A Western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 142, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 429-440

  Kim, Kijeong ^a   Brenner, Charles H ^b,c   Mair, Victor H ^d   Lee, Kwang Ho ^a   Kim, Jae Hyun ^e   Gelegdorj, Eregzen ^f   Batbold, Natsag ^g   Song, Yi Chung ^h   Yun, Hyeung Won ^h   Chang, Eun Jeong ^h   Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed ^a   Bazarragchaa, Munkhtsetseg ^a   Park, Ae Ja ^a   Lim, Inja ^a   Hong, Yun Pyo ^a   Kim, Wonyong ^a   Chung, Sang In ^a   Kim, Dae Jin ^a   Chung, Yoon Hee ^a   Kim, Sung Su ^a   Lee, Won Bok ^a   Kim, Kyung Yong ^a   more..

^a Chung Ang University   (South Korea)

^b DNA VIEW   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^e Dong A University   (South Korea)

^f National Museum of Mongolia   (Mongolia)

^g INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY   (Mongolia)

^h National Museum of Korea   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Ancient DNA; Indo European migration; Northeast Asia; R1a1; Xiongnu

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASIA; BONE; EUROPE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MALE; MIGRATION; MONGOLIA; POSTHUMOUS CARE; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SHORT TANDEM REPEAT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SKELETON; Y CHROMOSOME;

ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BONE AND BONES; CEMETERIES; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, Y; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DNA; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; FOSSILS; HAPLOTYPES; HUMANS; MALE; MONGOLIA; PALEONTOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE;

EID: 77953488956     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21242     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Achilli A, Rengo C, Battaglia V, Pala M, Olivieri A, Fornarino S, Magri C, Scozzari R, Babudri N, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Bandelt HJ, Semino O, Torroni A. 2005. Saami and Berbers - an unexpected mitochondrial DNA link. Am J Hum Genet 76:883-886.
2. Adas M. 2001. Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p 88.
3. Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N. 1999. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 23:147.
4. Basu A, Mukherjee N, Roy S, Sengupta S, Banerjee S, Chakraborty M, Dey B, Roy M, Roy B, Bhattacharyya NP, Roychoudhury S, Majumder PP. 2003. Ethnic India: a genomic view, with special reference to peopling and structure. Genome Res 13:2277-2290.
5. Behar DM, Rosset S, Blue-Smith J, Balanovsky O, Tzur S, Comas D, Mitchell RJ, Quintana-Murci L, Tyler-Smith C, Wells RS. 2007. The Genographic Project public participation mitochondrial DNA database. PLoS Genet 3:e104.
6. Bermisheva M, Tambets K, Villems R, Khusnutdinova E. 2002. Diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in ethnic populations of the Volga-Ural region of Russia. Mol Biol (Mosk) 36:990-1001.
7. Brenner CH. 2006. Some mathematical problems in the DNA identification of victims in the 2004 tsunami and similar mass fatalities. Forensic Sci Int 157:172-180.
8. Chang EJ, Hwangbo, CS, Yoon, SD. 2007. Archaeological research on Xiongnu Tombs of Duurlig Nars, Mongolia. In: Xiongnu, the first empire of the stepps. Seoul: National Museum of Korea. p 214-231.
9. Cheng B, Tang W, He L, Dong Y, Lu J, Lei Y, Yu H, Zhang J, Xiao C. 2008. Genetic imprint of the Mongol: signal from phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA. J Hum Genet 53:905-913.
10. Comas D, Plaza S, Wells RS, Yuldaseva N, Lao O, Calafell F, Bertranpetit J. 2004. Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. Eur J Hum Genet 12:495-504.
11. Cordaux R, Aunger R, Bentley G, Nasidze I, Sirajuddin SM, Stoneking M. 2004. Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages. Curr Biol 14:231-235.
12. Derenko MV, Maliarchuk BA, Wozniak M, Denisova GA, Dambueva IK, Dorzhu CM, Grzybowski T, Zakharov IA. 2007. Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan's descendants in northern Eurasian populations. Genetika 43:422-426.
13. Di Cosmo N. 2002. Ancient China and its enemies: the rise of Nomadic power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Edson SM, Ross JR, Coble MD, Parsons TJ, Barritt SM. 2004. Naming the dead - confronting the realities of rapid identification of degraded skeletal remains. Forensic Sci Rev 16:64-89.
15. Fechner A, Quinque D, Rychkov S, Morozowa I, Naumova O, Schneider Y, Willuweit S, Zhukova O, Roewer L, Stoneking M, Nasidze I. 2008. Boundaries and clines in the West Eurasian Y-chromosome landscape: insights from the European part of Russia. Am J Phys Anthropol 137:41-47.
16. Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, Singh NB, Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ. 2007. The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow. Am J Hum Genet 80:884-894.
17. Gimbutas M. 1970. Proto-Indo-European culture: the Kurgan culture during the fifth, fourth and third millennia BC. In: Cardona G, Hoenigswald HM, Seen AM, editors. Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. p 155-195.
18. Gimbutas M. 1973. Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo-Europeans 3500-2500 B.C. J Indo-Eur Stud 1:163-214.
19. Gokcumen O, Dulik MC, Pai AA, Zhadanov SI, Rubinstein S, Osipova LP, Andreenkov OV, Tabikhanova LE, Gubina MA, Labuda D, Schurr TG. 2008. Genetic variation in the enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: insights into Turkic population history. Am J Phys Anthropol 136:278-293.
20. Grousset R. 2007. The Origin of the Xiongnu. In: The Empire of the Steppe [In Korean]. Paju: Sagejol Press. p 62-67.
21. Haak W, Brandt G, de Jong HN, Meyer C, Ganslmeier R, Heyd V, Hawkesworth C, Pike AW, Meller H, Alt KW. 2008. Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:18226-18231.
22. Hemphill BE, Mallory JP. 2004. Horse-mounted invaders from the Russo-Kazakh steppe or agricultural colonists from western Central Asia? A craniometric investigation of the Bronze Age settlement of Xinjiang. Am J Phys Anthropol 124:199-222.
23. Honeychurch W, Nelson AR, Amartuvshin C. 2007. Death and social process among the ancient Xiongnu of Mongolia. In: Xiongnu, the first empire of the stepps. Seoul: National Museum of Korea. p 134-153.
24. Hunter P. 2006. Ancient DNA research goes nuclear. A new technique to extract sequence data from nuclear DNA may reveal exciting new insights into evolution and phylogeny. EMBO Rep 7:136-139.
25. Jin HJ, Kwak KD, Hammer MF, Nakahori Y, Shinka T, Lee JW, Jin F, Jia X, Tyler-Smith C, Kim W. 2003. Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans. Hum Genet 114:27-35.
26. Jin HJ, Tyler-Smith C, Kim W. 2009. The peopling of Korea revealed by analyses of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal markers. PLoS ONE 4:e4210.
27. Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C. 2003. The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age. Nat Rev Genet 4:598-612.
28. Kaestle FA, Horsburgh KA. 2002. Ancient DNA in anthropology: methods, applications, and ethics. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 35:92-130.
29. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF. 2008. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Res 18:830-838.
30. Katoh T, Munkhbat B, Tounai K, Mano S, Ando H, Oyungerel G, Chae GT, Han H, Jia GJ, Tokunaga K, Munkhtuvshin N, Tamiya G, Inoko H. 2005. Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis. Gene 346:63-70. (Pubitemid 40332625)
31. Kayser M, Lao O, Anslinger K, Augustin C, Bargel G, Edelmann J, Elias S, Heinrich M, Henke J, Henke L, Hohoff C, Illing A, Jonkisz A, Kuzniar P, Lebioda A, Lessig R, Lewicki S, Maciejewska A, Monies DM, Pawlowski R, Poetsch M, Schmid D, Schmidt U, Schneider PM, Stradmann-Bellinghausen B, Szibor R, Wegener R, Wozniak M, Zoledziewska M, Roewer L, Dobosz T, Ploski R. 2005. Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis. Hum Genet 117:428-443.
32. Kemp BM, Smith DG. 2005. Use of bleach to eliminate contaminating DNA from the surface of bones and teeth. Forensic Sci Int 154:53-61.
33. Keyser-Tracqui C, Bouakaze C, Crubézy E, Nikolaev VG, Montagnon D, Reis T, Ludes B. 2009. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people. Hum Genet 126:395-410.
34. Keyser-Tracqui C, Crubézy E, Ludes B. 2003. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia. Am J Hum Genet 73:247-260.
35. Keyser-Tracqui C, Crubézy E, Pamzsav H, Varga T, Ludes B. 2006. Population origins in Mongolia: genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA. Am J Phys Anthropol 131: 272-281.
36. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA, Kozhekbaeva ZM, Gusar VA, Grechanina EY, Puzyrev VP, Khusnutdinova EK, Yankovsky NK. 2004. Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Russ J Genet 40:415-421.
37. Kim K, Kim KY, Jeon E, Togloom A, Cho YO, Lee MS, Lkhagvasuren G, Choi JH, Tumen D, Ja Park A, Kim KC, Park KW, Kim JH, Noh M, Yoo KJ, Lee KH. 2008. Technical note: improved ancient DNA purification for PCR using ionexchange columns. Am J Phys Anthropol 136:114-121.
38. Kivisild T, Bamshad MJ, Kaldma K, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Laos S, Parik J, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Papiha SS, Mastana SS, Mir MR, Ferak V, Villems R. 1999. Deep common ancestry of indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages. Curr Biol 9:1331-1334.
39. Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Sun C, Yao YG, Salas A, Achilli A, Wang CY, Zhong L, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Torroni A, Zhang YP. 2006. Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations. Hum Mol Genet 15:2076-2086.
40. Kumar S, Nei M, Dudley J, Tamura K. 2008. MEGA: a biologistcentric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Brief Bioinform 9:299-306.
41. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG. 2007. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23:2947-2948.
42. Mair VH. 2005. Gene, geography and glottochronology: the Tarim Basin during late prehistory and history. Journal of Indo-European Monograph Series, 50. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
43. Maji S, Krithika S, Vasulu TS. 2008. Distribution of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India with special reference to haplogroup R and its sub-haplogroup U. Int J Hum Genet 8:85-96.
44. Mallory JP. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans: languages, archaeology and myth. London: Thames and Hudson.
45. Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T, Lunkina A, Czarny J, Rychkov S, Morozova I, Denisova G, Miscicka-Sliwka D. 2004. Differentiation of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in Russian populations. Hum Biol 76:877-900. (Pubitemid 40705528)
46. Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Perkova M, Vanecek T. 2008. Mitochondrial haplogroup U2d phylogeny and distribution. Hum Biol 80:565-571.
47. Malyarchuk BA, Rogozin IB. 2004. Mutagenesis by transient misalignment in the human mitochondrial DNA control region. Ann Hum Genet 68:324-339. (Pubitemid 39162744)
48. Maruyama S, Minaguchi K, Saitou N. 2003. Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population. Int J Legal Med 117:218-225. (Pubitemid 37039761)
49. Meyer M, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Höber B, Höffner B, Krause J, Weihmann A, Pääbo S, Hofreiter M. 2008. From micrograms to picograms: quantitative PCR reduces the material demands of high-throughput sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 36:e5.
50. Minajev SS. 1996. Les Xiongnu. Dossier Archéol 212:74-85.
51. Mulligan CJ. 2005. Isolation and analysis of DNA from archaeological, clinical, and natural history specimens. Methods Enzymol 395:87-103.
52. Ochir A. 2007. Xiongnu and the Mongolians. In: Xiongnu, the first empire of the stepps. Seoul: National Museum of Korea. p 35-46.
53. Pääbo S, Poinar H, Serre D, Jaenicke-Despres V, Hebler J, Rohland N, Kuch M, Krause J, Vigilant L, Hofreiter M. 2004. Genetic analyses from ancient DNA. Annu Rev Genet 38:645-679.
54. Palanichamy MG, Sun C, Agrawal S, Bandelt HJ, Kong QP, Khan F, Wang CY, Chaudhuri TK, Palla V, Zhang YP. 2004. Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia. Am J Hum Genet 75:966-978. (Pubitemid 39532067)
55. Popova L, Hartley C, Smith A. 2007. Proceeding of the 2005 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archeology. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
56. Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R,Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, Scozzari R, Rengo C, Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Coppa A, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Tyler-Smith C, Qasim Mehdi S, Torroni A, McElreavey K. 2004. Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor. Am J Hum Genet 74:827-845.
57. Richard C, Pennarun E, Kivisild T, Tambets K, Tolk HV, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Chevalier S, Giraudet S, Lauc LB, Pericic M, Rudan P, Claustres M, Journel H, Dorval I, Muller C, Villems R, Chaventre A, Moisan JP. 2007. An mtDNA perspective of French genetic variation. Ann Hum Biol 34:68-79.
58. Rohland N, Hofreiter M. 2007. Ancient DNA extraction from bones and teeth. Nat Protoc 2:1756-1762.
59. Sahoo S, Kashyap VK. 2006. Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India. Am J Phys Anthropol 131:84-97. (Pubitemid 44267105)
60. Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, Trivedi R, Endicott P, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kashyap VK. 2006. A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:843-848. (Pubitemid 43212185)
61. Saitou N, Nei M. 1987. The Neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406-425.
62. Santos C, Sierra B, Alvarez L, Ramos A, Fernández E, Nogués R, Aluja MP. 2008. Frequency and pattern of heteroplasmy in the control region of human mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol 67:191-200.
63. Schmerer WM, Hummel S, Herrmann B. 1999. Optimized DNA extraction to improve reproducibility of short tandem repeat genotyping with highly degraded DNA as target. Electrophoresis 20:1712-1716. (Pubitemid 29320462)
64. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA. 2006. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am J Hum Genet 78:202-221.
65. Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AJ, Tiwari PK, Bamezai RN. 2009. The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1(*) substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system. J Hum Genet 54:47-55.
66. Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Bhaskar LV, Reddy BM, Reddy AG, Singh L. 2006. Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. BMC Genet 7:42.
67. Tseveendorj D. 1985. Novye dannye po arkheologii Khunnu. Vovosibirsk: DKM.
68. van Oven M, Kayser M. 2009. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat 30:E386-E394.
69. Volgyi A, Zalán A, Szvetnik E, Pamjav H. 2009. Hungarian population data for 11 Y-STR and 49 Y-SNP markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 3:e27-e28.
70. Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, Jin L, Su B, Pitchappan R, Shanmugalakshmi S, Balakrishnan K, Read M, Pearson NM, Zerjal T, Webster MT, Zholoshvili I, Jamarjashvili E, Gambarov S, Nikbin B, Dostiev A, Aknazarov O, Zalloua P, Tsoy I, Kitaev M, Mirrakhimov M, Chariev A, Bodmer WF. 2001. The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10244-10249.
71. Wells S. 2007. Haplogroups of mtDNA and Y chromosome. In: Deep ancestry: inside the Genographic project [in Korean]. Seoul: Malgulbitnem. p 213-293.
72. Wetton JH, Tsang KW, Khan H. 2005. Inferring the population of origin of DNA evidence within the UK by allele-specific hybridization of Y-SNPs. Forensic Sci Int 152:45-53. (Pubitemid 40804500)
73. Xie CZ, Li CX, Cui YQ, Zhang QC, Fu YQ, Zhu H, Zhou H. 2007. Evidence of ancient DNA reveals the first European lineage in Iron Age Central China. Proc Biol Sci 274:1597-1601. (Pubitemid 47056655)
74. Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP. 2002. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 70:635-651. (Pubitemid 34177919)
75. Yoshida Y, Kubo SI. 2008. Y-SNP and Y-STR analysis in a Japanese population. Leg Med (Tokyo) 10:243-252.
76. Zerjal T, Pandya A, Santos FR, Adhikari R, Tarazona E, Kayser M, Evgrafov O, Singh L, Thangaraj K, Destro-Bisol G, Thomas MG, Qamar R, Mehdi SQ, Rosser ZH, Hurles ME, Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C. 1999. The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history: recent male spread in Asia and Europe. In: Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R, editors. Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics. New York: Plenum Press. p 91-102.