31. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
32. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
33. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
34. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
35. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
36. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
37. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
38. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
39. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
40. Quotation from Lorien Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, p. 16. The International Energy Agency estimates that China will import 200 million tons of oil in 2010 and 400 million tons in 2020. International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest for Energy Security (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000), pp. 1-85. "China Explosion Kills at Least 13," Associated Press, Nov. 7, 2000; Andreas Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise," Associated Press, Mar. 20, 2000; "China Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Mun S. Ho, Dale W. Jorgenson, Dwight H. Perkins, "China's Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions," in Energizing China, pp. 241-66; Patrick Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 13, 1997; Haijiang Henry Wang, "China's Deregulation, Expansion Not Enough to Restore Market Balance," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 33-39; Chang Weimin, "Oil Price Controls to Be Lifted Gradually," China Daily, Aug. 25, 1993; Seiichi Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China," JETRO China Newsletter, no. 102, Jan./Feb. 1993; "Energy Shortage Hinders Economy," Beijing Review, Jan. 4-10, 1993; Sandy Hendrym, "Policy Reform When It Suits," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 29, 1992; Qu Geping, "China's Dual Thrust Energy Strategy: Economic Development and Environmental Protection," Energy Policy, June 1992; Larry Chuen-ho Chow, "The Changing Role of Oil in Chinese Exports, 1974-89, "China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 750-65; and Wu Zongxin and Wei Zhihong, "Policies to Promote Energy Conservation in China," Energy Policy, Dec. 1991.
41. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
42. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
43. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
44. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
45. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
46. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
47. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU
48. When China's coal industry restructured in 1997, 14 state-owned companies merged into four major firms: the China Coal Industry Import and Export Group; the China Coal Comprehensive Utility Group; the China Coal Construction and Development Group; and China Coal Materials and Equipment Group. Township and village enterprise coal mines are dangerous workplaces. Since they do not invest in the safety equipment that their larger counterparts do, their accident rates are 50 times higher than those at state-owned firms. In 2000, more than 5,000 miners were killed in accidents. "Running Out of Steam," Economist, Nov. 23, 2000; "Power Clash," Economist, May 13, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit [EIU], 2000), p. 26; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 4th Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), pp. 21-22; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 36; Carl Goldstein, "Into the Black," Far Eastern Economic Review, Apr. 1, 1993; Tatsu Kambara, "The Energy Situation in China," China Quarterly, Sept. 1992, pp. 608-36; and Randolf Granzer, "The Energy Impediment to China's Growth," OECD Observer, Apr.-May 1989.
49. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
50. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
51. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
52. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
53. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
54. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
55. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
56. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
57. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
58. John McBeth, "Fuel of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Sept. 14, 2000, pp. 14-15; Holland, "The New Hot Fuel in China"; David A. Pietz, "China's Natural Gas Sector Generating Great Expectations," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, p. 60; Xu Yihe, "China Chongqing to Shift from Coal to Gas for Furnaces," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 4, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 31; Ian Johnson, "For Chinese, Natural Gas Is Growing in Importance," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 1998; Keun-Wook Paik and Quan Lan, "China Preps to Expand Gas Output and Distribution Amid Challenges," Oil and Gas Journal, July 20, 1998, pp. 27-32; David Blumental and Gray Sasser, "Fuel for the Next Century," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 34-38; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020," Agence France-Presse, Oct. 14, 1997; and Li Peng, "China's Policy on Energy Resources," Xinhua, May 26, 1997; U.S. Embassy cable, Beijing 044975, Nov. 29, 1996.
59. Quotation from Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30. See also Xu Yihe, "Status of East China LNG Projects Uncertain - Official," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 27, 2000; and Jeffery Logan and William Chandler, "Natural Gas Gains Momentum," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 40-44.
60. Quotation from Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30. See also Xu Yihe, "Status of East China LNG Projects Uncertain - Official," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 27, 2000; and Jeffery Logan and William Chandler, "Natural Gas Gains Momentum," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 40-44.
61. Quotation from Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30. See also Xu Yihe, "Status of East China LNG Projects Uncertain - Official," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 27, 2000; and Jeffery Logan and William Chandler, "Natural Gas Gains Momentum," China Business Review, July-Aug. 1998, pp. 40-44.
62. Wood Mackenzie Consultants Limited, China ([Edinburgh, U.K.: Wood Mackenzie] May 1999), p. 4.
63. China Power and Light and Exxon are the two shareholders of Castle Peak Power Company, which owns Black Point Power Station. Ibid., pp. 199-210; and "ARCO, Chinese Leaders Celebrate Startup of China's Largest Offshore Natural Gas Project," BP Amoco press release, Jan. 10, 1996.
64. China Power and Light and Exxon are the two shareholders of Castle Peak Power Company, which owns Black Point Power Station. Ibid., pp. 199-210; and "ARCO, Chinese Leaders Celebrate Startup of China's Largest Offshore Natural Gas Project," BP Amoco press release, Jan. 10, 1996.
65. Quotation from "ARCO, CNOOC Expand Cooperation Agreement for Development of Gas Fields in South China Seas," BP Amoco press release, June 9, 1998. See also "China Rejects Vietnam's Protests in Maritime Dispute," Agence France-Presse, Nov. 24, 1997; and "ARCO, CNOOC Sign Cooperation Agreement for Development of Ledong Gas Fields in South China Sea," BP Amoco press release, Oct. 20, 1997.
66. Quotation from "ARCO, CNOOC Expand Cooperation Agreement for Development of Gas Fields in South China Seas," BP Amoco press release, June 9, 1998. See also "China Rejects Vietnam's Protests in Maritime Dispute," Agence France-Presse, Nov. 24, 1997; and "ARCO, CNOOC Sign Cooperation Agreement for Development of Ledong Gas Fields in South China Sea," BP Amoco press release, Oct. 20, 1997.
67. Quotation from "ARCO, CNOOC Expand Cooperation Agreement for Development of Gas Fields in South China Seas," BP Amoco press release, June 9, 1998. See also "China Rejects Vietnam's Protests in Maritime Dispute," Agence France-Presse, Nov. 24, 1997; and "ARCO, CNOOC Sign Cooperation Agreement for Development of Ledong Gas Fields in South China Sea," BP Amoco press release, Oct. 20, 1997.
68. Wood Mackenzie, China, pp. 87-100, 115-26, 185-98.
69. IbId., pp. 57-66.
70. "China's Biggest Offshore Oilfield Discovered," Asia Pulse, Nov. 3, 1999; and "ARCO/Texaco Sign Contract with CNOOC to Develop China's Second Largest Offshore Oil Field," BP Amoco press release, Sept. 18, 1998.
71. "China's Biggest Offshore Oilfield Discovered," Asia Pulse, Nov. 3, 1999; and "ARCO/Texaco Sign Contract with CNOOC to Develop China's Second Largest Offshore Oil Field," BP Amoco press release, Sept. 18, 1998.
72. Quotation from James McGregor, "China Opens Last Frontier to Foreign Oil Companies," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 22, 1993.
73. See also Wood Mackenzie, China, pp. 325-37.
74. Foreign oil companies also had trouble obtaining geophysical data from earlier Chinese seismic surveys and exploratory drilling, and paid as much as $1.6 million for the data that could be found. Ahmed Rashid and Trish Saywell, "Beijing Gusher," Far Eastern Economic Review, Feb. 26, 1998, pp. 46-48; and Marcus W. Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil Clears the Way for Foreign Firms, but Spurs New Headaches," Asian Wall Street Journal, Sept. 20, 1993.
75. Foreign oil companies also had trouble obtaining geophysical data from earlier Chinese seismic surveys and exploratory drilling, and paid as much as $1.6 million for the data that could be found. Ahmed Rashid and Trish Saywell, "Beijing Gusher," Far Eastern Economic Review, Feb. 26, 1998, pp. 46-48; and Marcus W. Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil Clears the Way for Foreign Firms, but Spurs New Headaches," Asian Wall Street Journal, Sept. 20, 1993.
76. Wood Mackenzie, China, pp. 325-37.
77. The Japanese companies were Japan Energy, Japex, Sumitomo, and Inpex. Ibid.
78. Xu Yihe, "China CNSPC Proves 140MMT Crude Reserve at Tarim Prospect," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 22, 2000.
79. "China Launches Massive Gas Pipeline Campaign," Oil and Gas Journal, June 5, 2000, pp. 63-66.
80. The estimated cost for China's 4,200-km pipeline varies between $8 billion and $14 billion. Ibid.; and Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil."
81. The estimated cost for China's 4,200-km pipeline varies between $8 billion and $14 billion. Ibid.; and Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil."
82. While foreign companies can own 100 percent of the pipeline, they cannot own the land on which the pipeline rests and they must use CNPC's construction crews. Once fully operational in 2007, the pipeline is expected to carry some 20 billion cubic meters of natural gas each year. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Energy Watch: Investors Avoiding Gas Pipeline Plan," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 10, 2000. See also Xu Yihe, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% of China's W-E Gas Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 27, 2000.
83. While foreign companies can own 100 percent of the pipeline, they cannot own the land on which the pipeline rests and they must use CNPC's construction crews. Once fully operational in 2007, the pipeline is expected to carry some 20 billion cubic meters of natural gas each year. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Energy Watch: Investors Avoiding Gas Pipeline Plan," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 10, 2000. See also Xu Yihe, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% of China's W-E Gas Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 27, 2000.
84. Demand remains a significant hurdle, considering an 864-kilometer gas pipeline built between the Changqing gas field and Beijing has been operating at 30 percent of capacity due to a lack of demand. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Scales Dn Initial Shanghai Gas Pipeline Throughput," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 25, 2000. See also "BP Signing Chinese Gas Accord, May Join Gas Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 18, 2000, p. 74; "PetroChina Unveils Plan to Cut 10% of Its Work Force over Five Years," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 34; Gabriel Lafitte, "Problems with the Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 6, 2000; and Xu, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% Of China's W-E Gas Pipeline."
85. Demand remains a significant hurdle, considering an 864-kilometer gas pipeline built between the Changqing gas field and Beijing has been operating at 30 percent of capacity due to a lack of demand. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Scales Dn Initial Shanghai Gas Pipeline Throughput," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 25, 2000. See also "BP Signing Chinese Gas Accord, May Join Gas Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 18, 2000, p. 74; "PetroChina Unveils Plan to Cut 10% of Its Work Force over Five Years," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 34; Gabriel Lafitte, "Problems with the Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 6, 2000; and Xu, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% Of China's W-E Gas Pipeline."
86. Demand remains a significant hurdle, considering an 864-kilometer gas pipeline built between the Changqing gas field and Beijing has been operating at 30 percent of capacity due to a lack of demand. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Scales Dn Initial Shanghai Gas Pipeline Throughput," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 25, 2000. See also "BP Signing Chinese Gas Accord, May Join Gas Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 18, 2000, p. 74; "PetroChina Unveils Plan to Cut 10% of Its Work Force over Five Years," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 34; Gabriel Lafitte, "Problems with the Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 6, 2000; and Xu, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% Of China's W-E Gas Pipeline."
87. Demand remains a significant hurdle, considering an 864-kilometer gas pipeline built between the Changqing gas field and Beijing has been operating at 30 percent of capacity due to a lack of demand. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Scales Dn Initial Shanghai Gas Pipeline Throughput," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 25, 2000. See also "BP Signing Chinese Gas Accord, May Join Gas Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 18, 2000, p. 74; "PetroChina Unveils Plan to Cut 10% of Its Work Force over Five Years," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 34; Gabriel Lafitte, "Problems with the Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 6, 2000; and Xu, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% Of China's W-E Gas Pipeline."
88. Demand remains a significant hurdle, considering an 864-kilometer gas pipeline built between the Changqing gas field and Beijing has been operating at 30 percent of capacity due to a lack of demand. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Scales Dn Initial Shanghai Gas Pipeline Throughput," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 25, 2000. See also "BP Signing Chinese Gas Accord, May Join Gas Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 18, 2000, p. 74; "PetroChina Unveils Plan to Cut 10% of Its Work Force over Five Years," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 34; Gabriel Lafitte, "Problems with the Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 6, 2000; and Xu, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% Of China's W-E Gas Pipeline."
89. Demand remains a significant hurdle, considering an 864-kilometer gas pipeline built between the Changqing gas field and Beijing has been operating at 30 percent of capacity due to a lack of demand. Quotation from Xu Yihe, "China Scales Dn Initial Shanghai Gas Pipeline Throughput," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 25, 2000. See also "BP Signing Chinese Gas Accord, May Join Gas Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 18, 2000, p. 74; "PetroChina Unveils Plan to Cut 10% of Its Work Force over Five Years," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 34; Gabriel Lafitte, "Problems with the Pipeline," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 6, 2000; and Xu, "Foreign Cos Allowed 100% Of China's W-E Gas Pipeline."
90. Quotation from Xu, "China Energy Watch." See also "Go West, Young Han," Economist, Dec. 21, 2000; Craig S. Smith, "Beijing Tries to Lift Economic Standards," New York Times, Nov. 7, 2000; and Philip P. Pan, "Touting China's Hinterland," Washington Post, Oct. 26, 2000.
91. Quotation from Xu, "China Energy Watch." See also "Go West, Young Han," Economist, Dec. 21, 2000; Craig S. Smith, "Beijing Tries to Lift Economic Standards," New York Times, Nov. 7, 2000; and Philip P. Pan, "Touting China's Hinterland," Washington Post, Oct. 26, 2000.
92. Quotation from Xu, "China Energy Watch." See also "Go West, Young Han," Economist, Dec. 21, 2000; Craig S. Smith, "Beijing Tries to Lift Economic Standards," New York Times, Nov. 7, 2000; and Philip P. Pan, "Touting China's Hinterland," Washington Post, Oct. 26, 2000.
93. Quotation from Xu, "China Energy Watch." See also "Go West, Young Han," Economist, Dec. 21, 2000; Craig S. Smith, "Beijing Tries to Lift Economic Standards," New York Times, Nov. 7, 2000; and Philip P. Pan, "Touting China's Hinterland," Washington Post, Oct. 26, 2000.
94. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
95. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
96. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
97. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
98. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
99. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
100. The Sichuan Basin contains some of the oldest known natural gas deposits in China. In ancient times, natural gas would be collected in animal bladders from ground seeps and used for lighting. Since the 1960s, CNPC has built and operated a number of gas pipelines throughout the region. Xu Yihe, "China Approves Enron, PetroChina Gas Pipeline Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 21, 2000; "China Outlines 10 Projs to Spur Growth in W, Central China," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 11, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), pp. 21-22; "Production-Sharing Contracts Signed by ARCO for Coalbed Methane Project in China," BP Amoco press release, June 29, 1998; "Texaco Signs 500 Million Dlr Coal-Gas Exploitation Agreement in China," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 8, 1998; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 1998 (London: EIU, 1998), p. 21; and "ARCO Acquires Enron Oil and Gas Company's Interest in Two Coalbed Methane Prospects in China," BP Amoco press release, June 3, 1997.
101. Cracking is a process in which heat and pressure (and sometimes a catalyst) are applied to heavier hydrocarbons to break them into lighter ones, such as ethylene. "China Asks BP to Join Daqing Ethylene Cracker Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; "Shell Signs Agreement to Take 50% Stake in Venture with Chinese Oil Companies," Associated Press, Oct. 29, 2000; and Bhushan Bahree, "Shell, Chinese Joint Venture Partners Reach Agreement on Huizhou Plant," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 24, 2000.
102. Cracking is a process in which heat and pressure (and sometimes a catalyst) are applied to heavier hydrocarbons to break them into lighter ones, such as ethylene. "China Asks BP to Join Daqing Ethylene Cracker Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; "Shell Signs Agreement to Take 50% Stake in Venture with Chinese Oil Companies," Associated Press, Oct. 29, 2000; and Bhushan Bahree, "Shell, Chinese Joint Venture Partners Reach Agreement on Huizhou Plant," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 24, 2000.
103. Cracking is a process in which heat and pressure (and sometimes a catalyst) are applied to heavier hydrocarbons to break them into lighter ones, such as ethylene. "China Asks BP to Join Daqing Ethylene Cracker Proj - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; "Shell Signs Agreement to Take 50% Stake in Venture with Chinese Oil Companies," Associated Press, Oct. 29, 2000; and Bhushan Bahree, "Shell, Chinese Joint Venture Partners Reach Agreement on Huizhou Plant," Wall Street Journal, Aug. 24, 2000.
104. Henny Sender, "Two Shell Joint Ventures in China Default on Loans, Worrying Banks," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 13, 2000.
105. "Chinese Oil Industry Will Collapse without Reform, Report Says," Agence France-Presse, Jan. 25, 1998.
106. Xu Yihe, "China Refineries Continue to Lower Runs on High Stks - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China Needs New Changes for Globally Viable Oil Sector," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 20, 2000; and Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil."
107. Xu Yihe, "China Refineries Continue to Lower Runs on High Stks - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China Needs New Changes for Globally Viable Oil Sector," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 20, 2000; and Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil."
108. Xu Yihe, "China Refineries Continue to Lower Runs on High Stks - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China Needs New Changes for Globally Viable Oil Sector," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 20, 2000; and Brauchli, "China's Growing Thirst for Oil."
109. Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Privatization Progresses with Investments, London Lawyers," Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2000; Michael M. Phillips, "PetroChina's IPO Roadshow Opens, While Opposition Forces Rally Nearby," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 23, 2000; and "PetroChina Plans to Move Forward with Roadshow for Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 3, 2000.
110. Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Privatization Progresses with Investments, London Lawyers," Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2000; Michael M. Phillips, "PetroChina's IPO Roadshow Opens, While Opposition Forces Rally Nearby," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 23, 2000; and "PetroChina Plans to Move Forward with Roadshow for Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 3, 2000.
111. Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Privatization Progresses with Investments, London Lawyers," Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2000; Michael M. Phillips, "PetroChina's IPO Roadshow Opens, While Opposition Forces Rally Nearby," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 23, 2000; and "PetroChina Plans to Move Forward with Roadshow for Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 3, 2000.
112. Meredith Tompson, "PetroChina Slashes 38,000 Jobs in 2000," BridgeNews, Jan. 8, 2001; "PetroChina Says '00 Target for 10,000 Job Cuts Completed," Dow Jones Newswires, Nov. 1, 2000; "PetroChina to Merge Some Refineries, Close Others, Papers Say," Bloomberg News, Oct. 29, 2000; "PetroChina Aims to Control 21% of China's Gas Pumps," Bloomberg News, Aug. 31, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina's Net Soared 77% in '99; Company Plans to Trim Payroll, Debt," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public; Changes Fail to Break Its State Ties," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 14, 2000.
113. Meredith Tompson, "PetroChina Slashes 38,000 Jobs in 2000," BridgeNews, Jan. 8, 2001; "PetroChina Says '00 Target for 10,000 Job Cuts Completed," Dow Jones Newswires, Nov. 1, 2000; "PetroChina to Merge Some Refineries, Close Others, Papers Say," Bloomberg News, Oct. 29, 2000; "PetroChina Aims to Control 21% of China's Gas Pumps," Bloomberg News, Aug. 31, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina's Net Soared 77% in '99; Company Plans to Trim Payroll, Debt," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public; Changes Fail to Break Its State Ties," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 14, 2000.
114. Meredith Tompson, "PetroChina Slashes 38,000 Jobs in 2000," BridgeNews, Jan. 8, 2001; "PetroChina Says '00 Target for 10,000 Job Cuts Completed," Dow Jones Newswires, Nov. 1, 2000; "PetroChina to Merge Some Refineries, Close Others, Papers Say," Bloomberg News, Oct. 29, 2000; "PetroChina Aims to Control 21% of China's Gas Pumps," Bloomberg News, Aug. 31, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina's Net Soared 77% in '99; Company Plans to Trim Payroll, Debt," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public; Changes Fail to Break Its State Ties," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 14, 2000.
115. Meredith Tompson, "PetroChina Slashes 38,000 Jobs in 2000," BridgeNews, Jan. 8, 2001; "PetroChina Says '00 Target for 10,000 Job Cuts Completed," Dow Jones Newswires, Nov. 1, 2000; "PetroChina to Merge Some Refineries, Close Others, Papers Say," Bloomberg News, Oct. 29, 2000; "PetroChina Aims to Control 21% of China's Gas Pumps," Bloomberg News, Aug. 31, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina's Net Soared 77% in '99; Company Plans to Trim Payroll, Debt," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public; Changes Fail to Break Its State Ties," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 14, 2000.
116. Meredith Tompson, "PetroChina Slashes 38,000 Jobs in 2000," BridgeNews, Jan. 8, 2001; "PetroChina Says '00 Target for 10,000 Job Cuts Completed," Dow Jones Newswires, Nov. 1, 2000; "PetroChina to Merge Some Refineries, Close Others, Papers Say," Bloomberg News, Oct. 29, 2000; "PetroChina Aims to Control 21% of China's Gas Pumps," Bloomberg News, Aug. 31, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina's Net Soared 77% in '99; Company Plans to Trim Payroll, Debt," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public; Changes Fail to Break Its State Ties," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 14, 2000.
117. Meredith Tompson, "PetroChina Slashes 38,000 Jobs in 2000," BridgeNews, Jan. 8, 2001; "PetroChina Says '00 Target for 10,000 Job Cuts Completed," Dow Jones Newswires, Nov. 1, 2000; "PetroChina to Merge Some Refineries, Close Others, Papers Say," Bloomberg News, Oct. 29, 2000; "PetroChina Aims to Control 21% of China's Gas Pumps," Bloomberg News, Aug. 31, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina's Net Soared 77% in '99; Company Plans to Trim Payroll, Debt," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Ian Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public; Changes Fail to Break Its State Ties," Wall Street Journal, Jan. 14, 2000.
118. The pipeline's gas reserve requirement was based on the assumption that 72 percent of the natural gas discovered in the Tarim Basin would eventually be recovered. Vivian Chu, "PetroChina May Open Up West to West," CBS.Market.Watch.com, Dec. 12, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Starts Ops at New Block in Xinjiang - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 11, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina to Build 1.06 Cu Meter Gas Capacity 01 - Report," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 7, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Seeks 300B Cu Meters Proven Tarim Gas Reserves," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 31, 2000.
119. The pipeline's gas reserve requirement was based on the assumption that 72 percent of the natural gas discovered in the Tarim Basin would eventually be recovered. Vivian Chu, "PetroChina May Open Up West to West," CBS.Market.Watch.com, Dec. 12, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Starts Ops at New Block in Xinjiang - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 11, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina to Build 1.06 Cu Meter Gas Capacity 01 - Report," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 7, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Seeks 300B Cu Meters Proven Tarim Gas Reserves," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 31, 2000.
120. The pipeline's gas reserve requirement was based on the assumption that 72 percent of the natural gas discovered in the Tarim Basin would eventually be recovered. Vivian Chu, "PetroChina May Open Up West to West," CBS.Market.Watch.com, Dec. 12, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Starts Ops at New Block in Xinjiang - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 11, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina to Build 1.06 Cu Meter Gas Capacity 01 - Report," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 7, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Seeks 300B Cu Meters Proven Tarim Gas Reserves," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 31, 2000.
121. The pipeline's gas reserve requirement was based on the assumption that 72 percent of the natural gas discovered in the Tarim Basin would eventually be recovered. Vivian Chu, "PetroChina May Open Up West to West," CBS.Market.Watch.com, Dec. 12, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Starts Ops at New Block in Xinjiang - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 11, 2000; Xu Yihe, "PetroChina to Build 1.06 Cu Meter Gas Capacity 01 - Report," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 7, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "PetroChina Seeks 300B Cu Meters Proven Tarim Gas Reserves," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 31, 2000.
122. PetroChina also arranged with its creditors to swap some of its remaining debt for equity in the publicly held company. Quotation from Jason Booth, "PetroChina Is No Longer Black Sheep of the Market," Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2000. See also Mark L. Clifford and Dexter Roberts, "Can This Giant Fly?" Business Week, Feb. 7, 2000; and Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public."
123. PetroChina also arranged with its creditors to swap some of its remaining debt for equity in the publicly held company. Quotation from Jason Booth, "PetroChina Is No Longer Black Sheep of the Market," Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2000. See also Mark L. Clifford and Dexter Roberts, "Can This Giant Fly?" Business Week, Feb. 7, 2000; and Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public."
124. PetroChina also arranged with its creditors to swap some of its remaining debt for equity in the publicly held company. Quotation from Jason Booth, "PetroChina Is No Longer Black Sheep of the Market," Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2000. See also Mark L. Clifford and Dexter Roberts, "Can This Giant Fly?" Business Week, Feb. 7, 2000; and Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public."
125. Quotation from Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public." See also Eduardo Lachica, "AFL-CIO's Influence Erodes Interest in PetroChina's IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 14, 2000; Eduardo Lachica and Michael M. Phillips, "U.S. Lawmakers Attempt to Block IPO for State-Owned Chinese Oil Company," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; Eduardo Lachica, "U.S. Lawmakers Oppose Plans by China Firm to Launch IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; "The Initial Public Offering of PetroChina: A Report by the AFL-CIO's Office of Investment" ([Washington, D.C.]: AFL-CIO, Mar. 1, 2000); and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "Protests, Regulatory Review Hamper Planned Stock Listing of PetroChina," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 9, 2000.
126. Quotation from Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public." See also Eduardo Lachica, "AFL-CIO's Influence Erodes Interest in PetroChina's IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 14, 2000; Eduardo Lachica and Michael M. Phillips, "U.S. Lawmakers Attempt to Block IPO for State-Owned Chinese Oil Company," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; Eduardo Lachica, "U.S. Lawmakers Oppose Plans by China Firm to Launch IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; "The Initial Public Offering of PetroChina: A Report by the AFL-CIO's Office of Investment" ([Washington, D.C.]: AFL-CIO, Mar. 1, 2000); and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "Protests, Regulatory Review Hamper Planned Stock Listing of PetroChina," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 9, 2000.
127. Quotation from Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public." See also Eduardo Lachica, "AFL-CIO's Influence Erodes Interest in PetroChina's IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 14, 2000; Eduardo Lachica and Michael M. Phillips, "U.S. Lawmakers Attempt to Block IPO for State-Owned Chinese Oil Company," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; Eduardo Lachica, "U.S. Lawmakers Oppose Plans by China Firm to Launch IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; "The Initial Public Offering of PetroChina: A Report by the AFL-CIO's Office of Investment" ([Washington, D.C.]: AFL-CIO, Mar. 1, 2000); and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "Protests, Regulatory Review Hamper Planned Stock Listing of PetroChina," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 9, 2000.
128. Quotation from Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public." See also Eduardo Lachica, "AFL-CIO's Influence Erodes Interest in PetroChina's IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 14, 2000; Eduardo Lachica and Michael M. Phillips, "U.S. Lawmakers Attempt to Block IPO for State-Owned Chinese Oil Company," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; Eduardo Lachica, "U.S. Lawmakers Oppose Plans by China Firm to Launch IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; "The Initial Public Offering of PetroChina: A Report by the AFL-CIO's Office of Investment" ([Washington, D.C.]: AFL-CIO, Mar. 1, 2000); and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "Protests, Regulatory Review Hamper Planned Stock Listing of PetroChina," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 9, 2000.
129. Quotation from Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public." See also Eduardo Lachica, "AFL-CIO's Influence Erodes Interest in PetroChina's IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 14, 2000; Eduardo Lachica and Michael M. Phillips, "U.S. Lawmakers Attempt to Block IPO for State-Owned Chinese Oil Company," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; Eduardo Lachica, "U.S. Lawmakers Oppose Plans by China Firm to Launch IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; "The Initial Public Offering of PetroChina: A Report by the AFL-CIO's Office of Investment" ([Washington, D.C.]: AFL-CIO, Mar. 1, 2000); and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "Protests, Regulatory Review Hamper Planned Stock Listing of PetroChina," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 9, 2000.
130. Quotation from Wonacott and Johnson, "PetroChina Prepares to Go Public." See also Eduardo Lachica, "AFL-CIO's Influence Erodes Interest in PetroChina's IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 14, 2000; Eduardo Lachica and Michael M. Phillips, "U.S. Lawmakers Attempt to Block IPO for State-Owned Chinese Oil Company," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; Eduardo Lachica, "U.S. Lawmakers Oppose Plans by China Firm to Launch IPO," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 1, 2000; "The Initial Public Offering of PetroChina: A Report by the AFL-CIO's Office of Investment" ([Washington, D.C.]: AFL-CIO, Mar. 1, 2000); and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "Protests, Regulatory Review Hamper Planned Stock Listing of PetroChina," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 9, 2000.
131. ADRs are negotiable receipts on foreign securities and are traded in place of those securities in order to alleviate the difficulties (including transferring certificates, converting currencies, and meeting financial disclosure requirements) inherent in buying and selling foreign securities. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt," Reuters, Jan. 17, 2001; "China Company: Petro China Takes Off - Just," EIU, Apr. 7, 2000; and Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina IPO Is Critical to Revamping Oil Industry," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 6, 2000.
132. ADRs are negotiable receipts on foreign securities and are traded in place of those securities in order to alleviate the difficulties (including transferring certificates, converting currencies, and meeting financial disclosure requirements) inherent in buying and selling foreign securities. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt," Reuters, Jan. 17, 2001; "China Company: Petro China Takes Off - Just," EIU, Apr. 7, 2000; and Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina IPO Is Critical to Revamping Oil Industry," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 6, 2000.
133. ADRs are negotiable receipts on foreign securities and are traded in place of those securities in order to alleviate the difficulties (including transferring certificates, converting currencies, and meeting financial disclosure requirements) inherent in buying and selling foreign securities. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt," Reuters, Jan. 17, 2001; "China Company: Petro China Takes Off - Just," EIU, Apr. 7, 2000; and Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina IPO Is Critical to Revamping Oil Industry," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 6, 2000.
134. Karol Nielsen, "PetroChina IPO Succeeds after a Difficult Start," Chemical Week, Aug. 30, 2000, p. 31; Kenneth Wong, "Initial PetroChina Trading Sputters; Goldman Sachs Bolsters Prospects," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 10, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina Sells Hong Kong Portion of Its IPO," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 5, 2000; Bhushan Bahree, "BP Amoco Plans to Acquire 20% of PetroChina in Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 24, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "PetroChina Recruits Several Allies in Hong Kong As Investors in Issue," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 22, 2000.
135. Karol Nielsen, "PetroChina IPO Succeeds after a Difficult Start," Chemical Week, Aug. 30, 2000, p. 31; Kenneth Wong, "Initial PetroChina Trading Sputters; Goldman Sachs Bolsters Prospects," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 10, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina Sells Hong Kong Portion of Its IPO," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 5, 2000; Bhushan Bahree, "BP Amoco Plans to Acquire 20% of PetroChina in Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 24, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "PetroChina Recruits Several Allies in Hong Kong As Investors in Issue," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 22, 2000.
136. Karol Nielsen, "PetroChina IPO Succeeds after a Difficult Start," Chemical Week, Aug. 30, 2000, p. 31; Kenneth Wong, "Initial PetroChina Trading Sputters; Goldman Sachs Bolsters Prospects," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 10, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina Sells Hong Kong Portion of Its IPO," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 5, 2000; Bhushan Bahree, "BP Amoco Plans to Acquire 20% of PetroChina in Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 24, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "PetroChina Recruits Several Allies in Hong Kong As Investors in Issue," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 22, 2000.
137. Karol Nielsen, "PetroChina IPO Succeeds after a Difficult Start," Chemical Week, Aug. 30, 2000, p. 31; Kenneth Wong, "Initial PetroChina Trading Sputters; Goldman Sachs Bolsters Prospects," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 10, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina Sells Hong Kong Portion of Its IPO," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 5, 2000; Bhushan Bahree, "BP Amoco Plans to Acquire 20% of PetroChina in Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 24, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "PetroChina Recruits Several Allies in Hong Kong As Investors in Issue," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 22, 2000.
138. Karol Nielsen, "PetroChina IPO Succeeds after a Difficult Start," Chemical Week, Aug. 30, 2000, p. 31; Kenneth Wong, "Initial PetroChina Trading Sputters; Goldman Sachs Bolsters Prospects," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 10, 2000; Peter Wonacott, "PetroChina Sells Hong Kong Portion of Its IPO," Dow Jones Newswires, Apr. 5, 2000; Bhushan Bahree, "BP Amoco Plans to Acquire 20% of PetroChina in Initial Offering," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 24, 2000; and Peter Wonacott and Eduardo Lachica, "PetroChina Recruits Several Allies in Hong Kong As Investors in Issue," Wall Street Journal, Mar. 22, 2000.
139. In 2000, China had roughly 80,000 gas stations. "Sinopec to Spend $3.8 Bil Buying Gas Stations, Paper Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 18, 2000; Kirsti Hastings, "China's Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B in Share Offer - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 14, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina; Majors Support," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 12. 2000.
140. In 2000, China had roughly 80,000 gas stations. "Sinopec to Spend $3.8 Bil Buying Gas Stations, Paper Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 18, 2000; Kirsti Hastings, "China's Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B in Share Offer - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 14, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina; Majors Support," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 12. 2000.
141. In 2000, China had roughly 80,000 gas stations. "Sinopec to Spend $3.8 Bil Buying Gas Stations, Paper Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 18, 2000; Kirsti Hastings, "China's Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B in Share Offer - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 14, 2000; and Xu Yihe, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina; Majors Support," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 12. 2000.
142. Zhang Honglin, "The Directors of the Company (As Defined below) Wishes [sic] to Clarify Press Articles on the Company's Employee Reduction Plan," Sinopec announcement, Jan. 8, 2001; "Asia Briefs," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 26, 2000; Mark Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public," New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000; "Overhaul to Cost 100,000 Jobs," Bloomberg News, Sept. 26, 2000; Hastings, "Sinopec
143. Zhang Honglin, "The Directors of the Company (As Defined below) Wishes [sic] to Clarify Press Articles on the Company's Employee Reduction Plan," Sinopec announcement, Jan. 8, 2001; "Asia Briefs," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 26, 2000; Mark Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public," New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000; "Overhaul to Cost 100,000 Jobs," Bloomberg News, Sept. 26, 2000; Hastings, "Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B"; and "Chinese Banks Swap $3.6 Bil Debt for Sinopec Equity," Bloomberg News, Sept. 14, 2000.
144. Zhang Honglin, "The Directors of the Company (As Defined below) Wishes [sic] to Clarify Press Articles on the Company's Employee Reduction Plan," Sinopec announcement, Jan. 8, 2001; "Asia Briefs," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 26, 2000; Mark Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public," New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000; "Overhaul to Cost 100,000 Jobs," Bloomberg News, Sept. 26, 2000; Hastings, "Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B"; and "Chinese Banks Swap $3.6 Bil Debt for Sinopec Equity," Bloomberg News, Sept. 14, 2000.
145. Zhang Honglin, "The Directors of the Company (As Defined below) Wishes [sic] to Clarify Press Articles on the Company's Employee Reduction Plan," Sinopec announcement, Jan. 8, 2001; "Asia Briefs," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 26, 2000; Mark Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public," New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000; "Overhaul to Cost 100,000 Jobs," Bloomberg News, Sept. 26, 2000; Hastings, "Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B"; and "Chinese Banks Swap $3.6 Bil Debt for Sinopec Equity," Bloomberg News, Sept. 14, 2000.
146. Zhang Honglin, "The Directors of the Company (As Defined below) Wishes [sic] to Clarify Press Articles on the Company's Employee Reduction Plan," Sinopec announcement, Jan. 8, 2001; "Asia Briefs," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 26, 2000; Mark Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public," New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000; "Overhaul to Cost 100,000 Jobs," Bloomberg News, Sept. 26, 2000; Hastings, "Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B"; and "Chinese Banks Swap $3.6 Bil Debt for Sinopec Equity," Bloomberg News, Sept. 14, 2000.
147. Zhang Honglin, "The Directors of the Company (As Defined below) Wishes [sic] to Clarify Press Articles on the Company's Employee Reduction Plan," Sinopec announcement, Jan. 8, 2001; "Asia Briefs," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 26, 2000; Mark Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public," New York Times, Oct. 12, 2000; "Overhaul to Cost 100,000 Jobs," Bloomberg News, Sept. 26, 2000; Hastings, "Sinopec to Raise US$3-4B"; and "Chinese Banks Swap $3.6 Bil Debt for Sinopec Equity," Bloomberg News, Sept. 14, 2000.
148. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
149. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
150. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
151. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
152. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
153. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
154. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
155. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
156. "China Cuts Gasoline Prices As Crude Prices Fall, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Nov. 17, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, August 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 23; Xu Yihe, "China's 2005 Crude Run Expected at 230M MT - Exec," Dow Jones Newswires, Mar. 24, 2000; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 1st Quarter 2000, p. 30; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 31; Country Profile: China and Mongolia, 1998-99 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 27; "China's Oil Price Reforms a Major Step in Deregulating Its Petroleum Sector," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 10, 1998; Nakajima, "Price Reforms in China"; and Chang, "Oil Price Controls to be Lifted Gradually."
157. Xu Yihe, "Sinopec Proves 1.086B Bbl Crude Oil Reserves Jan-ep," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 24, 2000; and Karby Leggett, "China's Sinopec Unit Executive Is Issued Death Sentence," Asian Wall Street Journal, Oct. 17, 2000.
158. Xu Yihe, "Sinopec Proves 1.086B Bbl Crude Oil Reserves Jan-ep," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 24, 2000; and Karby Leggett, "China's Sinopec Unit Executive Is Issued Death Sentence," Asian Wall Street Journal, Oct. 17, 2000.
159. "Sinopec Says It Sold Sudan Asset to CNPC for $9.7 Mil in June," Bloomberg News, Nov. 6, 2000; Murray Hiebert, "Sinopec's IPO Hit by Human Rights Protests," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 25, 2000; and Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public."
160. "Sinopec Says It Sold Sudan Asset to CNPC for $9.7 Mil in June," Bloomberg News, Nov. 6, 2000; Murray Hiebert, "Sinopec's IPO Hit by Human Rights Protests," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 25, 2000; and Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public."
161. "Sinopec Says It Sold Sudan Asset to CNPC for $9.7 Mil in June," Bloomberg News, Nov. 6, 2000; Murray Hiebert, "Sinopec's IPO Hit by Human Rights Protests," Far Eastern Economic Review, Oct. 25, 2000; and Lander, "China's No. 2 Oil Company Prepares to Go Public."
162. Jason Overdorf, "Exxon Mobil Affiliate Buys 19% of China Pete Offering," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 18, 2000; "Megamajors Open Door to China Expansion Plans," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 25, 2000; Xu, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina"; and Leslie P. Norton, "Asian Trader," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 9, 2000.
163. Jason Overdorf, "Exxon Mobil Affiliate Buys 19% of China Pete Offering," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 18, 2000; "Megamajors Open Door to China Expansion Plans," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 25, 2000; Xu, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina"; and Leslie P. Norton, "Asian Trader," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 9, 2000.
164. Jason Overdorf, "Exxon Mobil Affiliate Buys 19% of China Pete Offering," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 18, 2000; "Megamajors Open Door to China Expansion Plans," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 25, 2000; Xu, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina"; and Leslie P. Norton, "Asian Trader," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 9, 2000.
165. Jason Overdorf, "Exxon Mobil Affiliate Buys 19% of China Pete Offering," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 18, 2000; "Megamajors Open Door to China Expansion Plans," Oil and Gas Journal, Sept. 25, 2000; Xu, "Sinopec's IPO May Outperform PetroChina"; and Leslie P. Norton, "Asian Trader," Dow Jones Newswires, Sept. 9, 2000.
166. BP Amoco's ethylene plant, which has an annual capacity of 900,000 tons and is slated to open in 2005, would be China's third. BASF and Sinopec are expected to bring a plant in Nanjing online as early as 2004 with a capacity of 650,000 tons per year, and Royal Dutch/Shell and CNOOC signed a deal to build yet another plant in 2005, with a capacity of 800,000 tons per year, in Guangdong province. Peter Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment in China National Offshore Oil IPO," Wall Street Journal, Nov. 15, 2000; and "Sinopec, BP to Finish Petchem Feasibility in Dec," Reuters, Nov. 9, 2000.
167. BP Amoco's ethylene plant, which has an annual capacity of 900,000 tons and is slated to open in 2005, would be China's third. BASF and Sinopec are expected to bring a plant in Nanjing online as early as 2004 with a capacity of 650,000 tons per year, and Royal Dutch/Shell and CNOOC signed a deal to build yet another plant in 2005, with a capacity of 800,000 tons per year, in Guangdong province. Peter Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment in China National Offshore Oil IPO," Wall Street Journal, Nov. 15, 2000; and "Sinopec, BP to Finish Petchem Feasibility in Dec," Reuters, Nov. 9, 2000.
168. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
169. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
170. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
171. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
172. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
173. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
174. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
175. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
176. Bei Bei She, "China's CNOOC Seen Attractive at Second IPO Attempt"; Sonia Tsang, "China's CNOOC to Issue 1.64 Shrs in IPO - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Dec. 14, 2000; Wonacott, "Shell Plans $300 Million Investment"; "Sinopec Finds Oil, Gas in Sichuan, Offshore Shanghai," Bloomberg News, Nov. 15, 2000; "CNOOC Names Banks for Second Try at Share Sale, Drops Solomon," Bloomberg News, Oct. 3, 2000; Karby Leggett, "Sinopec, Royal Dutch/Shell Finalize Wide-Ranging Cooperation Deal," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 13, 2000; "BP, ExxonMobil Eye China Retail," Today's Refinery, Sept. 2000, p. 6; Nisha Gopalan, "Shell: No Comment on China's CNOOC IPO Plan; Talks Continue," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 22, 2000; and "China National Offshore Oil to Reorganize," Asian Wall Street Journal, Jan. 6, 1998.
177. If successful, China's oil companies can make secondary offerings of their remaining equity and generate more capital to fund future expansion without the need for government loans or subsidies. "The Longer March," Economist, Sept. 30, 2000; David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Petroleum: After the Megamergers," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-57; Tim Bleakley, David Gee, and Ron Hulme, "The Atomization of Big Oil," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1997, pp. 122-42; and David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Alliances in Upstream Oil and Gas," ibid., pp. 144-55.
178. If successful, China's oil companies can make secondary offerings of their remaining equity and generate more capital to fund future expansion without the need for government loans or subsidies. "The Longer March," Economist, Sept. 30, 2000; David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Petroleum: After the Megamergers," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-57; Tim Bleakley, David Gee, and Ron Hulme, "The Atomization of Big Oil," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1997, pp. 122-42; and David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Alliances in Upstream Oil and Gas," ibid., pp. 144-55.
179. If successful, China's oil companies can make secondary offerings of their remaining equity and generate more capital to fund future expansion without the need for government loans or subsidies. "The Longer March," Economist, Sept. 30, 2000; David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Petroleum: After the Megamergers," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-57; Tim Bleakley, David Gee, and Ron Hulme, "The Atomization of Big Oil," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1997, pp. 122-42; and David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Alliances in Upstream Oil and Gas," ibid., pp. 144-55.
180. If successful, China's oil companies can make secondary offerings of their remaining equity and generate more capital to fund future expansion without the need for government loans or subsidies. "The Longer March," Economist, Sept. 30, 2000; David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Petroleum: After the Megamergers," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-57; Tim Bleakley, David Gee, and Ron Hulme, "The Atomization of Big Oil," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1997, pp. 122-42; and David Ernst and Andy M. J. Steinhubl, "Alliances in Upstream Oil and Gas," ibid., pp. 144-55.
181. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher"; Wang Tao, address, 15th World Petroleum Congress, Beijing, Oct. 14, 1997; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020"; Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports"; and Ian Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad," Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1997.
182. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher"; Wang Tao, address, 15th World Petroleum Congress, Beijing, Oct. 14, 1997; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020"; Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports"; and Ian Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad," Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1997.
183. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher"; Wang Tao, address, 15th World Petroleum Congress, Beijing, Oct. 14, 1997; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020"; Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports"; and Ian Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad," Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1997.
184. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher"; Wang Tao, address, 15th World Petroleum Congress, Beijing, Oct. 14, 1997; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020"; Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports"; and Ian Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad," Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1997.
185. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher"; Wang Tao, address, 15th World Petroleum Congress, Beijing, Oct. 14, 1997; "China's Gas Production Will Not Meet Demand by 2020"; Baert, "China Will Need More Oil Imports"; and Ian Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad," Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1997.
186. Similarly, while China has endeavored to remain self-reliant in military equipment, it has chosen to buy equipment from foreign countries whenever its domestic defense industry has failed to meet its military needs.
187. Erica Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security (Santa Monica, Calif: RAND, 2000), pp. 21-23; and Zhang Yirong, "China Quickens Its Pace of Overseas Oil Operation," China Oil and Gas, Sept. 1997, pp. 174-75.
188. Erica Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security (Santa Monica, Calif: RAND, 2000), pp. 21-23; and Zhang Yirong, "China Quickens Its Pace of Overseas Oil Operation," China Oil and Gas, Sept. 1997, pp. 174-75.
189. Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 4th Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 37. See also Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 33; "Chinese Premier to Sign Oil Contract with Kazakhstan," Agence France-Presse, Sept. 9. 1997; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and "China Takes Control of Kazakhstan's Aktyubinsk," East European Energy Report, June 24, 1997, p. 16.
190. Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 4th Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 37. See also Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 33; "Chinese Premier to Sign Oil Contract with Kazakhstan," Agence France-Presse, Sept. 9. 1997; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and "China Takes Control of Kazakhstan's Aktyubinsk," East European Energy Report, June 24, 1997, p. 16.
191. Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 4th Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 37. See also Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 33; "Chinese Premier to Sign Oil Contract with Kazakhstan," Agence France-Presse, Sept. 9. 1997; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and "China Takes Control of Kazakhstan's Aktyubinsk," East European Energy Report, June 24, 1997, p. 16.
192. Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 4th Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 37. See also Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 33; "Chinese Premier to Sign Oil Contract with Kazakhstan," Agence France-Presse, Sept. 9. 1997; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and "China Takes Control of Kazakhstan's Aktyubinsk," East European Energy Report, June 24, 1997, p. 16.
193. Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 4th Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 37. See also Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 33; "Chinese Premier to Sign Oil Contract with Kazakhstan," Agence France-Presse, Sept. 9. 1997; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and "China Takes Control of Kazakhstan's Aktyubinsk," East European Energy Report, June 24, 1997, p. 16.
194. Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 4th Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 37. See also Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997 (London: EIU, 1997), p. 33; "Chinese Premier to Sign Oil Contract with Kazakhstan," Agence France-Presse, Sept. 9. 1997; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and "China Takes Control of Kazakhstan's Aktyubinsk," East European Energy Report, June 24, 1997, p. 16.
195. Kazakhstan, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, and Tajikistan formed the Shanghai Five in March 2000, with the goal of coordinating measures to combat terrorism from Islamists throughout Central Asia and Xinjiang. Already, the Kazakh and Kyrgyz governments have cracked down on Uighur groups within their borders. Country Report: Kazakhstan, April 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 14; "CNPC Shelves China-Kazakhstan Oil Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 30, 1999, p. 44; and Quan Lan, "Transnational Oil Pipeline Shelved," China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, Aug. 15, 1999, pp. 2-3.
196. Kazakhstan, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, and Tajikistan formed the Shanghai Five in March 2000, with the goal of coordinating measures to combat terrorism from Islamists throughout Central Asia and Xinjiang. Already, the Kazakh and Kyrgyz governments have cracked down on Uighur groups within their borders. Country Report: Kazakhstan, April 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 14; "CNPC Shelves China-Kazakhstan Oil Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 30, 1999, p. 44; and Quan Lan, "Transnational Oil Pipeline Shelved," China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, Aug. 15, 1999, pp. 2-3.
197. Kazakhstan, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, and Tajikistan formed the Shanghai Five in March 2000, with the goal of coordinating measures to combat terrorism from Islamists throughout Central Asia and Xinjiang. Already, the Kazakh and Kyrgyz governments have cracked down on Uighur groups within their borders. Country Report: Kazakhstan, April 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 14; "CNPC Shelves China-Kazakhstan Oil Pipeline," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 30, 1999, p. 44; and Quan Lan, "Transnational Oil Pipeline Shelved," China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, Aug. 15, 1999, pp. 2-3.
198. "Chevron to Move Oil to China," Wall Street Journal, Oct. 17, 1997.
199. Ibid.; Country Report: Kazakhstan, September 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 9; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; "Kazakhstan's Pipeline to Prosperity," Economist, Oct. 11, 1997; "Central Asia: China's Strike," Economist, Aug. 16, 1997; and Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997, p. 33.
200. Ibid.; Country Report: Kazakhstan, September 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 9; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; "Kazakhstan's Pipeline to Prosperity," Economist, Oct. 11, 1997; "Central Asia: China's Strike," Economist, Aug. 16, 1997; and Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997, p. 33.
201. Ibid.; Country Report: Kazakhstan, September 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 9; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; "Kazakhstan's Pipeline to Prosperity," Economist, Oct. 11, 1997; "Central Asia: China's Strike," Economist, Aug. 16, 1997; and Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997, p. 33.
202. Ibid.; Country Report: Kazakhstan, September 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 9; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; "Kazakhstan's Pipeline to Prosperity," Economist, Oct. 11, 1997; "Central Asia: China's Strike," Economist, Aug. 16, 1997; and Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997, p. 33.
203. Ibid.; Country Report: Kazakhstan, September 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 9; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; "Kazakhstan's Pipeline to Prosperity," Economist, Oct. 11, 1997; "Central Asia: China's Strike," Economist, Aug. 16, 1997; and Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997, p. 33.
204. Ibid.; Country Report: Kazakhstan, September 2000 (London: EIU, 2000), p. 9; Country Report: Kazakhstan, 1st Quarter 1999 (London: EIU, 1999), p. 32; "Kazakhstan's Pipeline to Prosperity," Economist, Oct. 11, 1997; "Central Asia: China's Strike," Economist, Aug. 16, 1997; and Country Report: Kazakhstan, 3rd Quarter 1997, p. 33.
205. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher."
206. Quotation from Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise." See also Xu Yihe, "China's Dependence on the Middle East May Increase," Asian Wall Street Journal, Mar. 30, 1999; Xiaojie Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment in the Energy Sector," Middle East Policy, June 2000; pp. 129-30; and Hassan Hafidh, "Iraq and China Sign $1.2 Billion Oil Contract," Reuters, June 4, 1997.
207. Quotation from Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise." See also Xu Yihe, "China's Dependence on the Middle East May Increase," Asian Wall Street Journal, Mar. 30, 1999; Xiaojie Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment in the Energy Sector," Middle East Policy, June 2000; pp. 129-30; and Hassan Hafidh, "Iraq and China Sign $1.2 Billion Oil Contract," Reuters, June 4, 1997.
208. Quotation from Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise." See also Xu Yihe, "China's Dependence on the Middle East May Increase," Asian Wall Street Journal, Mar. 30, 1999; Xiaojie Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment in the Energy Sector," Middle East Policy, June 2000; pp. 129-30; and Hassan Hafidh, "Iraq and China Sign $1.2 Billion Oil Contract," Reuters, June 4, 1997.
209. Quotation from Evagora, "China Oil Imports Forecast to Rise." See also Xu Yihe, "China's Dependence on the Middle East May Increase," Asian Wall Street Journal, Mar. 30, 1999; Xiaojie Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment in the Energy Sector," Middle East Policy, June 2000; pp. 129-30; and Hassan Hafidh, "Iraq and China Sign $1.2 Billion Oil Contract," Reuters, June 4, 1997.
210. Ibid.; Leon Barkho, "Chinese Power Station Built in Iraq," Associated Press, Nov. 2, 2000; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and Daniel L. Byman and Roger Cliff, China's Arms Sales: Motivations and Implications (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), pp. 13-14, 51.
211. Ibid.; Leon Barkho, "Chinese Power Station Built in Iraq," Associated Press, Nov. 2, 2000; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and Daniel L. Byman and Roger Cliff, China's Arms Sales: Motivations and Implications (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), pp. 13-14, 51.
212. Ibid.; Leon Barkho, "Chinese Power Station Built in Iraq," Associated Press, Nov. 2, 2000; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and Daniel L. Byman and Roger Cliff, China's Arms Sales: Motivations and Implications (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), pp. 13-14, 51.
213. Ibid.; Leon Barkho, "Chinese Power Station Built in Iraq," Associated Press, Nov. 2, 2000; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; and Daniel L. Byman and Roger Cliff, China's Arms Sales: Motivations and Implications (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), pp. 13-14, 51.
214. "CNPC Wins $85 Mln Gas Drilling Contract in Iran, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Aug. 21, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China's Dagang Oil Signs Pete Well Svc Pact with Iran," Dow Jones Newswires, Feb. 21, 2000; Hooman Estelani, "A Study of Iran's Responses to U.S. Economic Sanctions," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Sept. 1999; Wu Qiang and Xian Xuemei, "Zhongguo yu Zhongdong de nengyuan hezuo" (China's dependence on Middle East energy), Zhanlue yu guanli, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-52; John Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351-66; and "CIA Predicts Surge in Chinese Crude Oil Imports," Jane's Defence Weekly, Jan. 21, 1998.
215. "CNPC Wins $85 Mln Gas Drilling Contract in Iran, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Aug. 21, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China's Dagang Oil Signs Pete Well Svc Pact with Iran," Dow Jones Newswires, Feb. 21, 2000; Hooman Estelani, "A Study of Iran's Responses to U.S. Economic Sanctions," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Sept. 1999; Wu Qiang and Xian Xuemei, "Zhongguo yu Zhongdong de nengyuan hezuo" (China's dependence on Middle East energy), Zhanlue yu guanli, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-52; John Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351-66; and "CIA Predicts Surge in Chinese Crude Oil Imports," Jane's Defence Weekly, Jan. 21, 1998.
216. "CNPC Wins $85 Mln Gas Drilling Contract in Iran, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Aug. 21, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China's Dagang Oil Signs Pete Well Svc Pact with Iran," Dow Jones Newswires, Feb. 21, 2000; Hooman Estelani, "A Study of Iran's Responses to U.S. Economic Sanctions," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Sept. 1999; Wu Qiang and Xian Xuemei, "Zhongguo yu Zhongdong de nengyuan hezuo" (China's dependence on Middle East energy), Zhanlue yu guanli, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-52; John Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351-66; and "CIA Predicts Surge in Chinese Crude Oil Imports," Jane's Defence Weekly, Jan. 21, 1998.
217. "CNPC Wins $85 Mln Gas Drilling Contract in Iran, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Aug. 21, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China's Dagang Oil Signs Pete Well Svc Pact with Iran," Dow Jones Newswires, Feb. 21, 2000; Hooman Estelani, "A Study of Iran's Responses to U.S. Economic Sanctions," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Sept. 1999; Wu Qiang and Xian Xuemei, "Zhongguo yu Zhongdong de nengyuan hezuo" (China's dependence on Middle East energy), Zhanlue yu guanli, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-52; John Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351-66; and "CIA Predicts Surge in Chinese Crude Oil Imports," Jane's Defence Weekly, Jan. 21, 1998.
218. "CNPC Wins $85 Mln Gas Drilling Contract in Iran, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Aug. 21, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China's Dagang Oil Signs Pete Well Svc Pact with Iran," Dow Jones Newswires, Feb. 21, 2000; Hooman Estelani, "A Study of Iran's Responses to U.S. Economic Sanctions," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Sept. 1999; Wu Qiang and Xian Xuemei, "Zhongguo yu Zhongdong de nengyuan hezuo" (China's dependence on Middle East energy), Zhanlue yu guanli, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-52; John Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351-66; and "CIA Predicts Surge in Chinese Crude Oil Imports," Jane's Defence Weekly, Jan. 21, 1998.
219. "CNPC Wins $85 Mln Gas Drilling Contract in Iran, Xinhua Says," Bloomberg News, Aug. 21, 2000; Xu Yihe, "China's Dagang Oil Signs Pete Well Svc Pact with Iran," Dow Jones Newswires, Feb. 21, 2000; Hooman Estelani, "A Study of Iran's Responses to U.S. Economic Sanctions," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Sept. 1999; Wu Qiang and Xian Xuemei, "Zhongguo yu Zhongdong de nengyuan hezuo" (China's dependence on Middle East energy), Zhanlue yu guanli, no. 2, 1999, pp. 49-52; John Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal, Summer 1998, pp. 351-66; and "CIA Predicts Surge in Chinese Crude Oil Imports," Jane's Defence Weekly, Jan. 21, 1998.
220. It should be noted that the Iranian military generally distrusted Chinese equipment during the Iran-Iraq War and tried to avoid using it in combat. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 132; Elaine Monaghan, "China Escapes US Arms Sanctions, Iran/Pakistan Hit," Reuters, Nov. 21, 2000; Byman and Cliff, China's Arms Sales, pp. 8-13, 51; Li Weijian, "Petroleum from the Middle East: China's Strategic Option in the 21st Century," Zhongguo Pinglun, Mar. 3, 1999, p. 77; Shirley A. Kan, Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Sept. 13, 1996); and Karl W. Eikenberry, Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers, McNair Paper 36 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1995), pp. 21-28, 33-40.
221. It should be noted that the Iranian military generally distrusted Chinese equipment during the Iran-Iraq War and tried to avoid using it in combat. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 132; Elaine Monaghan, "China Escapes US Arms Sanctions, Iran/Pakistan Hit," Reuters, Nov. 21, 2000; Byman and Cliff, China's Arms Sales, pp. 8-13, 51; Li Weijian, "Petroleum from the Middle East: China's Strategic Option in the 21st Century," Zhongguo Pinglun, Mar. 3, 1999, p. 77; Shirley A. Kan, Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Sept. 13, 1996); and Karl W. Eikenberry, Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers, McNair Paper 36 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1995), pp. 21-28, 33-40.
222. It should be noted that the Iranian military generally distrusted Chinese equipment during the Iran-Iraq War and tried to avoid using it in combat. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 132; Elaine Monaghan, "China Escapes US Arms Sanctions, Iran/Pakistan Hit," Reuters, Nov. 21, 2000; Byman and Cliff, China's Arms Sales, pp. 8-13, 51; Li Weijian, "Petroleum from the Middle East: China's Strategic Option in the 21st Century," Zhongguo Pinglun, Mar. 3, 1999, p. 77; Shirley A. Kan, Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Sept. 13, 1996); and Karl W. Eikenberry, Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers, McNair Paper 36 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1995), pp. 21-28, 33-40.
223. It should be noted that the Iranian military generally distrusted Chinese equipment during the Iran-Iraq War and tried to avoid using it in combat. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 132; Elaine Monaghan, "China Escapes US Arms Sanctions, Iran/Pakistan Hit," Reuters, Nov. 21, 2000; Byman and Cliff, China's Arms Sales, pp. 8-13, 51; Li Weijian, "Petroleum from the Middle East: China's Strategic Option in the 21st Century," Zhongguo Pinglun, Mar. 3, 1999, p. 77; Shirley A. Kan, Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Sept. 13, 1996); and Karl W. Eikenberry, Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers, McNair Paper 36 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1995), pp. 21-28, 33-40.
224. It should be noted that the Iranian military generally distrusted Chinese equipment during the Iran-Iraq War and tried to avoid using it in combat. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 132; Elaine Monaghan, "China Escapes US Arms Sanctions, Iran/Pakistan Hit," Reuters, Nov. 21, 2000; Byman and Cliff, China's Arms Sales, pp. 8-13, 51; Li Weijian, "Petroleum from the Middle East: China's Strategic Option in the 21st Century," Zhongguo Pinglun, Mar. 3, 1999, p. 77; Shirley A. Kan, Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Sept. 13, 1996); and Karl W. Eikenberry, Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers, McNair Paper 36 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1995), pp. 21-28, 33-40.
225. It should be noted that the Iranian military generally distrusted Chinese equipment during the Iran-Iraq War and tried to avoid using it in combat. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 132; Elaine Monaghan, "China Escapes US Arms Sanctions, Iran/Pakistan Hit," Reuters, Nov. 21, 2000; Byman and Cliff, China's Arms Sales, pp. 8-13, 51; Li Weijian, "Petroleum from the Middle East: China's Strategic Option in the 21st Century," Zhongguo Pinglun, Mar. 3, 1999, p. 77; Shirley A. Kan, Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Sept. 13, 1996); and Karl W. Eikenberry, Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers, McNair Paper 36 (Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 1995), pp. 21-28, 33-40.
226. "China CNPC Unit Wins Sudan Oil Well Contract - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Owen Brown, "China's Foreign Ministry Denies Supporting Sudan Army," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 30. 2000; Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment," p. 129; and "Sudan Pipeline Operational," Petroleum Economist, Aug. 26, 1999.
227. "China CNPC Unit Wins Sudan Oil Well Contract - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Owen Brown, "China's Foreign Ministry Denies Supporting Sudan Army," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 30. 2000; Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment," p. 129; and "Sudan Pipeline Operational," Petroleum Economist, Aug. 26, 1999.
228. "China CNPC Unit Wins Sudan Oil Well Contract - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Owen Brown, "China's Foreign Ministry Denies Supporting Sudan Army," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 30. 2000; Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment," p. 129; and "Sudan Pipeline Operational," Petroleum Economist, Aug. 26, 1999.
229. "China CNPC Unit Wins Sudan Oil Well Contract - Source," Dow Jones Newswires, Oct. 31, 2000; Owen Brown, "China's Foreign Ministry Denies Supporting Sudan Army," Dow Jones Newswires, Aug. 30. 2000; Xu, "China and the Middle East: Cross-investment," p. 129; and "Sudan Pipeline Operational," Petroleum Economist, Aug. 26, 1999.
230. Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security, pp. 21-23.
231. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher." See also Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security, pp. 21-23; and Joyce Liu, "Strained at Home, China Reaches Out for Foreign Oil," Reuters, June 16, 1997.
232. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher." See also Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security, pp. 21-23; and Joyce Liu, "Strained at Home, China Reaches Out for Foreign Oil," Reuters, June 16, 1997.
233. Rashid and Saywell, "Beijing Gusher." See also Strecker Downs, China's Quest for Energy Security, pp. 21-23; and Joyce Liu, "Strained at Home, China Reaches Out for Foreign Oil," Reuters, June 16, 1997.
234. "China Economy: Oil Pipeline, Rail Link Planned," EIU, Feb. 18, 2000; Mark Burles, Chinese Policy towards Russia and the Central Asian Republics (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), p. 25; Keun-Wook Paik and Jai-Yong Choi, "Pipeline Gas Trade between Asia and Russia, Northeast Asia Gets a Fresh Look," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 18, 1997, p. 41; "Chernomyrdin Meets with Li Peng, Pipeline Agreement Signed," Moscow Interfax, June 27, 1997; and "China to Sign $10 bn Gas Deal," Asia Times, June 18, 1997.
235. "China Economy: Oil Pipeline, Rail Link Planned," EIU, Feb. 18, 2000; Mark Burles, Chinese Policy towards Russia and the Central Asian Republics (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), p. 25; Keun-Wook Paik and Jai-Yong Choi, "Pipeline Gas Trade between Asia and Russia, Northeast Asia Gets a Fresh Look," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 18, 1997, p. 41; "Chernomyrdin Meets with Li Peng, Pipeline Agreement Signed," Moscow Interfax, June 27, 1997; and "China to Sign $10 bn Gas Deal," Asia Times, June 18, 1997.
236. "China Economy: Oil Pipeline, Rail Link Planned," EIU, Feb. 18, 2000; Mark Burles, Chinese Policy towards Russia and the Central Asian Republics (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), p. 25; Keun-Wook Paik and Jai-Yong Choi, "Pipeline Gas Trade between Asia and Russia, Northeast Asia Gets a Fresh Look," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 18, 1997, p. 41; "Chernomyrdin Meets with Li Peng, Pipeline Agreement Signed," Moscow Interfax, June 27, 1997; and "China to Sign $10 bn Gas Deal," Asia Times, June 18, 1997.
237. "China Economy: Oil Pipeline, Rail Link Planned," EIU, Feb. 18, 2000; Mark Burles, Chinese Policy towards Russia and the Central Asian Republics (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), p. 25; Keun-Wook Paik and Jai-Yong Choi, "Pipeline Gas Trade between Asia and Russia, Northeast Asia Gets a Fresh Look," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 18, 1997, p. 41; "Chernomyrdin Meets with Li Peng, Pipeline Agreement Signed," Moscow Interfax, June 27, 1997; and "China to Sign $10 bn Gas Deal," Asia Times, June 18, 1997.
238. "China Economy: Oil Pipeline, Rail Link Planned," EIU, Feb. 18, 2000; Mark Burles, Chinese Policy towards Russia and the Central Asian Republics (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1999), p. 25; Keun-Wook Paik and Jai-Yong Choi, "Pipeline Gas Trade between Asia and Russia, Northeast Asia Gets a Fresh Look," Oil and Gas Journal, Aug. 18, 1997, p. 41; "Chernomyrdin Meets with Li Peng, Pipeline Agreement Signed," Moscow Interfax, June 27, 1997; and "China to Sign $10 bn Gas Deal," Asia Times, June 18, 1997.
239. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
240. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
241. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
242. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
243. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and
244. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
245. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
246. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
247. Other proposed pipeline routes from Russia originate from Yakutsk and Sakhalin Island. Quotation from "Pipeline Will Move Siberia Crude to China," Oil and Gas Journal, June 12, 2000, p. 75. See also "Yukos to Organize Consortium for Construction of Oil Pipeline to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Mar. 31, 2000; "Kogas to Take Part in Gas Pipeline Construction Project Linking Kovyktinskoye Gas Field to China," Russian Oil and Gas Report, Oct. 11, 1999; Country Report: China and Mongolia, 2nd Quarter 1999, p. 33; Felix K. Chang, "The Russian Far East's Endless Winter," Orbis, Winter 1999, pp. 88-92; Gaye Christoffersen, "China's Intentions for Russian and Central Asian Oil and Gas," National Bureau of Research Analysis, Mar. 1998; Johnson, "China Searches for Stable Sources of Energy Abroad"; Matthew Sagers and Jennifer Nicoud, "Development of East Siberian Gas Field and Pipeline to China: A Research Communication," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, May 1997, pp. 288-94; and Keun Wook Paik, Gas and Oil in Northeast Asia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995), pp. 146-70.
248. Liu, "Strained at Home, China Reaches," Reuters, June 16, 1997.
249. "Japan and China Eye Each Other Warily - As Usual," Economist, Sept. 2, 2000; "China to Import Crude, Not Products: Energy Security Analysis," Asia Pulse, Jan. 20, 2000; International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest, pp. 1-85; "China's New Petroleum Structure Continues to Evolve under Reform," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 6, 1997, pp. 23-29; and "Oil Security Risk, Wolf at Door?" China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, May 15, 1997, pp. 1-5.
250. "Japan and China Eye Each Other Warily - As Usual," Economist, Sept. 2, 2000; "China to Import Crude, Not Products: Energy Security Analysis," Asia Pulse, Jan. 20, 2000; International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest, pp. 1-85; "China's New Petroleum Structure Continues to Evolve under Reform," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 6, 1997, pp. 23-29; and "Oil Security Risk, Wolf at Door?" China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, May 15, 1997, pp. 1-5.
251. "Japan and China Eye Each Other Warily - As Usual," Economist, Sept. 2, 2000; "China to Import Crude, Not Products: Energy Security Analysis," Asia Pulse, Jan. 20, 2000; International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest, pp. 1-85; "China's New Petroleum Structure Continues to Evolve under Reform," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 6, 1997, pp. 23-29; and "Oil Security Risk, Wolf at Door?" China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, May 15, 1997, pp. 1-5.
252. "Japan and China Eye Each Other Warily - As Usual," Economist, Sept. 2, 2000; "China to Import Crude, Not Products: Energy Security Analysis," Asia Pulse, Jan. 20, 2000; International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest, pp. 1-85; "China's New Petroleum Structure Continues to Evolve under Reform," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 6, 1997, pp. 23-29; and "Oil Security Risk, Wolf at Door?" China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, May 15, 1997, pp. 1-5.
253. "Japan and China Eye Each Other Warily - As Usual," Economist, Sept. 2, 2000; "China to Import Crude, Not Products: Energy Security Analysis," Asia Pulse, Jan. 20, 2000; International Energy Agency, China's Worldwide Quest, pp. 1-85; "China's New Petroleum Structure Continues to Evolve under Reform," Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 6, 1997, pp. 23-29; and "Oil Security Risk, Wolf at Door?" China Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, May 15, 1997, pp. 1-5.
254. Trevor MacMurray, "The Challenge Facing China's State-Owned Enterprises," McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2, 1994, pp. 63-69.
255. Quotation from Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000, p. 34. See also Guang Pan, "China's Success in the Middle East," Middle East Quarterly, Dec. 1997, p. 38.
256. Quotation from Country Report: China and Mongolia, May 2000, p. 34. See also Guang Pan, "China's Success in the Middle East," Middle East Quarterly, Dec. 1997, p. 38.
257. "China and Vietnam Sign Accord Settling Gulf of Tonkin Dispute," Reuters, Dec. 26, 2000.