A potential role for daptomycin in enterococcal infections: What is the evidence?

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Volumn 65, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1126-1136

  Cantón, Rafael ^a,b   Ruiz Garbajosa, Patricia ^a,b   Chaves, Ricardo L ^c   Johnson, Alan P ^d  

^a INSTITUTO RAMÓN Y CAJAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN SANITARIA IRYCIS   (Spain)

^b CIBER EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y SALUD PÚBLICA CIBERESP   (Spain)

^c NOVARTIS PHARMA AG   (Switzerland)

^d PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics; Gram positive bacteria; Nosocomial infections; Vancomycin resistance

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLOXACILLIN; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; FLUCLOXACILLIN; GENTAMICIN; LINEZOLID; MEROPENEM; MINOCYCLINE; NAFCILLIN; OXACILLIN; RIFAMPICIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BIOFILM; BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CROSS RESISTANCE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENTEROCOCCAL INFECTION; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; SURGICAL INFECTION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CROSS INFECTION; DAPTOMYCIN; ENTEROCOCCUS; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; MICROBIAL VIABILITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77953484770     PISSN: 03057453     EISSN: 14602091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq087     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology 2009; 155: 1749-57.
2. Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006-2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29: 996-1011.
3. Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK et al. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 159-68.
4. Florescu I, Beuran M, Dimov R et al. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline compared with vancomycin or linezolid for treatment of serious infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a Phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62 Suppl 1: i17-i28.
5. Moellering RC, Linden PK, Reinhardt J et al. The efficacy and safety of quinupristin/dalfopristin for the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44: 251-61.
6. Arias CA, Murray BE. Emergence and management of drug-resistant enterococcal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6: 637-55.
7. Deshpande LM, Fritsche TR, Moet GJ et al. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from North America and Europe: a report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58: 163-70.
8. Jones RN, Fritsche TR, Sader HS et al. LEADER surveillance program results for 2006: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from the United States (50 medical centers). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59: 309-17.
9. Morrissey I. Daptomycin susceptibility of contemporary Gram-positive pathogens circulating in Europe between 2004 and 2007. In: Abstracts of the Nineteenth European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Helsinki, 2009. Abstract P1626. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland.
10. Werner G, Coque T, Hammerum A et al. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008; 13: 19046.
11. Rybak MJ, Hershberger E, Moldovan T et al. In vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin against staphylococci and enterococci, including vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1062-6.
12. Novartis Europharm Ltd. Cubicin (daptomycin) Summary of Product Characteristics. 2009. http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/cubicin/emea-combined-h637en.pdf/ (9 February 2010, date last accessed).
13. Badal R, Bouchillon S, Hoban D et al. A multicenter evaluation of in vitro activity of oritavancin and comparators against staphylococci, enterococci and streptococci-the ORION study. In: Abstracts of the Nineteenth European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Helsinki, 2009. Abstract P1618. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland.
14. Pfaller MA, Sader HS, Jones RN. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of daptomycin against 19615 clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci collected in North American hospitals (2002-2005). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57: 459-65.
15. Sader HS, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Update on the in vitro activity of daptomycin tested against 17,193 Gram-positive bacteria isolated from European medical centers (2005-2007). J Chemother 2009; 21: 500-6.
16. Sader HS, Mendes RE, Jones RN. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycinresistant E. faecium causing bloodstream infections in European hospitals (2005-2008). In: Abstracts of the Nineteenth European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Helsinki, 2009. Abstract P1720. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland.
17. Zhanel GG, DeCorby M, Nichol KA et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 3931 organisms isolated from intensive care units in Canada: Canadian National Intensive Care Unit Study, 2005/2006. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 62: 67-80.
18. Sader HS, Jones RN. Evaluation of daptomycin activity tested against 35,058 bacterial strains from hospitalized patients: summary of a 7 year surveillance program for North America (2002-2008). In: Abstracts of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Philadelphia, PA, 2009. Abstract P199. Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, VA, USA.
19. Data from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) web site. http://www.eucast.org/ (1 November 2009, date last accessed).
20. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Eighteenth Informational Supplement M100-S18. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA, 2008.
21. Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Frequency of occurrence and daptomycin susceptibility rates of Gram-positive organisms causing bloodstream infections in cancer patients. J Chemother 2008; 20: 570-6.
22. Jorgensen JH, Crawford SA, Kelly CC et al. In vitro activity of daptomycin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci of various Van types and comparison of susceptibility testing methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3760-3.
23. Streit JM, Jones RN, Sader HS. Daptomycin activity and spectrum: a worldwide sample of 6737 clinical Gram-positive organisms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53: 669-74.
24. Piper KE, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. In vitro activity of daptomycin against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria. J Infect Chemother 2005; 11: 207-9.
25. NIH. Research on Microbial Biofilms. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-047.html/ (18 June 2009, date last accessed).
26. Heikens E, Bonten MJ, Willems RJ. Enterococcal surface protein Esp is important for biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecium E1162. J Bacteriol 2007; 189: 8233-40.
27. Mohamed JA, Huang DB. Biofilm formation by enterococci. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 1581-8.
28. Willems RJ, Bonten MJ. Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci: deciphering virulence, resistance and epidemicity. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007; 20: 384-90.
29. Mascio CT, Alder JD, Silverman JA. Bactericidal action of daptomycin against stationary-phase and nondividing Staphylococcus aureus cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 4255-60.
30. Stewart PS, Davison WM, Steenbergen JN. Daptomycin rapidly penetrates a Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 3505-7.
31. LaPlante KL, Mermel LA. In vitro activities of telavancin and vancomycin against biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 3166-9.
32. Sandoe JA, Wysome J, West AP et al. Measurement of ampicillin, vancomycin, linezolid and gentamicin activity against enterococcal biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57: 767-70.
33. Raad II, Hanna HA, Boktour M et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: catheter colonization, esp gene, and decreased susceptibility to antibiotics in biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 5046-50.
34. Johnson AP, Uttley AH, Woodford N et al. Resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin: an emerging clinical problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3: 280-91.
35. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS). http://www.rivm.nl/earss/database/ (1 September 2009, date last accessed).
36. Coque TM, Willems RJ, Fortun J et al. Population structure of Enterococcus faecium causing bacteremia in a Spanish university hospital: setting the scene for a future increase in vancomycin resistance? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 2693-700.
37. Abb J. In vitro activities of tigecycline, daptomycin, linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin against glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 358-60.
38. Stylianakis A, Tsiplakou S, Papaioannou V et al. In vitro activity of daptomycin against various VanA VRE species derived from clinical specimens. In: Abstracts of the Eighteenth European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Barcelona, 2008. Abstract P1720. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland.
39. Pankey G, Ashcraft D, Patel N. In vitro synergy of daptomycin plus rifampin against Enterococcus faecium resistant to both linezolid and vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 5166-8.
40. Rand KH, Houck H. Daptomycin synergy with rifampicin and ampicillin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53: 530-2.
41. Steenbergen JN, Mohr JF, Thorne GM. Effects of daptomycin in combination with other antimicrobial agents: a review of in vitro and animal model studies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 1130-8.
42. Snydman DR, McDermott LA, Jacobus NV. Evaluation of in vitro interaction of daptomycin with gentamicin or b-lactam antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci by FIC index and timed-kill curves. J Chemother 2005; 17: 614-21.
43. Barber GR, Lauretta J, Saez R. A febrile neutropenic patient with Enterococcus gallinarum sepsis treated with daptomycin and gentamicin. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27: 927-32.
44. Sader HS, Watters AA, Fritsche TR et al. Daptomycin antimicrobial activity tested against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in European medical centers (2005). BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7: 29.
45. Malli E, Spiliopoulou I, Kolonitsiou F et al. In vitro activity of daptomycin against Gram-positive cocci: the first multicentre study in Greece. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32: 525-8.
46. el Mady A, Mortensen JE. The bactericidal activity of ampicillin, daptomycin, and vancomycin against ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 14: 141-5.
47. Wanger AR, Murray BE. Activityof LY146032 against enterococciwith and without high-level aminoglycoside resistance, including two penicillinaseproducing strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 1779-81.
48. Allen GP, Bierman BC. In vitro analysis of resistance selection by linezolid in vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:21-4.
49. Theilacker C, Jonas D, Huebner J et al. Outcomes of invasive infection due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium during a recent outbreak. Infection 2009; 37: 540-3.
50. Schulte B, Heininger A, Autenrieth IB et al. Emergence of increasing linezolid-resistance in enterococci in a post-outbreak situation with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136: 1131-3.
51. Mendes RE, Jones RN, Deshpande LM et al. Daptomycin activity tested against linezolid-nonsusceptible gram-positive clinical isolates. Microb Drug Resist 2009; 15: 245-9.
52. Vouillamoz J, Moreillon P, Giddey M et al. Efficacy of daptomycin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to susceptible and multidrugresistant enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 1208-14.
53. Akins RL, Rybak MJ. Bactericidal activities of two daptomycin regimens against clinical strains of glycopeptide intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 454-9.
54. Caron F, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L et al. Daptomycin or teicoplanin in combination with gentamicin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to a highly glycopeptide-resistant isolate of Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 2611-6.
55. Cha R, Grucz RG Jr, Rybak MJ. Daptomycin dose-effect relationship against resistant Gram-positive organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1598-603.
56. Alder J, Li T, Yu D et al. Analysis of daptomycin efficacy and breakpoint standards in a murine model of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium renal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3561-6.
57. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P et al. Pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Enterococcus species and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine thigh infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52: 405-11.
58. Rolston KV, Segreti J, Lamp KC et al. Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience (CORE) methodology. Am J Med 2007; 120:S4-5.
59. Mohr JF, Friedrich LV, Yankelev S et al. Daptomycin for the treatment of enterococcal bacteraemia: results from the Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience (CORE). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33: 543-8.
60. Diaz Granados CA, Zimmer SM, Klein M et al. Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 327-33.
61. Vergis EN, Hayden MK, Chow JW et al. Determinants of vancomycin resistance and mortality rates in enterococcal bacteremia. A prospective multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 484-92.
62. Nannini EC. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection-related mortality: focus on the lack of appropriate therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1203-4.
63. Diaz Granados CA, Jernigan JA. Reply to Nannini and to a previous letter by Hurley. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1204-5.
64. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1-45.
65. Gallagher JC, Perez ME, Marino EA et al. Daptomycin therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: a retrospective case series of 30 patients. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29: 792-9.
66. Segreti JA, Crank CW, Finney MS. Daptomycin for the treatment of Gram-positive bacteremia and infective endocarditis: a retrospective case series of 31 patients. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26: 347-52.
67. Kvirikadze N, Suseno M, Vescio T et al. Daptomycin for the treatment of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia. Scand J Infect Dis 2006; 38: 290-2.
68. Cunha BA, Mickail N, Eisenstein L. E. faecalis vancomycin-sensitive enterococcal bacteremia unresponsive to a vancomycin tolerant strain successfully treated with high-dose daptomycin. Heart Lung 2007; 36: 456-61.
69. Poutsiaka DD, Skiffington S, Miller KB et al. Daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in neutropenic patients. J Infect 2007; 54: 567-71.
70. Figueroa DA, Mangini E, Amodio-Groton M et al. Safety of high-dose intravenous daptomycin treatment: three-year cumulative experience in a clinical program. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 177-80.
71. Cosgrove SE, Corey GR. A balancing act: microbe versus muscle. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 181-3.
72. Weinstock DM, Conlon M, Iovino C et al. Colonization, bloodstream infection, and mortality caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13: 615-21.
73. Grim SA, Hong I, Freeman J et al. Daptomycin for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63: 414-6.
74. Beneri CA, Nicolau DP, Seiden HS et al. Successful treatment of a neonate with persistent vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia with a daptomycin-containing regimen. Infect Drug Resist 2008; 1: 9-11.
75. Mave V, Garcia-Diaz J, Islam T et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: is daptomycin as effective as linezolid? J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64: 175-80.
76. Marion C, Kennedy L, High K. Daptomycin or linezolid in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia in neutropenic cancer patients. In: Abstracts of the Forty-eighth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC, 2008. Abstract L-2120, p. 618. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA.
77. Levine DP, Lamp KC. Daptomycin in the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis: experience from a registry. Am J Med 2007; 120: S28-33.
78. Arias CA, Torres HA, Singh KVet al. Failure ofdaptomycin monotherapyfor endocarditis caused by an Enterococcus faecium strain with vancomycinresistant and vancomycin-susceptible subpopulations and evidence of in vivo loss of the vanA gene cluster. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1343-6.
79. Schutt AC, Bohm NM. Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis treated with combination tigecycline and high-dose daptomycin. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43: 2108-2.
80. Arbeit RD, Maki D, Tally FP et al. The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1673-81.
81. Chamberlain RS, Culshaw DL, Donovan BJ et al. Daptomycin for the treatment of surgical site infections. Surgery 2009; 146: 316-24.
82. Owens RC Jr, Lamp KC, Friedrich LV et al. Postmarketing clinical experience in patients with skin and skin-structure infections treated with daptomycin. Am J Med 2007; 120: S6-12.
83. Lamp KC, Friedrich LV, Mendez-Vigo L et al. Clinical experience with daptomycin for the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis. Am J Med 2007; 120: S13-20.
84. Dvorchik BH, Brazier D, DeBruin MF et al. Daptomycin pharmacokinetics and safety following administration of escalating doses once daily to healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1318-23.
85. Naber KG, Eisenstein BI, Tally FP. Daptomycin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2004; 12: 322-7.
86. Fisher L, North D. Effectiveness of low-dose daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33: 493-4.
87. Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 653-65.
88. Huen SC, Hall I, Topal J et al. Successful use of intraperitoneal daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 538-41.
89. Hassoun AA, Coomer RW, Mendez-Vigo L. Intraperitoneal daptomycin used to successfully treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29: 671-3.
90. Elvy J, Porter D, Brown E. Treatment of external ventricular drain-associated ventriculitis caused by Enterococcus faecalis with intraventricular daptomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: 461-2.
91. EUCAST. EUCAST technical note on daptomycin. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 599-601.
92. Silverman JA, Oliver N, Andrew T et al. Resistance studies with daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1799-802.
93. Lesho EP, Wortmann GW, Craft D et al. De novo daptomycin nonsusceptibility in a clinical isolate. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 673.
94. Fraher MH, Corcoran GD, Creagh S et al. Daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a patient with no prior exposure to daptomycin. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65: 376-8.
95. Green MR, Anasetti C, Sandin RL et al. Development of daptomycin resistance in a bone marrow transplant patient with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus durans. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2006; 12:179-81.
96. Hidron AI, Schuetz AN, Nolte FS et al. Daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: 1394-6.
97. Kanafani ZA, Federspiel JJ, Fowler VG Jr. Infective endocarditis caused by daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis: a case report. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39:75-7.
98. Lewis JS, Owens A, Cadena J et al. Emergence of daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium during daptomycin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1664-5.
99. Long JK, Choueiri TK, Hall GS et al. Daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1215-6.
100. Munoz-Price LS, Lolans K, Quinn JP. Emergence of resistance to daptomycin during treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 565-6.
101. Cubist Pharmaceuticals. Cubicin (daptomycin) Prescribing Information. 2008. http://www.cubicin.com/pdf/PrescribingInformation.pdf/ (9 February 2010, date last accessed).
102. EUCAST. Daptomycin EUCAST Clinical MIC Breakpoints. 2006. http://www.srga.org/eucastwt/MICTAB/MICdaptomycin.html/ (9 February 2010, date last accessed).
103. Stevens MP, Edmond MB. Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1134-42.
104. Jenkins I. Linezolidand vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis: successful treatment with tigecycline and daptomycin. J Hosp Med 2007; 2: 343-4.
105. Akins RL, Haase MR, Levy EN. Pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in a critically ill adolescent with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26: 694-8.
106. Schwartz BS, Ngo PD, Guglielmo BJ. Daptomycin treatment failure for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infective endocarditis: impact of protein binding? Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42: 289-90.