Inferring the concentration of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean from tracers

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 78-1-78-15

  Hall, Timothy M ^a   Haine, Thomas W N ^b   Waugh, Darryn W ^b  

^a NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon cycle; Ocean carbon uptake; Ocean tracers; Ocean transports; Transit time distribution

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; CARBON CYCLE; CFC; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); MARINE ENVIRONMENT; TRACER;

EID: 0003234801     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001gb001835     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Beining, P., and W. Roether, Temporal evolution of CFC11 and CFC-12 concentrations in the ocean interior, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,455-16,464, 1996.
2. 14C ages for waters in the deep ocean, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 172, 473-478, 2000.
3. Broecker, W. S., et al., Preliminary estimates for the radiocarbon age of deep water in the glacial ocean, Paleoceanography, 3, 659-669, 1988.
4. Broecker, W. S., et al., Radiocarbon decay and oxygen utilization in the deep Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 87-117, 1991.
5. Broecker, W. S., et al., Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 263-288, 1995.
6. 2 in the ocean: Results from the northern Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 11-25, 2001.
7. Deleersnijder, E., et al., The concept of age in marine modelling, 1, Theory and preliminary model results, J. Mar. Syst., 28, 229-267, 2001.
8. Delhez, E., et al., Toward a general theory of age in ocean modelling, Ocean Modell., 1, pp. 17-27, Hooke Inst. Oxford Univ., Oxford, England, 1999.
9. Dickson, A. G., and F. J. Millero, A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep Sea Res., 34, 1733-1743, 1987.
10. Doney, S. C., et al., A comparison of ocean tracer dating techniques on a meridional section in the eastern North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 44, 603-626, 1997.
11. England, M. H., and E. Maier-Reimer, Using chemical tracers to assess ocean models, Rev. Geophys., 39, 29-70, 2001.
12. Fiadiero, M. E., Three-dimensional modeling of tracers in the deep Pacific Ocean, 2, Radiocarbon and the circulation, J. Mar. Res., 40, 537-550. 1982.
13. Goyet, C., and P. G. Poissonn. New determination of carbonic acid dissociation constants in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity, Deep Sea Res., 36, 2635-2654, 1989.
14. 2 in seawater, J. Mar. Res., 57, 135-163, 1999.
15. 2 in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem, Cycles, 12, 165-191, 1998.
16. 2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 809-837, 1996.
17. Haine, T. W. N., and T. M. Hall, A generalized transport theory: Water mass composition and age, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1932-1946, 2002.
18. Haine, T. W. N., et al., The flow of Antarctic bottom water to the southwest Indian Ocean estimated using CFCs, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27,637-27,653, 1998.
19. Hall, T. M., and R. A. Plumb, Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994.
20. Hall, T. M., et al., Evaluation of transport in stratospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18,815-18,839, 1999.
21. Holzer, M., and T. M. Hall, Transit-time and tracer-age distributions in geophysical flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3539-3558, 2000.
22. Huhn, O., W. Roether, P. Beining, and H. Rose, Validity limits of carbon tetrachloride as an ocean tracer, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48, 2025-2049, 2001.
23. Hunter-Smith, R. J., et al., Henry's law constants and the air-sea exchange of various low molecular weight halocarbon gases, Tellus, Ser. B, 35, 170-176, 1983.
24. 4He in the Beta Triangle: Observations of gyre ventilation and oxygen utilization rates, J. Phys. Oceaogr., 17, 763-783, 1987.
25. Johnson, D. G., et al., Stratospheric age spectra derived from observations of water vapor and methane, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21,595-21,602, 1999.
26. Khatiwala, S., M. Visbeck, and P. Schlosser, Age tracers in an ocean GCM, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 48, 1423-1441, 2001.
27. 2 system calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., U. S. Dep. of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn, 1988.
28. 2: Interaction between ocean circulation and biology, Clim. Dyn., 12, 711-721, 1996.
29. Mehrbach, C., C. H. Culberson, J. E. Hawley, and R. M. Pytkowicz, Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897-907, 1973.
30. Meredith, M. R., et al., On the use of carbon tetrachloride as a transient tracer of Weddell Sea deep and bottom waters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2943-2946, 1996.
31. Millero, F. J., P. Roche, and K. Lee, The total alkalinity of Atlantic and Pacific waters, J. Mar. Chem., 60, 111-130, 1998.
32. Plattner, G.-K., et al., Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean carbon uptake under global warming, Tellus. Ser. B, 53, 564-592, 2001.
33. Roy, R. N., et al., The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45 deg C, J. Mar. Chem., 44, 249-267, 1993.
34. 2 estimates with a historical approach, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 33-42, 2001.
35. 2 inventories in the Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 179-198, 1999.
36. Sarmiento, J. L., and S. C. Wofsy, A U. S. carbon cycle science plan: Report of the Carbon and Climate Working Group, report, U. S. Global Change Res. Program, Washington, D. C., 2000.
37. 39Ar section in Northeast Atlantic Deep Water, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6945-6952, 1985.
38. Seshadri, V., The Inverse Gaussian Distribution: Statistical Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.
39. Thiele, G., and J. L. Sarmiento, Tracer dating and ocean ventilation, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9377-9391, 1990.
40. 2 equilibrium chemistry. J. Mar. Syst., 27, 325-336, 2001.
41. 2 uptake by the oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 547-550, 2001.
42. Walker, S. J., et al., Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC11, CFC-12, CFC113 and carbon tetrachloride, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14,285-14,296, 2000.
43. Wallace, W. R. D., Introduction to special section: Ocean measurements and models of carbon sources and sinks, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 3-10, 2001.
44. Wallace, W. R. D., et al., Carbon tetrachloride and chlorofluorocarbons in the South Atlantic Ocean, 19°S, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7803-7819, 1994.
45. 2 invasion into the Atlantic Ocean, Tellus, Ser. B. 51, 511-530, 1999.
46. Warner, M. J., and R. F. Weiss, Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and sea water, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 32, 1485-1497, 1985.
47. Waugh, D. W., and T. M. Hall, Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations, and models, Rev. Geophys., doi:10.1029/2000RG000101. in press, 2002.
48. Waugh, D. W., T. M. Hall, and T. W. N. Haine, Relationships among tracer ages, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2002JC001325, (in press), 2002.