Second-line rescue therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection

Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 331-356

  Gisbert, Javier P ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE LA PRINCESA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Eradication; Helicobacter pylori; Levofloxacin; Rescue; Rifabutin; Salvage

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; BISMUTH; BISMUTH CITRATE; CLARITHROMYCIN; ESOMEPRAZOLE; LANSOPRAZOLE; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITROIMIDAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RANITIDINE; RIFABUTIN; TETRACYCLINE; TINIDAZOLE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ERADICATION THERAPY; GASTRITIS; GASTRODUODENAL ULCER; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; LEUKOPENIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; TENDINITIS; TENDON RUPTURE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 77953458804     PISSN: 1756283X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1756283X09347109     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. Adamek, R.J., Suerbaum, S., Pfaffenbach, B. and Opferkuch, W. ( 1998) Primary and acquired Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin - influence on treatment outcome. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 386-389.
2. Akada, J.K., Shirai, M., Fujii, K., Okita, K. and Nakazawa, T. ( 1999) In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of new rifamycin derivatives, KRM-1648 and KRM-1657. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 1072-1076.
3. Ali, A., Menegatti, M., Gatta, L., Landi, F., Ricci, C., Acciardi, C. et al. (1999) A Second-line anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in patients with previously failed treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 2321-2323.
4. Altintas, E., Sezgin, O., Ulu, O., Aydin, O. and Camdeviren, H. ( 2004) Maastricht II treatment scheme and efficacy of different proton pump inhibitors in eradicating Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 10: 1656-1658.
5. Antos, D., Schneider-Brachert, W., Bastlein, E., Hanel, C., Haferland, C., Buchner, M. et al. (2006) 7-day triple therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection with levofloxacin, amoxicillin, and high-dose esomeprazole in patients with known antimicrobial sensitivity. Helicobacter 11: 39-45.
6. Avidan, B., Melzer, E., Keller, N. and Bar-Meir, S. ( 2001) The effect of culture results for Helicobacter pylori on the choice of treatment following failure of initial eradication. Isr Med Assoc J 3: 163-165.
7. Axon, A. ( 2000) Quadruple therapy should be second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. In: Hunt, R.H. and Tytgat, G.N.J. (eds). Helicobacter pylori Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure, Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands, pp. 631-635.
8. Baena Diez, J.M., Lopez Mompo, C., Rams Rams, F., Garcia Lareo, M., Rosario Hernandez Ibanez, M. and Teruel Gila, J. ( 2000) Eficacia de una terapia secuencial en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori: cuádruple terapia con omeprazol, metronidazol, tetraciclina y bismuto tras el fracaso de la combinación de omeprazol, claritromicina y amoxicilina. Med Clin ( Barc) 115: 617-619.
9. Battaglia, G., Di Mario, F., Vigneri, S., Vianello, F., Benvenuti, M.E., Donisi, P.M. et al. (1998) Strategy for the retreatment of failed Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a case series. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 30: 370-374.
10. Beales, I.L. ( 2001) Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies: a single centre observational study. BMC Gastroenterol 1: 7.
11. Bilardi, C., Dulbecco, P., Zentilin, P., Reglioni, S., Iiritano, E., Parodi, A. et al. (2004) A 10-day levofloxacin-based therapy in patients with resistant Helicobacter pylori infection: a controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2: 997-1002.
12. Bock, H., Koop, H., Lehn, N. and Heep, M. ( 2000) Rifabutin-based triple therapy after failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment: preliminary experience. J Clin Gastroenterol 31: 222-225.
13. Bogaerts, P., Berhin, C., Nizet, H. and Glupczynski, Y. ( 2006) Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients living in Belgium. Helicobacter 11: 441-445.
14. Borody, T.J., Pang, G., Wettstein, A.R., Clancy, R., Herdman, K., Surace, R. et al. (2006) Efficacy and safety of rifabutin-containing ‘rescue therapy’ for resistant Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 481-488.
15. Brogden, R.N. and Fitton, A. ( 1994) Rifabutin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 47: 983-1009.
16. Buzas, G.M. and Jozan, J. ( 2007) Nitrofuran-based regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22: 1571-1581.
17. Cabrita, J., Oleastro, M., Matos, R., Manhente, A., Cabral, J., Barros, R. et al. (2000) Features and trends in Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Lisbon area, Portugal (1990-1999). J Antimicrob Chemother 46: 1029-1031.
18. Calvet, X., Ducons, J., Bujanda, L., Bory, F., Montserrat, A. and Gisbert, J.P. ( 2005) Seven versus ten days of rabeprazole triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a multicenter randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol 100: 1696-1701.
19. Calvet, X., Gene, E. and Sanfeliu, I. ( 2001) Estrategias terapéuticas para la Infección por Helicobacter pylori. Med Clin (Barc ) 116: 239.
20. Cammarota, G., Cianci, R., Cannizzaro, O., Cuoco, L., Pirozzi, G., Gasbarrini, A. et al. (2000) Efficacy of two one-week rabeprazole/levofloxacin-based triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 1339-1343.
21. Cammarota, G., Martino, A., Pirozzi, G., Cianci, R., Branca, G., Nista, E.C. et al. (2004) High efficacy of 1-week doxycycline- and amoxicillin-based quadruple regimen in a culture-guided, third-line treatment approach for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19: 789-795.
22. Canducci, F., Ojetti, V., Pola, P., Gasbarrini, G. and Gasbarrini, A. ( 2001) Rifabutin-based Helicobacter pylori eradication ‘rescue therapy’. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15: 143.
23. Carothers, J.J., Bruce, M.G., Hennessy, T.W., Bensler, M., Morris, J.M., Reasonover, A.L. et al. (2007) The relationship between previous fluoroquinolone use and levofloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Infect Dis 44: e5-e8
24. Caselli, M., Zullo, A., Maconi, G., Parente, F., Alvisi, V., Casetti, T. et al. (2007) ‘Cervia II Working Group Report 2006’: guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 39: 782-789.
25. Cattoir, V., Nectoux, J., Lascols, C., Deforges, L., Delchier, J.C., Megraud, F. et al. (2007) Update on fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori: new mutations leading to resistance and first description of a gyra polymorphism associated with hypersusceptibility. Int J Antimicrob Agents 29: 389-396.
26. Chan, F.K., Sung, J.J., Suen, R., Wu, J.C., Ling, T.K. and Chung, S.C. ( 2000) Salvage therapies after failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 91-95.
27. Chang, W.L., Sheu, B.S., Cheng, H.C., Yang, Y.J., Yang, H.B. and Wu, J.J. (2009) Resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin of Helicobacter pylori before and after clarithromycin-based therapy in Taiwan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24 (7): 1230-1235.
28. Chi, C.H., Lin, C.Y., Sheu, B.S., Yang, H.B., Huang, A.H. and Wu, J.J. ( 2003) Quadruple therapy containing amoxicillin and tetracycline is an effective regimen to rescue failed triple therapy by overcoming the antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18: 347-353.
29. Chisholm, S.A. and Owen, R.J. ( 2009) Frequency and molecular characteristics of ciprofloxacinand rifampicin-resistant Helicobacter pylori from gastric infections in the United Kingdom. J Med Microbiol Jul 9 [Epub ahead at print].
30. Choung, R.S., Lee, S.W., Jung, S.W., Han, W.S., Kim, M.J., Jeen, Y.T. et al. (2006) [Comparison of the effectiveness of quadruple salvage regimen for Helicobacter pylori Infection according to the duration of treatment]. Korean J Gastroenterol 47: 131-135.
31. Chung, S.J., Lee, D.H., Kim, N., Jung, S.H., Kim, J.W., Hwang, J.H. et al. (2007) Eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection with second-line treatment: non-ulcer dyspepsia compared to peptic ulcer disease. Hepatogastroenterology 54: 1293-1296.
32. Cianci, R., Montalto, M., Pandolfi, F., Gasbarrini, G.B. and Cammarota, G. ( 2006) Third-line rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 12: 2313-2319.
33. Coelho, L.G., Moretzsohn, L.D., Vieira, W.L., Gallo, M.A., Passos, M.C., Cindr, J.M. et al. (2005) New once-daily, highly effective rescue triple therapy after multiple Helicobacter pylori treatment failures: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21: 783-787.
34. Cremonini, F., Di Caro, S., Covino, M., Armuzzi, A., Gabrielli, M., Santarelli, L. et al. (2002) Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 97: 2744-2749.
35. Croom, K.F. and Goa, K.L. ( 2003) Levofloxacin: a review of its use in the treatment of bacterial infections in the United States. Drugs 63: 2769-2802.
36. Cudia, B., Romano, M., Gioè, F.P., Barbera, N., Lo Gerfo, D. and Montalto, R. ( 1997) ‘Rescue’ therapy including ranitidine bismuth citrate + minocicline + amoxicillin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in previous h.p. treatment failure. Gut 41(Suppl. 1): A103.
37. de Boer, W., Driessen, W., Jansz, A. and Tytgat, G. ( 1995) Effect of acid suppression on efficacy of treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 345: 817-820.
38. de Boer, W.A. and Borody, T.J. ( 2000) Treatment failures and secondary resistance to antibiotics. a growing concern in Helicobacter pylori therapy. Dig Liver Dis 32: 673-675.
39. de Boer, W.A., Driessen, W.M., Potters, V.P. and Tytgat, G.N. ( 1994) Randomized study comparing 1 with 2 weeks of quadruple therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 89: 1993-1997.
40. de Boer, W.A. and Tytgat, G.N. ( 2000) Regular review: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. BMJ 320: 31-34.
41. de Francesco, V., Ierardi, E., Hassan, C. and Zullo, A. (2009) Furazolidone therapy for Helicobacter pylori: is it effective and safe? World J Gastroenterol 15: 1914-1915.
42. Deltenre, M., Ntounda, R., Jonas, C. and de Koster, E. ( 1998) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: why does it fail? Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 30(Suppl. 3): S326-S328
43. Della Monica, P., Lavagna, A., Masoero, G., Lombardo, L., Crocella, L. and Pera, A. ( 2002) Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatments in a primary care setting in Italy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16: 1269-1275.
44. Di Caro, S., Assunta Zocco, M., Cremonini, F., Candelli, M., Nista, E.C., Bartolozzi, F. et al. (2002) Levofloxacin based regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14: 1309-1312.
45. Di Caro, S., Franceschi, F., Mariani, A., Thompson, F., Raimondo, D., Masci, E. et al. (2009) Second-line levofloxacin-based triple schemes for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig Liver Dis 41: 480-485.
46. Dore, M.P., Leandro, G., Realdi, G., Sepulveda, A.R. and Graham, D.Y. ( 2000) Effect of pretreatment antibiotic resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin on outcome of Helicobacter pylori therapy: a meta-analytical approach. Dig Dis Sci 45: 68-76.
47. Dore, M.P., Marras, L., Maragkoudakis, E., Nieddu, S., Manca, A., Graham, D.Y. et al. (2003) Salvage therapy after two or more prior Helicobacter pylori treatment failures: the super salvage regimen. Helicobacter 8: 307-309.
48. Ebrahimi-Dariani, N., Mirmomen, S., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Noormohammadpoor, P., Sotodehmanesh, R., Haghpanah, B. et al. (2003) The efficacy of furazolidone-based quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in Iranian patients resistant to metronidazole-based quadruple therapy. Med Sci Monit 9: P1105-P1108
49. Egan, B.J., Marzio, L., O'Connor, H. and O'Morain, C. ( 2008) Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 13(Suppl. 1): 35-40.
50. Eisig, J.N., Silva, F.M., Barbuti, R.C., Rodriguez, T.N., Malfertheiner, P., Moraes Filho, J.P. et al. (2009) Efficacy of a 7-day course of furazolidone, levofloxacin, and lansoprazole after failed Helicobacter pylori eradication. BMC Gastroenterol 9: 38.
51. Eisig, J.N., Silva, F.M., Rodriguez, T.N., Hashimoto, C.L. and Barbuti, R.C. ( 2005) A furazolidone-based quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori retreatment in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Clinics 60: 485-488.
52. Elizalde, I.R., Borda, F., Jara, C., Martínez, A., Rodríguez, C. and Jiménez, J. ( 1998) Eficacia de dos tratamientos consecutivos en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori. Anales Sis San Navarra 21(Suppl. 2): 83-88.
53. European Helicobacter pylori Study Group. The Maastricht Consensus Report. (1997) Current European Concepts in the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Gut 41: 813.
54. Gasbarrini, A., Ojetti, V., Armuzzi, A., Branca, G., Canducci, F., Torre, E.S. et al. (2000 a) Efficacy of a multistep strategy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 79-83.
55. Gasbarrini, A., Ojetti, V., Pitocco, D., Armuzzi, A., Silveri, N.G., Pola, P. et al. (2000 b) Efficacy of different Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens in patients affected by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Scand J Gastroenterol 35: 260-263.
56. Gatta, L., Zullo, A., Perna, F., Ricci, C., de Francesco, V., Tampieri, A. et al. (2005) A 10-day levofloxacin-based triple therapy in patients who have failed two eradication courses. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22: 45-49.
57. Giannini, E.G., Bilardi, C., Dulbecco, P., Mamone, M., Santi, M.L., Testa, R. et al. (2006) A study of 4- and 7-day triple therapy with rabeprazole, high-dose levofloxacin and tinidazole rescue treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 281-287.
58. Gisbert, J.P. ( 1998) [The attitude in a failure to eradicate Helicobacter pylori: surrender or fight?]. Med Clin (Barc) 111: 778-782.
59. Gisbert, J.P. ( 2005a) Rescue therapy with levofloxacin after multiple H. pylori treatment failures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22: 653-654; author reply 654-655.
60. Gisbert, J.P. ( 2008a) ‘Rescue’ regimens after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. World J Gastroenterol 14: 5385-5402.
61. Gisbert, J.P., Bermejo, F., Castro-Fernandez, M., Perez-Aisa, A., Fernandez-Bermejo, M., Tomas, A. et al. (2008 c) Second-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin after H. pylori treatment failure: a Spanish multicenter study of 300 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 103 (1): 71-76.
62. Gisbert, J.P., Boixeda, D., Bermejo, F., Nieves Rincon, M., Jesus Higes, M., Angeles Arpa, M. et al. (1999 a) Re-treatment after Helicobacter pylori eradication failure. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11: 1049-1054.
63. Gisbert, J.P., Calvet, X., Bujanda, L., Marcos, S., Gisbert, J.L. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2003) ‘Rescue’ therapy with rifabutin after multiple Helicobacter pylori treatment failures. Helicobacter 8: 90-94.
64. Gisbert, J.P., Calvet, X., Gomollon, F. and Sainz, R. ( 2000a) [Treatment for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Recommendations of the Spanish Consensus Conference]. Med Clin (Barc) 114: 185-195.
65. Gisbert, J.P., Castro-Fernandez, M., Bermejo, F., Perez-Aisa, A., Ducons, J., Fernandez-Bermejo, M. et al. (2006 a) Third-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin after two H. pylori treatment failures. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 243-247.
66. Gisbert, J.P., Dominguez-Munoz, A., Dominguez-Martin, A., Gisbert, J.L. and Marcos, S. ( 2005b) Esomeprazole-based therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication: any effect by increasing the dose of esomeprazole or prolonging the treatment ? Am J Gastroenterol 100: 1935-1940.
67. Gisbert, J.P., Fernandez-Bermejo, M., Molina-Infante, J., Perez-Gallardo, B., Prieto-Bermejo, A.B., Mateos-Rodriguez, J.M. et al. (2007 b) First-line triple therapy with levofloxacin for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26: 495-500.
68. Gisbert, J.P., Fuentes, J., Carpio, D., Tito, L., Guardiola, J., Tomas, A. et al. (2005 c) 7-Day rescue therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21: 1249-1253.
69. Gisbert, J.P., Gisbert, J.L., Marcos, S., Gravalos, R.G., Carpio, D. and Pajares, J.M. ( 1999b) Seven-day ‘rescue’ therapy after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure: omeprazole, bismuth, tetracycline and metronidazole vs. ranitidine bismuth citrate, tetracycline and metronidazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13: 1311-1316.
70. Gisbert, J.P., Gisbert, J.L., Marcos, S., Jimenez-Alonso, I., Moreno-Otero, R. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2008b) Empirical rescue therapy after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure: a 10-year single-centre study of 500 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27: 346-354.
71. Gisbert, J.P., Gisbert, J.L., Marcos, S., Moreno-Otero, R. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2006b) Third-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin is more effective than rifabutin rescue regimen after two Helicobacter pylori treatment failures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24: 1469-1474.
72. Gisbert, J.P., Gisbert, J.L., Marcos, S., Moreno-Otero, R. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2007c) Levofloxacin- vs. ranitidine bismuth citrate-containing therapy after H. pylori treatment failure. Helicobacter 12: 68-73.
73. Gisbert, J.P., Gisbert, J.L., Marcos, S., Olivares, D. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2005e) Helicobacter pylori first-line treatment and rescue options in patients allergic to penicillin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22: 1041-1046.
74. Gisbert, J.P., Gisbert, J.L., Marcos, S. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2004) Empirical Helicobacter pylori ‘rescue’ therapy after failure of two eradication treatments. Dig Liver Dis 36: 7-12.
75. Gisbert, J.P., Gonzalez, L. and Calvet, X. ( 2005d) Systematic review and meta-analysis: proton pump inhibitor vs. ranitidine bismuth citrate plus two antibiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 10: 157-171.
76. Gisbert, J.P., Gonzalez, L., Calvet, X., Garcia, N., Lopez, T., Roque, M. et al. (2000 b) Proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and either amoxycillin or nitroimidazole: a meta-analysis of eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 1319-1328.
77. Gisbert, J.P. and Morena, F. ( 2006c) Systematic review and meta-analysis: levofloxacin-based rescue regimens after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 35-44.
78. Gisbert, J.P. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2002) Review article: Helicobacter pylori ‘rescue’ regimen when proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies fail. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16: 1047-1057.
79. Gisbert, J.P. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2005) Helicobacter pylori ‘rescue’ therapy after failure of two eradication treatments. Helicobacter 10: 363-372.
80. Gisbert, J.P., Pajares, J.M. and Valle, J. ( 1999c) Ranitidine bismuth citrate therapy regimens for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a review. Helicobacter 4: 58-66.
81. Gisbert, J.P., Pajares, R. and Pajares, J.M. ( 2007d) Evolution of Helicobacter pylori therapy from a meta-analytical perspective. Helicobacter 12(Suppl. 2): 50-58.
82. Gisbert, J.P., Perez-Aisa, A., Castro-Fernandez, M., Barrio, J., Rodrigo, L., Cosme, A. et al. (2009) Helicobacter pylori First-line treatment and rescue option containing levofloxacin in patients allergic to penicillin. Dig Liver Dis Jul 23 [Epub ahead of print].
83. Glocker, E., Stueger, H.P. and Kist, M. ( 2007) Quinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Germany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 346-349.
84. Gomollon, F., Ducons, J.A., Ferrero, M., Garcia Cabezudo, J., Guirao, R., Simon, M.A. et al. (1999) Quadruple therapy is effective for eradicating Helicobacter pylori after failure of triple proton-pump inhibitor-based therapy: a detailed, prospective analysis of 21 consecutive cases. Helicobacter 4: 222-225.
85. Gomollon, F., Sicilia, B., Ducons, J.A., Sierra, E., Revillo, M.J. and Ferrero, M. ( 2000a) Third line treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a prospective, culture-guided study in peptic ulcer patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 1335-1338.
86. Gomollon, F., Valdeperez, J., Garuz, R., Fuentes, J., Barrera, F., Malo, J. et al. (2000 b) Análisis coste-efectividad de dos estrategias de erradicación de Helicobacter pylori: resultados de un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado en atención primaria. Med Clin ( Barc) 115: 1-6.
87. Gonzalez Carro, P., Perez Roldan, F., de Pedro, A., Legaz Huidobro, M.L., Soto Fernandez, S., Roncero Garcia Escribano, O. et al. (2007) Efficacy of rifabutin-based triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infected patients after two standard treatments. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22: 60-63.
88. Graham, D.Y. ( 2009) Efficient identification and evaluation of effective Helicobacter pylori therapies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7: 145-148.
89. Graham, D.Y., Osato, M.S., Hoffman, J., Opekun, A.R., Anderson, S.Y., Kwon, D.H. et al. (2000) Metronidazole containing quadruple therapy for infection with metronidazole resistant Helicobacter pylori: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 745-750.
90. Gumurdulu, Y., Serin, E., Ozer, B., Kayaselcuk, F., Ozsahin, K., Cosar, A.M. et al. (2004) Low eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori with triple 7-14 days and quadruple therapy in Turkey. World J Gastroenterol 10: 668-671.
91. Guslandi, M. ( 2001) Alternative antibacterial agents for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15: 1543-1547.
92. Haas, C.E., Nix, D.E. and Schentag, J.J. ( 1990) In vitro selection of resistant Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34: 1637-1641.
93. Hawkey, C.J., Atherton, J.C., Treichel, H.C., Thjodleifsson, B. and Ravic, M. ( 2003) Safety and efficacy of 7-day rabeprazole- and omeprazole-based triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with documented peptic ulcer disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 1065-1074.
94. Heep, M., Beck, D., Bayerdorffer, E. and Lehn, N. ( 1999) Rifampin and rifabutin resistance mechanism in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 1497-1499.
95. Hojo, M., Miwa, H., Nagahara, A. and Sato, N. ( 2001) Pooled analysis on the efficacy of the second-line treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 36: 690-700.
96. Houben, M.H., van der Beek, D., Hensen, E.F., Craen, A.J., Rauws, E.A. and Tytgat, G.N. ( 1999) A systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy - the impact of antimicrobial resistance on eradication rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13: 1047-1055.
97. Howden, C.W. and Hunt, R.H. ( 1998) Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Ad Hoc Committee on Practice Parameters of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 2330-2338.
98. Hsu, P.I., Wu, D.C., Chen, A., Peng, N.J., Tseng, H.H., Tsay, F.W. et al. (2008) Quadruple rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection after two treatment failures. Eur J Clin Invest 38: 404-409.
99. Huang, J.Q. and Hunt, R.H. ( 1999) Treatment after failure: the problem of ‘non-responders’. Gut 45(Suppl. 1): 140-44.
100. Isakov, V., Domareva, I., Koudryavtseva, L., Maev, I. and Ganskaya, Z. ( 2002) Furazolidone-based triple ‘rescue therapy’ vs. quadruple ‘rescue therapy’ for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori resistant to metronidazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16: 1277-1282.
101. Isomoto, H., Inoue, K., Furusu, H., Enjoji, A., Fujimoto, C., Yamakawa, M. et al. (2003) High-dose rabeprazole-amoxicillin versus rabeprazole-amoxicillin-metronidazole as second-line treatment after failure of the Japanese standard regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18: 101-107.
102. Kahn, J.B. ( 2001) Latest industry information on the safety profile of levofloxacin in the US. Chemotherapy 47(Suppl. 3): 32-37, discussion 44-38.
103. Kearney, D.J. ( 2001) Retreatment of Helicobacter pylori infection after initial treatment failure. Am J Gastroenterol 96: 1335-1339.
104. Kim, J.J., Kim, J.G. and Kwon, D.H. ( 2003) Mixed-infection of antibiotic susceptible and resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates in a single patient and underestimation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Helicobacter 8: 202-206.
105. Kim, J.M., Kim, J.S., Kim, N., Kim, S.G., Jung, H.C. and Song, I.S. ( 2006) Comparison of primary and secondary antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations for Helicobacter pylori isolated from Korean patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 28: 6-13.
106. Kim, M.N., Kim, N., Lee, S.H., Park, Y.S., Hwang, J.H., Kim, J.W. et al. (2008) The effects of probiotics on PPI-triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 13: 261-268.
107. Kobayashi, I., Saika, T., Muraoka, H., Murakami, K. and Fujioka, T. ( 2006) Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients who later failed H. pylori eradication triple therapy readily develop resistance to clarithromycin. J Med Microbiol 55: 737-740.
108. Koksal, A.S., Parlak, E., Filik, L., Yolcu, O.F., Odemis, B., Ulker, A. et al. (2005) Ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapies as a second-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori in Turkish patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20: 637-642.
109. Krakowka, S., Ringler, S.S., Eaton, K.A., Green, W.B. and Leunk, R. ( 1996) Manifestations of the local gastric immune response in gnotobiotic piglets infected with Helicobacter pylori. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 52: 159-173.
110. Kumala, W. and Rani, A. ( 2006) Patterns of Helicobacter pylori isolate resistance to fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazoles. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 970-974.
111. Kuo, C.H., Hu, H.M., Kuo, F.C., Hsu, P.I., Chen, A., Yu, F.J. et al. (2009) Efficacy of levofloxacin-based rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection after standard triple therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 63: 1017-1024.
112. Kwon, D.H., Lee, M., Kim, J.J., Kim, J.G., El-Zaatari, F.A., Osato, M.S. et al. (2001) Furazolidone- and nitrofurantoin-resistant Helicobacter pylori: prevalence and role of genes involved in metronidazole resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 306-308.
113. Laine, L., Fennerty, M.B., Osato, M., Sugg, J., Suchower, L., Probst, P. et al. (2000) Esomeprazole-based Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and the effect of antibiotic resistance: results of three US multicenter, double-blind trials. Am J Gastroenterol 95: 3393-3398.
114. Laine, L., Schoenfeld, P. and Fennerty, M.B. ( 2001) Therapy for Helicobacter pylori in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 134: 361-369.
115. Laine, L., Suchower, L., Frantz, J., Connors, A. and Neil, G. ( 1998) Twice-daily, 10-day triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer disease: results of three multicenter, double-blind, United States trials. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 2106-2112.
116. Lam, S.K. and Talley, N.J. ( 1998) Report of the 1997 Asia Pacific Consensus Conference on the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13: 1-12.
117. Lamouliatte, H., Megraud, F., Delchier, J.C., Bretagne, J.F., Courillon-Mallet, A., de Korwin, J.D. et al. (2003) Second-line treatment for failure to eradicate Helicobacter pylori: a randomized trial comparing four treatment strategies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18: 791-797.
118. Lee, J.H., Cheon, J.H., Park, M.J., Kim, N., Lee, D.H., Kim, J.M. et al. (2005) [The trend of eradication rates of second-line quadruple therapy containing metronidazole for Helicobacter pylori infection: an analysis of recent eight years]. Korean J Gastroenterol 46: 94-98.
119. Lee, J.H., Hong, S.P., Kwon, C.I., Phyun, L.H., Lee, B.S., Song, H.U. et al. (2006 a) [The efficacy of levofloxacin based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication]. Korean J Gastroenterol 48: 19-24.
120. Lee, J.M., Breslin, N.P., Hyde, D.K., Buckley, M.J. and O'Morain, C.A. ( 1999) Treatment options for Helicobacter pylori infection when proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy fails in clinical practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13: 489-496.
121. Lee, Y.C., Wu, H.M., Chen, T.H., Liu, T.Y., Chiu, H.M., Chang, C.C. et al. (2006 b) A community-based study of Helicobacter pylori therapy using the strategy of test, treat, retest, and re-treat initial treatment failures. Helicobacter 11: 418-424.
122. Lerang, F., Moum, B., Haug, J.B., Berge, T., Tolas, P., Sandvei, P.K. et al. (1997) Highly effective second-line anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in patients with previously failed metronidazole-based therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol 32: 1209-1214.
123. Magaret, N., Burm, M., Faigel, D., Kelly, C., Peterson, W. and Fennerty, M.B. ( 2001) A randomized trial of lansoprazole, amoxycillin, and clarithromycin versus lansoprazole, bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline in the retreatment of patients failing initial Helicobacter pylori therapy. Dig Dis 19: 174-178.
124. Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., O'Morain, C., Bazzoli, F., El-Omar, E., Graham, D. et al. (2007) Current Concepts in the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection: The Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 56: 772-781.
125. Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., O'Morain, C., Hungin, A.P., Jones, R., Axon, A. et al. (2002) Current Concepts in the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection - the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16: 167-180.
126. Marko, D., Calvet, X., Ducons, J., Guardiola, J., Tito, L. and Bory, F. ( 2005) Comparison of two management strategies for Helicobacter pylori treatment: clinical study and cost-effectiveness analysis. Helicobacter 10: 22-32.
127. Marzio, L., Coraggio, D., Capodicasa, S., Grossi, L. and Cappello, G. ( 2006) Role of the preliminary susceptibility testing for initial and after failed therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection with levofloxacin, amoxicillin, and esomeprazole. Helicobacter 11: 237-242.
128. Matsuhisa, T., Kawai, T., Masaoka, T., Suzuki, H., Ito, M., Kawamura, Y. et al. (2006) Efficacy of metronidazole as second-line drug for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Japanese population: a multicenter study in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Helicobacter 11: 152-158.
129. Matsumoto, Y., Miki, I., Aoyama, N., Shirasaka, D., Watanabe, Y., Morita, Y. et al. (2005) Levofloxacin-versus metronidazole-based rescue therapy for H. pylori infection in Japan. Dig Liver Dis 37: 821-825.
130. Megraud, F. ( 2004) H. pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 53: 1374-1384.
131. Megraud, F. and Lamouliatte, H. ( 2003) Review article: the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 1333-1343.
132. Michopoulos, S., Tsibouris, P., Bouzakis, H., Balta, A., Vougadiotis, J., Broutet, N. et al. (2000) Randomized study comparing omeprazole with ranitidine as anti-secretory agents combined in quadruple second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 737-744.
133. Miehlke, S., Hansky, K., Schneider-Brachert, W., Kirsch, C., Morgner, A., Madisch, A. et al. (2006) Randomized trial of rifabutin-based triple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for rescue treatment of Helicobacter pylori resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24: 395-403.
134. Miehlke, S., Kirsch, C., Schneider-Brachert, W., Haferland, C., Neumeyer, M., Bastlein, E. et al. (2003) A prospective, randomized study of quadruple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for treatment of Helicobacter pylori resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. Helicobacter 8: 310-319.
135. Miehlke, S., Schneider-Brachert, W., Kirsch, C., Morgner, A., Madisch, A., Kuhlisch, E. et al. (2008) One-week once-daily triple therapy with esomeprazole, moxifloxacin, and rifabutin for eradication of persistent Helicobacter pylori resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. Helicobacter 13: 69-74.
136. Miwa, H., Nagahara, A., Kurosawa, A., Ohkusa, T., Ohkura, R., Hojo, M. et al. (2003) Is antimicrobial susceptibility testing necessary before second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 1545-1551.
137. Miyachi, H., Miki, I., Aoyama, N., Shirasaka, D., Matsumoto, Y., Toyoda, M. et al. (2006) Primary levofloxacin resistance and gyra/B mutations among Helicobacter pylori in Japan. Helicobacter 11: 243-249.
138. Moayyedi, P., Soo, S., Deeks, J., Delaney, B., Harris, A., Innes, M. et al. (2006) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002096.
139. Murakami, K., Okimoto, T., Kodama, M., Sato, R., Miyajima, H., Ono, M. et al. (2006) Comparison of amoxicillin-metronidazole plus famotidine or lansoprazole for amoxicillin-clarithromycin-proton pump inhibitor treatment failures for Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 11: 436-440.
140. Murakami, K., Okimoto, T., Kodama, M., Sato, R., Watanabe, K. and Fujioka, T. ( 2008) Evaluation of three different proton pump inhibitors with amoxicillin and metronidazole in retreatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 42: 139-142.
141. Nagahara, A., Miwa, H., Kawabe, M., Kurosawa, A., Asaoka, D., Hojo, M. et al. (2004) Second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: proton pump inhibitor-based amoxicillin and metronidazole regimen. J Gastroenterol 39: 1051-1055.
142. Nagahara, A., Miwa, H., Ohkura, R., Yamada, T., Sato, K., Hojo, M. et al. (2001) Strategy for retreatment of therapeutic failure of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16: 613-618.
143. Navarro-Jarabo, J.M., Fernandez, N., Sousa, F.L., Cabrera, E., Castro, M., Ramirez, L.M. et al. (2007) Efficacy of rifabutin-based triple therapy as second-line treatment to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection. BMC Gastroenterol 7: 31.
144. Nijevitch, A.A., Shcherbakov, P.L., Sataev, V.U., Khasanov, R., Al Khashash, R. and Tuygunov, M.M. ( 2005) Helicobacter pylori eradication in childhood after failure of initial treatment: advantage of quadruple therapy with nifuratel to furazolidone. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22: 881-887.
145. Nishizawa, T., Suzuki, H. and Hibi, T. (2009) Quinolone-based third-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Clin Biochem Nutr 44: 119-124.
146. Nista, E.C., Candelli, M., Cremonini, F., Cazzato, I.A., Di Caro, S., Gabrielli, M. et al. (2003) Levofloxacin-based triple therapy vs. quadruple therapy in second-line Helicobacter pylori treatment: a randomized trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18: 627-633.
147. Orsi, P., Pinazzi, O., Aragona, G. and Di Mario, F. ( 2003) Rabeprazole/levofloxacin based triple therapy as a salvatage treatment after failure of H. pylori eradication with standard regimens. Helicobacter 8: 339-493.
148. Page IIR.L., Ferguson, D. and Cantu, M. ( 2007) An alternative salvage regimen for Helicobacter pylori-resistant patients with heart failure. Cardiology 110: 112-115.
149. Paoluzi, P., Iacopini, F., Crispino, P., Nardi, F., Bella, A., Rivera, M. et al. (2006) 2-week triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection is better than 1-week in clinical practice: a large prospective single-center randomized study. Helicobacter 11: 562-568.
150. Parente, F., Cucino, C. and Bianchi Porro, G. ( 2003) Treatment options for patients with Helicobacter pylori infection resistant to one or more eradication attempts. Dig Liver Dis 35: 523-528.
151. Peitz, U., Hackelsberger, A. and Malfertheiner, P. ( 1999) A practical approach to patients with refractory Helicobacter pylori infection, or who are re-infected after standard therapy. Drugs 57: 905-920.
152. Peitz, U., Sulliga, M., Wolle, K., Leodolter, A., von Arnim, U., Kahl, S. et al. (2002) High rate of post-therapeutic resistance after failure of macrolide-nitroimidazole triple therapy to cure Helicobacter pylori infection: impact of two second-line therapies in a randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16: 315-324.
153. Perna, F., Zullo, A., Ricci, C., Hassan, C., Morini, S. and Vaira, D. ( 2007) Levofloxacin-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori re-treatment: role of bacterial resistance. Dig Liver Dis 39: 1001-1005.
154. Perri, F., Festa, V. and Andriulli, A. ( 1998) Treatment of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori. N Engl J Med 339: 53.
155. Perri, F., Festa, V., Clemente, R., Quitadamo, M. and Andriulli, A. ( 2000) Rifabutin-based ‘rescue therapy’ for Helicobacter pylori infected patients after failure of standard regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 311-316.
156. Perri, F., Festa, V., Clemente, R., Villani, M.R., Quitadamo, M., Caruso, N. et al. (2001 a) Randomized study of two ‘rescue’ therapies for Helicobacter pylori-infected patients after failure of standard triple therapies. Am J Gastroenterol 96: 58-62.
157. Perri, F., Festa, V., Merla, A., Barberani, F., Pilotto, A. and Andriulli, A. ( 2003) Randomized study of different ‘second-line’ therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of the standard ‘Maastricht triple therapy’. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18: 815-820.
158. Perri, F., Villani, M.R., Quitadamo, M., Annese, V., Niro, G.A. and Andriulli, A. ( 2001b) Ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapies after failure of the standard ‘Maastricht triple therapy’: a promising alternative to the quadruple therapy? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15: 1017-1022.
159. Pilotto, A., Franceschi, M., Rassu, M., Leandro, G., Bozzola, L., Furlan, F. et al. (2000) Incidence of secondary Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in treatment failures after 1-week proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies: a prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 32: 667-672.
160. Qasim, A., Sebastian, S., Thornton, O., Dobson, M., McLoughlin, R., Buckley, M. et al. (2005) Rifabutin-and furazolidone-based Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies after failure of standard first- and second-line eradication attempts in dyspepsia patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21: 91-96.
161. Reilly, T.G., Ayres, R.C., Poxon, V. and Walt, R.P. ( 1995) Helicobacter pylori eradication in a clinical setting: success rates and the effect on the quality of life in peptic ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 9: 483-490.
162. Rinaldi, V., Zullo, A., de Francesco, V., Hassan, C., Winn, S., Stoppino, V. et al. (1999) Helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies and re-treatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13: 163-168.
163. Rispo, A., Di Girolamo, E., Cozzolino, A., Bozzi, R., Morante, A. and Pasquale, L. ( 2007) Levofloxacin in first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 12: 364-365.
164. Rodriguez-Torres, M., Salgado-Mercado, R., Rios-Bedoya, C.F., Aponte-Rivera, E., Marxuach-Cuetara, A.M., Rodriguez-Orengo, J.F. et al. (2005) High eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection with first- and second-line combination of esomeprazole, tetracycline, and metronidazole in patients allergic to penicillin. Dig Dis Sci 50: 634-639.
165. Rokkas, T., Sechopoulos, P., Robotis, I., Margantinis, G. and Pistiolas, D. ( 2009) Cumulative H. pylori eradication rates in clinical practice by adopting first and second-line regimens proposed by the Maastricht III consensus and a third-line empirical regimen. Am J Gastroenterol 104: 21-25.
166. Rokkas, T., Sechopoulos, P., Robotis, J. and Pistiolas, D. ( 2006) Triple levofloxacin-based rescue therapy is an accepted empirical third-line treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 1938; author reply 1938-1939.
167. Romano, M., Iovene, M.R., Russo, M.I., Rocco, A., Salerno, R., Cozzolino, D. et al. (2008) Failure of first-line eradication treatment significantly increases prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. J Clin Pathol 61: 1112-1115.
168. Rossi, G. ( 1999) [An update on the antibiotic therapy of tuberculosis]. Recenti Prog Med 90: 241-243.
169. Saad, R.J. and Chey, W.D. ( 2008) Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection after a course of antimicrobial therapy - what's next? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6: 1086-1090.
170. Saad, R.J., Schoenfeld, P., Kim, H.M. and Chey, W.D. ( 2006) Levofloxacin-based triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for persistent Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 488-496.
171. Sanches, B., Coelho, L., Moretzsohn, L. and Vieira, Jr G. ( 2008) Failure of Helicobacter pylori treatment after regimes containing clarithromycin: new practical therapeutic options. Helicobacter 13: 572-576.
172. Sanchez, J.E., Saenz, N.G., Rincon, M.R., Martin, I.T., Sanchez, E.G. and Martinez, M.J. ( 2000) Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to mupirocin, oxazolidinones, quinupristin/dalfopristin and new quinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 46: 283-285.
173. Schrauwen, R.W., Janssen, M.J. and de Boer, W.A. (2009) Seven-day ppi-triple therapy with levofloxacin is very effective for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Neth J Med 67: 96-101.
174. Seppala, K., Kosunen, T.U., Nuutinen, H., Sipponen, P., Rautelin, H., Sarna, S. et al. (2000) Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection after failed primary treatment: one-center results from 120 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 35: 929-934.
175. Shimoyama, T., Fukuda, S., Mikami, T., Fukushi, M. and Munakata, A. ( 2004) Efficacy of metronidazole for the treatment of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori infection in a Japanese population. J Gastroenterol 39: 927-930.
176. Shirai, N., Sugimoto, M., Kodaira, C., Nishino, M., Ikuma, M., Kajimura, M. et al. (2007) Dual therapy with high doses of rabeprazole and amoxicillin versus triple therapy with rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole as a rescue regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection after the standard triple therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 63: 743-749.
177. Sicilia, B., Sierra, E., Lago, A., Villar, M., Garcia, S. and Gomollon, F. ( 2000) [High eradication rates in Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer who failed previous eradication therapy]. Med Clin (Barc) 115: 641-643.
178. Sotoudehmanesh, R., Malekzadeh, R., Vahedi, H., Dariani, N.E., Asgari, A.A. and Massarrat, S. ( 2001) Second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication with a furazolidone-based regimen in patients who have failed a metronidazole-based regimen. Digestion 64: 222-225.
179. Tanaka, M., Isogai, E., Isogai, H., Hayashi, S., Hirose, K., Kimura, K. et al. (2002) Synergic effect of quinolone antibacterial agents and proton pump inhibitors on Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 1039-1040.
180. Thong-Ngam, D. and Mahachai, V. ( 2006) 14-day quadruple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 89(Suppl. 3): S119-S125
181. Tompkins, D.S., Perkin, J. and Smith, C. ( 1997) Failed treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection associated with resistance to clarithromycin. Helicobacter 2: 185-187.
182. Toracchio, S., Capodicasa, S., Soraja, D.B., Cellini, L. and Marzio, L. ( 2005) Rifabutin based triple therapy for eradication of H. pylori primary and secondary resistant to tinidazole and clarithromycin. Dig Liver Dis 37: 33-38.
183. Treiber, G., Ammon, S., Malfertheiner, P. and Klotz, U. ( 2002a) Impact of furazolidone-based quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori after previous treatment failures. Helicobacter 7: 225-231.
184. Treiber, G., Wittig, J., Ammon, S., Walker, S., van Doorn, L.J. and Klotz, U. ( 2002b) Clinical outcome and influencing factors of a new short-term quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized controlled trial (Maclor Study). Arch Intern Med 162: 153-160.
185. Tucci, A., Poli, L. and Caletti, G. ( 1999) Treatment of the ‘ineradicable’ Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 1713-1715.
186. Ueki, N., Miyake, K., Kusunoki, M., Shindo, T., Kawagoe, T., Futagami, S. et al. (2009) Impact of quadruple regimen of clarithromycin added to metronidazole-containing triple therapy against Helicobacter pylori infection following clarithromycin-containing triple-therapy failure. Helicobacter 14: 91-99.
187. Usta, Y., Saltik-Temizel, I.N., Demir, H., Uslu, N., Ozen, H., Gurakan, F. et al. (2008) Comparison of short- and long-term treatment protocols and the results of second-line quadruple therapy in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol 43: 429-433.
188. Uygun, A., Ozel, A.M., Yildiz, O., Aslan, M., Yesilova, Z., Erdil, A. et al. (2008) Comparison of three different second-line quadruple therapies including bismuth subcitrate in Turkish Patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia who failed to eradicate Helicobacter pylori with a 14-day standard first-line therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23: 42-45.
189. Vaira, D., Ricci, C., Lanzini, A., Perna, F., Romano, A. and Corinaldesi, R. ( 2007) How to proceed in Helicobacter pylori-positive chronic gastritis refractory to first- and second-line eradication therapy. Dig Dis 25: 203-205.
190. Vakil, N. (2009) H pylori treatment: new wine in old bottles? Am J Gastroenterol 104: 26-30.
191. Vakil, N., Hahn, B. and McSorley, D. ( 1998) Clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 1432-1435.
192. Vakil, N., Lanza, F., Schwartz, H. and Barth, J. ( 2004) Seven-day therapy for Helicobacter pylori in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20: 99-107.
193. van der Poorten, D. and Katelaris, P.H. ( 2007) The effectiveness of rifabutin triple therapy for patients with difficult-to-eradicate Helicobacter pylori in clinical practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26: 1537-1542.
194. van der Wouden, E.J., Thijs, J.C., van Zwet, A.A., Sluiter, W.J. and Kleibeuker, J.H. ( 1999) The influence of in vitro nitroimidazole resistance on the efficacy of nitroimidazole-containing anti-Helicobacter pylori regimens: a meta- analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 1751-1759.
195. van Oijen, A.H., Verbeek, A.L., Jansen, J.B. and de Boer, W.A. ( 2000) Review article: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with ranitidine bismuth citrate- or proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14: 991-999.
196. Veldhuyzen van Zanten, S., Machado, S. and Lee, J. ( 2003) One-week triple therapy with esomeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole provides effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 1381-1387.
197. Vicente, R., Sicilia, B., Gallego, S., Revillo, M.J., Ducons, J. and Gomollon, F. ( 2002) [Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with peptic ulcer after two treatment failures: a prospective culture-guided study]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 25: 438-442.
198. Watanabe, Y., Aoyama, N., Shirasaka, D., Maekawa, S., Kuroda, K., Miki, I. et al. (2003) Levofloxacin based triple therapy as a second-line treatment after failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication with standard triple therapy. Dig Liver Dis 35: 711-715.
199. Wong, W.M., Gu, Q., Chu, K.M., Yee, Y.K., Fung, F.M., Tong, T.S. et al. (2006) Lansoprazole, levofloxacin and amoxicillin triple therapy vs. quadruple therapy as second-line treatment of resistant Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 421-427.
200. Wong, W.M., Gu, Q., Lam, S.K., Fung, F.M., Lai, K.C., Hu, W.H. et al. (2003) Randomized controlled study of rabeprazole, levofloxacin and rifabutin triple therapy vs. quadruple therapy as second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 553-560.
201. Wu, D.C., Hsu, P.I., Chen, A., Lai, K.H., Tsay, F.W., Wu, C.J. et al. (2006) Randomized comparison of two rescue therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Clin Invest 36: 803-809.
202. Xia, H.H., Yu Wong, B.C., Talley, N.J. and Lam, S.K. ( 2002) Alternative and rescue treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Expert Opin Pharmacother 3: 1301-1311.
203. Xiao, S.D., Liu, W.Z., Hu, P.J., Ouyang, Q., Wang, J.L., Zhou, L.Y. et al. (2001) A multicentre study on eradication of Helicobacter pylori using four 1-week triple therapies in China. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15: 81-86.
204. Xiao, S.D., Liu, W.Z., Xia, D.H., Jiang, S.J., Wang, R.N., Zhang, Z.H. et al. (1990) The efficacy of furazolidone and metronidazole in the treatment of chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hepatogastroenterology 37: 503-506.
205. Yahav, J., Samra, Z., Niv, Y., Evans, C.T., Passaro, D.J., Dinari, G. et al. (2006 a) Susceptibility-guided vs. empiric retreatment of Helicobacter pylori infection after treatment failure. Dig Dis Sci 51: 2316-2321.
206. Yahav, J., Shmuely, H., Niv, Y., Bechor, J. and Samra, Z. ( 2006b) In vitro activity of levofloxacin against Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients after treatment failure. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 55: 81-83.
207. Zou, J., Yang, Z.X. and Qin, Z.M. ( 2003) [Laboratory and clinical study of levofloxacin against Helicobacter pylori]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83: 1778-1781.
208. Zullo, A., Hassan, C., Campo, S.M., Lorenzetti, R., Febbraro, I., de Matthaeis, M. et al. (2001 a) A triple therapy regimen after failed Helicobacter pylori treatments. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15: 1193-1197.
209. Zullo, A., Hassan, C., de Francesco, V., Lorenzetti, R., Marignani, M., Angeletti, S. et al. (2003 a) A third-line levofloxacin-based rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig Liver Dis 35: 232-236.
210. Zullo, A., Hassan, C., Lorenzetti, R. and Morini, S. ( 2001b) Helicobacter pylori eradication: do we have another ace up our sleeve? Dig Liver Dis 33: 805-806.
211. Zullo, A., Hassan, C., Lorenzetti, R., Winn, S. and Morini, S. ( 2003b) A clinical practice viewpoint: to culture or not to culture Helicobacter pylori? Dig Liver Dis 35: 357-361.
212. Zullo, A., Perna, F., Hassan, C., Ricci, C., Saracino, I., Morini, S. et al. (2007) Primary antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in Northern and Central Italy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25: 1429-1434.