Nordic seas transit time distributions and anthropogenic CO2

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 115, Issue 5, 2010, Pages

  Olsen, Are ^a,b   Omar, Abdirahman M ^a,c   Jeansson, Emil ^a   Anderson, Leif G ^b   Bellerby, Richard G J ^a,c  

^a BJERKNES CENTRE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OCEANOGRAPHY;

ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON; ATLANTIC WATER; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION; GLOBAL OCEAN; INORGANIC CARBON; NORDIC SEAS; TRANSIT-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS;

OXYGEN;

AGE DETERMINATION; ALKALINITY; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); TRACER;

ARCTIC OCEAN; NORWEGIAN SEA;

EID: 77953567597     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JC005488     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Aagaard, K., J. H. Swift, and E. C. Carmack (1985), Themohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean seas, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4833-4846, doi:10.1029/JC090iC03p04833.
2. Anderson, L. A., and J. L. Sarmiento (1994), Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 65-80, doi:10.1029/93GB03318. (Pubitemid 24402983)
3. Blindheim, J. (1990), Arctic Intermediate Water in the Norwegian Sea, Deep Sea Res., 37, 1475-1489, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90138-L.
4. Blindheim, J., and F. Rey (2004), Water-mass formation and distribution in the Nordic seas during the 1990s, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 61, 846-863, doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.05.003. (Pubitemid 39234662)
5. Broecker, W. S. (1974), "NO", a conservative water-mass tracer, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23, 100-107, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(74)90036-3.
6. Broecker, W. S., T. Takahashi, and T.-H. Peng (1985), Reconstruction of past atmospheric CO2 contents from the chemistry of the contemporary ocean: An evaluation, Tech. Rep. TR020, 79 pp., U.S. Dep. of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
7. Chen, C.-T. A., F. J. Millero, and R. M. Pytkowicz (1982), Comment on "Calculating the oceanic CO2 increase: Aneed for caution" by A. M. Schiller, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2083-2085, doi:10.1029/JC087iC03p02083.
8. Chen, C.-T. A., and E. T. Drake (1986), Carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere and oceans and possible effects on climate, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 14, 201-235, doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.001221.
9. Chen, C.-T. A., E. P. Jones, and K. Lin (1990), Wintertime total carbon dioxide measurements in the Norwegian and Greenland seas, Deep Sea Res., 37, 1455-1473, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90137-K.
10. 2, Nature, 277, 205-206, doi:10.1038/277205a0.
11. Davis, R. E. (1998), Preliminary results from directly measuring middepth circulation in the tropical and South Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 24,619-24,639, doi:10.1029/98JC01913.
12. Dickson, A. G., and F. J. Millero (1987), A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep Sea Res., 34, 1733-1743, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5.
13. 2 Measurements, PICES Spec. Publ. Ser., vol.3, 191 pp., Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
14. Dickson, R. R., and J. Brown (1994), The production of North Atlantic deep water: Sources, rates and pathways, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,319-12,342, doi:10.1029/94JC00530.
15. Eldevik, T., J. E. Nilsen, D. Iovino, K. A. Olsson, A. B. Sandø, and H. Drange (2009), Observed sources and variability of Nordic seas overflow, Nat. Geosci., 2, 406-410, doi:10.1038/ngeo518.
16. Falck, E., and H. G. Gade (1999), Net community production and oxygen fluxes in the Nordic seas based on O2 budget calculations, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 1117-1126, doi:10.1029/1999GB900030. (Pubitemid 34002203)
17. Falck, E., and A. Olsen (2010), Nordic seas dissolved oxygen data in CARINA, Earth Sys. Sci. Data, 2, 121-131.
18. Forster, P., et al. (2007), Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by S. Solomon et al., chap. 2, pp. 129-234, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
19. Friedlingstein, P., et al. (2006), Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C4MIP model intercoparison, J. Clim., 19, 3337-3353, doi:10.1175/JCLI3800.1. (Pubitemid 44177898)
20. 2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 809-837, doi:10.1029/96GB01608.
21. 2, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB1005, doi:10.1029/2008GB003349.
22. Hall, T. M., T. W. N. Haine, and D. W. Waugh (2002), Inferring the concentration of anthropogenic carbon from tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16(4), 1131, doi:10.1029/2001GB001835.
23. 2 disequilibrium, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB1031, doi:10.1029/2003GB002120.
24. Hansen, B., and S. Østerhus (2000), North Atlantic-Nordic seas exchanges, Prog. Oceanogr., 45, 109-209, doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00052-X. (Pubitemid 30205663)
25. International Hydrographic Organization (2001), Limits of oceans and seas, Rep. S-23, 4th ed., Monaco.
26. Ito, T., M. J. Follows, and E. A. Boyle (2004), Is AOU a good measure of respiration in the oceans?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17305, doi:10.1029/2004GL020900.
27. Jakobsson, M. (2002), Hypsometry and volume of the Arctic Ocean and its constituent seas, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(5), 1028, doi:10.1029/ 2001GC000302.
28. Jeansson, E., S. Jutterström, B. Rudels, L. G. Anderson, K. A. Olsson, E. P. Jones, W. M. Smethie Jr., and J. H. Swift (2008), Sources to the East Greenland Current and its contribution to the Denmark Strait Overflow, Prog. Oceanogr., 78, 12-28, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.08.031.
29. Jeansson, E., K. A. Olsson, T. Tanhua, and J. L. Bullister (2010), Nordic seas and Arctic Ocean CFC data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 79-97.
30. Jutterström, S., E. Jeansson, L. G. Anderson, R. Bellerby, E. P. Jones, W. M. Smethie Jr., and J. H. Swift (2008), Evaluation of anthropogenic carbon in the Nordic seas using observed relationships of N, P, and C versus CFCs, Prog. Oceanogr., 78, 78-84, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.06.001.
31. Key, R. M., A. Kozyr, C. L. Sabine, K. Lee, R. Wanninkhof, J. L. Bullister, R. A. Feely, F. J. Millero, C. Mordy, and T.-H. Peng (2004), A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analyisis Project (GLODAP), Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4031, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247.
32. Key, R. M., et al. (2010), The CARINA data synthesis project: Introduction and overview, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 105-121.
33. 2, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 964-970.
34. 2 system calculations, Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
35. Manning, A. C., and R. F. Keeling (2006), Global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks from the Scripps atmospheric oxygen flask sampling network, Tellus Ser. B, 58, 95-115, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00175.x. (Pubitemid 43372757)
36. Mehrbach, C., C. H. Culberson, J. E. Hawley, and R. M. Pytkowicz (1973), Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897-907.
37. 2 system in the northern North Atlantic using data from Voluntary Observing Ships, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 7, 109-118.
38. Olafsson, J., and A. Olsen (2009), Nordic seas nutrients in CARINA, Earth Syts. Sci. Data Discuss., 3, 55-78.
39. Olsen, A. (2009a), Nordic seas total dissolved inorganic carbon data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 1, 35-43.
40. Olsen, A. (2009b), Nordic seas total alkalinity data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 1, 77-86.
41. Olsen, A., L. G. Anderson, and T. Johannessen (2002), The impact of climate variations on fluxes of oxygen in the Barents Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 1117-1128, doi:10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00006-7. (Pubitemid 34609053)
42. Olsen, A., R. G. J. Bellerby, T. Johannessen, A. M. Omar, and I. Skjelvan (2003), Interannnual variability in the wintertime air-sea flux of carbon dioxide in the northern North Atlantic, 1981-2001, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 50, 1323-1338, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00144-4. (Pubitemid 37450137)
43. 2 increase and 13C Suess effect in the Nordic seas since 1981, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB3027, doi:10.1029/2005GB002669.
44. Olsen, A., et al. (2009), Overview of the Nordic seas CARINA data and salinity measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 1, 25-34.
45. Orvik, K. A. (2004), The deepening of the Atlantic water in the Lofoten Basin of the Norwegian Sea, demonstrated by using an active reduced gravity model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01306, doi:10.1029/2003GL018687.
46. Redfield, A. C., B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards (1963), The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water, in The Sea, vol.2, The Composition of Seawater, edited by M. N. Hill, pp. 26-77, Wiley, New York.
47. Rhein, M. J., J. Fischer, W. M. Smethie, D. Smythe-Wright, R. F. Weiss, C. Mertens, D. H. Min, U. Fleischmann, and A. Putzka (2002), Labrador seawater: Pathways, CFC inventory, and formation rates, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 648-665, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2002)0322.0.CO;2.
48. 2, Science, 305, 367-371, doi:10.1126/science.1097403. (Pubitemid 38938147)
49. 2 increase: A need for caution, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11,083-11,088, doi:10.1029/ JC086iC11p11083.
50. Skjelvan, I., E. Falck, F. Rey, and S. B. Kringstad (2008), Inorganic carbon time series at Ocean Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea, Biogeosciences, 5, 549-560.
51. Steinfeldt, R., M. Rhein, J. L. Bullister, and T. Tanhua (2009), Inventory changes in anthropogenic carbon from 1997-2003 in the Atlantic Ocean between 20°S and 65°N, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3010, doi:10.1029/2008GB003311.
52. Swift, J. H., K. Aagaard, and S. A. Malmberg (1980), The contribution of the Denmark strait overflow water to the deep North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res. Part A, 27, 29-98, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(80)90070-9.
53. Takahashi, T., W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer (1985), Redfield ratios based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6907-6924, doi:10.1029/JC090iC04p06907.
54. 2 flux over the global oceans, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 56, 554-577, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12. 009.
55. 2 inventory from decadal changes in oceanic carbon content, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104, 3037-3042, doi:10.1073/pnas.0606574104. (Pubitemid 46364109)
56. 2 in the upper ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04037, doi:10.1029/2007JC004416.
57. 2 and CFC-11, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C01002, doi:10.1029/2008JC004868.
58. Terenzi, F., T. M. Hall, S. Khatiwala, C. B. Rodehacke, and D. A. LeBel (2007), Uptake of natural and anthropogenic carbon by the Labrador Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06608, doi:10.1029/2006GL028543.
59. 2 uptake in the North Atlantic over the past two decades, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB4027, doi:10.1029/2007GB003167.
60. 2 in the Atlantic Ocean, J. Mr. Syst., 46, 181-197, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.020. (Pubitemid 38473371)
61. Touratier, F., and C. Goyet (2004b), Definition, properties and Atlantic Ocean distribution of the new tracer TrOCA, J. Mar. Syst., 46, 169-179, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.016. (Pubitemid 38473370)
62. 2 concentrations in the ocean (2007), Tellus Ser. B, 59, 318-325.
63. 2system calculations, Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-105b, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
64. Vázques-Rodríguez, M., F. Touratier, C. Lo Monaco, D. W. Waugh, X. A. Padin, R. G. J. Bellerby, C. Goyet, N. Metzl, A. F. Rios, and F. F. Perez (2009), Anthropogenic carbon distributions in the Atlantic Ocean: Databased estimates from the Arctic to the Antarctic, Biogeosciences, 6, 439-451.
65. Walker, S. J., R. F. Weiss, and P. K. Salameh (2000), Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14,285-14,296, doi:10.1029/1999JC900273.
66. Warner, M., and R. Weiss (1985), Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater, Deep Sea Res., 32, 1485-1497, doi:10.1016/0198- 0149(85)90099-8.
67. 2 Waugh, D. W., T. M. Hall, and T. W. N. Haine (2003), Relationshipsamong tracer ages, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C5), 3138, doi:10.1029/2002JC001325.
68. Waugh, D. W., T. W. N. Haine, and T. M. Hall (2004), Transport times and anthropogenic carbon in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 51, 1475-1491.
69. 2 in the oceans estimated using transit-time distributions, Tellus Ser. B, 58, 376-389.