Sonochemically fabricated microelectrode arrays for use as sensing platforms

Sensors

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 5090-5132

  Collyer, Stuart D ^a   Davis, Frank ^b   Higson, Séamus P J ^b  

^a Microarray Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^b CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Arrays; Enzymes; Fabrication; Microelectrodes; Surface modification

Indexed keywords

ARRAYS; BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES; COMMERCIAL VIABILITY; FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS; INSULATING POLYMER; MICROELECTRODE ARRAY; SENSING PLATFORMS; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS;

ENZYMES; MICROELECTRODES; SURFACE TREATMENT; ULTRASONIC APPLICATIONS;

FABRICATION;

ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; ALCOHOL OXIDASE; ANILINE DERIVATIVE; ANTIBODY; CHLORINE; GLUCOSE; IMMOBILIZED PROTEIN; PESTICIDE; POLYANILINE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

CALIBRATION; CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; DIFFUSION; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS; GENETIC PROCEDURES; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE; METABOLISM; MICROELECTRODE; MICROTECHNOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULTRASOUND;

ALCOHOL OXIDOREDUCTASES; ANILINE COMPOUNDS; ANTIBODIES; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; CALIBRATION; CHLORINE; DIFFUSION; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES; FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; IMMOBILIZED PROTEINS; MICROELECTRODES; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; MICROTECHNOLOGY; PESTICIDES; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; SONICATION;

EID: 77953492362     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s100505090     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Edmonds, T.E. Chemical Sensors; Blackie & Son: Glasgow, UK, 1998; pp.193.
2. Loeb, G.E.; Peck, R.A.; Martyniuk, J. Toward the ultimate metal microelectrode. J. Neurosci. Methods 1995, 63, 175-183.
3. Silver, I.A. Microelectrodes in medicine. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1987, 136, 161-167.
4. Wightman, R.M. Microvoltammetric electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1125A-1134A.
5. Fleischmann, M.; Pons, S.; Rolinson, D.R.; Schmidt, P.P. Ultramicroelectrodes; Datatech Systems: Morganton, NC, USA, 1987.
6. Pons, S.; Fleischmann, M. The behaviour of microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 1391A-1399A.
7. Imisides, M.D.; John, R.; Wallace, G.G. Microsensors based on conducting polymers. Chemtech 1996, 26, 19-25.
8. Štulík, K.; Amatore, C.; Holub, K.; Mareček, V.; Kutner, W. Microelectrodes. Definitions, characterisation, and applications. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 1482-1492.
9. Wightman, R.M.; Wipf, D.O. In Electroanalytical Chemistry; Bard, A.J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 1989.
10. Zoski, C.G. Ultramicroelectrodes: Design, fabrication and characterisation. Electroanalysis 2002, 14, 1041-1051.
11. Gueshi, T.; Tokuda, K.; Matsuda, H. Voltammetry at partially covered electrodes. Part 1: Chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry at model electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1978, 89, 247-260.
12. Wang, J.; Freiha, B.A. Vitreous carbon-based composite electrode as an electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 1984, 298, 79-87.
13. Horiuchi, T.; Niwa, O.; Morita, M.; Tabei, H. Stripping voltammetry of reversible redox species by self-induced redox cycling. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 3206-3208.
14. Weisshaar, D.E.; Tallman, D.E. Chronoamperometric response at carbon-based composite electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1983, 53, 1146-1151.
15. Poon, M.; McCreery, R.L. In situ laser activation of glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2745-2750.
16. Sleszynski, N.; Osteryoung, J.; Carter, M. Arrays of very small voltammetric electrodes based on reticulated vitreous carbon. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 130-135.
17. Niwa, O.; Tabei, H. Voltammetric measurements of reversible and quasi-reversible redox species using carbon film based interdigitated array microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 285-289.
18. Rojo, A.; Rosenstratten, A.; Anjo, D. Characterization of a conductive carbon-film electrode for voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2988-2991.
19. Starr, A.; Wise, K.D.; Csongradi, J. An evaluation of photoengraved microelectrodes for extracellular single-unit recording. IEEE T. Bio-med. Eng. 1973, 20, 291-293.
20. Kittleson, G.P.; White, H.S.; Wrighton, M.S. A microelectrochemical diode with submicron contact spacing based on the connection of two microelectrodes using dissimilar redox polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7373-7380.
21. Reller, H.; Kirowaeisner, E.; Gileadi, E. Ensembles of microelectrodes-Digital-simulation by the two-dimensional expanding grid method-Cyclic voltammetry, IR effects and applications. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1984, 161, 247-268.
22. Cassidy, J.; Ghoroghchain, J.; Safarazi, F.; Smith, J.J.; Pons, S. Simulation of edge effects in electroanalytical experiments by orthogonal collocation-VI Cyclic voltammetry at ultramicroelectrode ensembles. Electrochim. Acta. 1986, 31, 629-636.
23. Aoki, K.; Morita, M.; Niwa, O.; Tabei, H. Quantitative-analysis of reversible diffusion-controlled currents of redox soluble species at interdigitated array electrodes under steady-state conditions. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1988, 256, 269-282.
24. Ross, B.; Cammann, K.; Mokwa, W.; Rospert, M. Ultramicroelectrode arrays as transducers for new amperometric oxygen sensors. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 1992, 7, 758-762.
25. Malitesta, C.; Palmisano, F.; Torsi, L.; Zambonin, P.G. Glucose fast-response amperometric sensor based on glucose-oxidase immobilised in an electropolymerised poly(ortho-phenylenediamine) film. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 2735-2740.
26. Liu, C.; Chen, W.J.; Martin, C. Electrochemical synthesis of ultrathin film composite membranes. J. Memb. Sci. 1992, 65, 113-128.
27. Curulli, A.; Kelly, S.; O'Sullivan, C.; Guilbault, G.G.; Palleschi, G. A new interference-free lysine biosensor using a non-conducting polymer film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13, 1245-1250.
28. Li, X.G.; Huang, M.R.; Duan, W.; Yang, Y.L. Novel multifunctional polymers from aromatic diamines by oxidative polymerizations. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 2925-3030.
29. Suslick, K.S. Sonochemistry. Science 1990, 247, 1439-1445.
30. Taleyarkan, R.P.; West, C.D.; Cho, J.S. Lahey, R.T.; Nigmatulin, R.I.; Block, R.C. Evidence for nuclear emission during acoustic cavitation. Science 2002, 295, 1868-1873.
31. Leighton, T.G. The Acoustic Bubble; Academic Press: London, UK, 1994.
32. Crum, L.A. Acoustic cavitation. Ultrason. Symp. 1982, 1, 1-11.
33. Myler, S. The exploitation of thin-polymer-films and microelectrode arrays for the development of electrochemical biosensors. PhD Dissertation; UMIST: Manchester, UK, 2000.
34. Gordon, G. Disinfectant Residual Measurement Methods, 2nd ed.; AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association: Denver, CO, USA, 1992.
35. Foulds, N.C.; Lowe, C.R. Enzyme entrapment in electrically conducting polymers, immobilization of glucose-oxidase in poly(pyrrole) and its application in amperometric glucose sensors. J. Chem. Soc. Farad. T. 1. 1986, 82, 1259-1264.
36. Shaolin, M.; Jinqing, K.; Jianbing, Z. Bioelectrochemical responses of the poly(aniline) uricase electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 334, 121-132.
37. Teasdale, R.; Wallace, G.C. Molecular recognition using conducting polymers-basis of an electrochemical sensing technology. Analyst 1993, 118, 329-334.
38. Eggins, B. Biosensors-An Introduction; Wiley: Chichester, UK, 1996.
39. Cooper, J.C.; Hall, E.A.H. Electrochemical response of an enzyme-loaded poly(aniline) film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1992 7, 473-485.
40. Moser, C.C.; Keske, J.M.; Warncke, K.; Farid, R.S.; Dutton, P.L. Nature of biological electron-transfer. Nature 1992, 355, 796-802.
41. Onuchic, J.N.; Beratan, D.N.; Winkler, J.R.; Gray, H.B. Pathway analysis of protein electron-transfer reactions. Annu. Rev. Bioph. Biom. 1992, 21, 349-377.
42. Skinner, N.G.; Hall, E.A.H. Investigation of the origin of the glucose response in a glucose oxidase poly(aniline) System. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 420, 179-188.
43. Gibson, T.D.; Hulbert, J.N.; Parker, S.M.; Woodward, J.R.; Higgins, I.J. Extended shelf-life of enzyme-based biosensors using a novel stabilization system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1992, 7, 701-708.
44. Narvaez, A.; Suarez, G.; Popescu, J.C.; Katakis, I.; Dominguez, E. Reagentless biosensors based on self-deposited redox polyelectrolyteoxidoreductases architectures. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2000, 15, 43-52.
45. Barton, A.C.; Collyer, S.D.; Davis, F.; Gornall, D.D.; Law, K.A.; Lawrence, E.C.D.; Mills, D.W.; Myler, S.; Pritchard, J.A.; Thompson, M.; Higson, S.P.J. Sonochemically fabricated microelectrode arrays for biosensors offering widespread applicability: Part I. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 20, 328-337.
46. Streitweiser, A.; Heathcock, C.H. Introduction to Organic Chemistry; McMillan Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 1981; p. 767.
47. Myler, S.; Collyer, S.D.; Bridge, K.A.; Higson, S.P.J. Ultra-thin poly(siloxane)-film-composite membranes for the optimisation of amperometric oxidase enzyme electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2002, 17, 35-43.
48. Jeanty, G.; Ghommidh, C.; Marty, J.L. Automated detection of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites by a continuous flow system-based enzyme sensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 436, 119-128.
49. Palchetti, I.; Cagnini, A.; Del Carlo, M.; Coppi, C.; Mascini, M.; Turner, A.P.F. Determination of anticholinesterase pesticides in real samples using a disposable biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 337, 315-321.
50. Aprea, C.; Colosio, C.; Mammone, T.; Minoia, C.; Maroni, M. Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: A review of analytical methods. J. Chromat. B, Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 769, 191-219.
51. Davis, F.; Law, K.A.; Chaniotakis, N.A.; Fournier, D.; Gibson, T.D.; Millner, P.A.; Marty, J.; Sheehan, M.A.; Ogurtsov, V.I.; Johnson, G.; Griffiths, J.; Turner, A.P.F.; Higson, S.P.J. Ultra-sensitive determination of pesticides via cholinesterase-based sensors for environmental analysis. Comp. Anal. Chem. 2007, 49, 311-330.
52. Andreescu, S.; Sadik, O.A. Trends and challenges in biochemical sensors for clinical and environmental monitoring. Pure Appl. Chem. 2004, 6, 861-878.
53. Pritchard, J.; Law, L.A.; Vakurov, A.; Millner, P.; Higson, S.P.J. Sonochemically fabricated enzyme microelectrode arrays for the environmental monitoring of pesticides. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 20, 765-772.
54. Law, K.A.; Higson, S.P.J. Sonochemically fabricated acetylcholinesterase micro-electrode arrays within a flow injection analyser for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 20, 1914-1924.
55. Davis, F.; Law, K.A.; Turner, A.P.F.; Higson, S.P.J. Procedure 24-Construction of an enzyme-containing microelectrode array and use for detection of low levels of pesticides. Comp. Anal. Chem. 2007, 49, e169-e176.
56. Sotiropoulou, S.; Fournier, D.; Chaniotakis, N.A. Genetically engineered acetylcholinesterase-based biosensor for attomolar detection of dichlorvos. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 20, 2347-2352.
57. Rodriguez-Mozaz, S.; de Alda, M.J.L.; Barcelo, D. Biosensors as useful tools for environmental analysis and monitoring. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 386, 1025-1041.
58. Diaz-Gonzalez, M.; Gonzalez-Garcia, M.B.; Costa-Garci, A. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassays. Electroanalysis 2005, 17, 1901-1918.
59. Cosnier, S. Affinity biosensors based on electropolymerized films. Electroanalysis 2005, 17, 1701-1715.
60. Grant, S.; Davis, F.; Pritchard, J.A.; Law, K.A.; Higson, S.P.J.; Gibson, T.D. Labeless and reversible immunosensor assay based upon an electrochemical current-transient protocol. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2003, 495, 21-32.
61. Grant, S.; Davis, F.; Law, K.A.; Barton, A.C.; Collyer, S.D.; Higson, S.P.J.; Gibson, T.D. Label-free and reversible immunosensor based upon an ac impedance interrogation protocol. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2005, 537, 163-168.
62. Garifallou, G.-Z.; Tsekenis, G.; Davis, F.; Higson, S.P.J.; Millner, P.A.; Pinacho, D.G.; Sanchez-Baeza, F.; Marco, M.-P.; Gibson, T.D. Labeless immunosensor assay for fluoroquinolone antibiotics based upon an AC impedance protocol. Anal. Lett. 2007, 40, 1412-1442.
63. Tsekenis, G.; Garifallou, G.-Z.; Davis, F.; Millner, P.A.; Pinacho, D.G.; Sanchez-Baeza, F.; Marco, M.-P.; Gibson, T.D.; Higson, S.P.J. Detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk via a labeless immunoassay based upon an alternating current impedance protocol. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 9233-9239.
64. Tsekenis, G.; Garifallou, G.-Z.; Davis, F.; Millner, P.A.; Gibson, T.D.; Higson, S.P.J. Labeless immunosensor assay for myelin basic protein based upon an AC impedance protocol. Anal. Chem. 2008, 20, 2058-2062.
65. Tully, E.; Higson, S.P.J.; O'Kennedy, R. The development of a 'labeless'immunosensor for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes cell surface protein, Internalin B. Biosens. Bioact. 2008, 23, 906-912.
66. Barton, A.C.; Collyer, S.D.; Davis, F.; Garifallou, G.-Z.; Tsekenis, G.; Tully, E.; O'Kennedy, R.; Gibson, T.D.; Millner, P.A.; Higson, S.P.J.; Labeless AC impedimetric antibody based sensors with pg mL-1 sensitivities for point-of-care biomedical applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 1090-1095.
67. Jemal, A.; Murray, T.; Ward, E.; Samuels, A.; Tiwari, R.C.; Ghafoor, A.; Feuer, E.J.; Thun, M.J. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA. Cancer J. Clin. 2005, 55, 10-30.
68. Mortality Statistics: Cause (Series DH2); Office for National Statistics: London, UK, 2005.
69. Thompson, I.M.; Pauler, D.K.; Goodman, P.J.; Tangen, C.M.; Lucia, M.S.; Parnes, H.L.; Minasian, L.M.; Ford, L.G.; Lippman, S.M.; Crawford, E.D.; Crowley, J.J.; Coltman, C.A. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level <= 4.0 ng per millilitre. New Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, 2239-2246.
70. Barton, A.C.; Davis, F.; Higson, S.P.H. Labeless immunosensor assay for prostate specific antigen with pg mL-1 limits of detection based upon an AC impedance protocol. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 6198-6205.
71. Katz, E.; Willner, I. Probing biomolecular interactions at conductive and semiconductive surfaces by impedance spectroscopy: Routes to impedimetric immunosensors, DNA-sensors and enzyme biosensors. Electroanalysis 2003, 15, 913-947.
72. U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services; Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2007.
73. Office of National Statistics Health Statistics Quarterly 12 Winter. 2001, -Stroke incidence and risk factors in a population based cohort study{norm of matrix}; The Stroke Association: London, UK.
74. Barton, A.C.; Davis, F.; Higson, S.P.H. Labeless immunosensor assay for the stroke marker protein neuron specific enolase based upon an AC impedance protocol. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 9411-9416.
75. Barton, A.C.; Davis, F.; Higson, S.P.H. Labeless immunosensor assay for the stroke marker protein S100[β] based upon an AC impedance protocol. 2009 (in press).