Fragmentation, lex specialis and the tensions in the jurisprudence of the european court of human rights

Journal of Conflict and Security Law

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 485-498

  Bowring, Bill ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953335488     PISSN: 14677954     EISSN: 14677962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/krp030     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. B Bowring, The Degradation of The International Legal Order? The Rehabilitation of Law and the Possibility of Politics (Routledge, Oxford 2008) 69-98
2. B Bowring, 'How Will the European Court of Human Rights Deal with the UK in Iraq? Lessons from Turkey and Russia', in Phil Shiner and Andrew Williams (eds) The Iraq War and International Law (Hart, Oxford 2008)
3. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion (1996) ICJ Rep 226 at 240, para 25
4. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Advisory Opinion (2004) ICJ Rep 136 at 178, para 106
5. Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v Uganda) (2005) ICJ Rep 116 at 69-70, paras 216-217
6. Wall Opinion (n 4)
7. F Hampson and I Salama, 'Working Paper on the Relationship between Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law', Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 53rd session, 21 June 2005, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14.
8. N Lubell, 'Challenges in Applying Human Rights Law to Armed Conflict' (2005) 860 Intl Rev Red Cross 737, at 744
9. M Koskenniemi, 'The Politics of International Law-20 Years Later' (2009) 20 EJIL 7, at 9
10. These were: the bombing of the civilian refugee column in October 1999: Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v Russia, (Appl Nos 57947/00, 57948/00 and 57949/00); the massacre in the Staropromyslovskiy district of Grozny: Khashiev and Akayeva v Russia (Appl Nos 57942/00 and 57945/00; and the indiscriminate bombing of the village of Katyr-Yurt in February 2000: Isayeva v Russia (Appl No 57950/00). Judgments all of 24 February 2005.
11. M Koskenniemi, 'Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law: Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission' 4 April 2006, UN doc A/CN.4/L.682.
12. Koskenniemi (n 11) para 88
13. J Crawford, The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (CUP, Cambridge 2002), 307
14. Neumeister v Austria, judgment of 7 May 1974, ECHR Series A (1974) No 17, at 13, para 29
15. Koskenniemi (n 11) para 91
16. Koskenniemi (n 11) (footnote omitted)
17. Koskenniemi (n 11) para 91
18. Koskenniemi (n 11)
19. See, for example, J Ober, 'Classical Greek Times', in M Howard, GJ Andreopoulos and MR Shulman (eds), The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World (Yale University Press, New Haven 1994)
20. In this I concur with Alastair MacIntyre in his After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (2nd ed 1990)
21. See Bowring (n 1) 111-118
22. B Bowring, 'Misunderstanding MacIntyre on Human Rights' in K Knight and P Blackledge (eds), Revolutionary Aristotelianism: Ethics, Resistance and Utopia (Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 2008)
23. DRC v Uganda (n 5)
24. See the key collection, which awakened my own interest in international law: J Crawford (ed), The Rights of Peoples (Clarendon, Oxford 1988); and Bowring (n 1) 9-38
25. UN General Assembly Res 1514(XV) (14 December 1960)
26. See the excellent analysis of the legal issues in J Faundez, 'International Law and Wars of National Liberation: Use of Force and Intervention' (1989) 1 African Journal of International and Comparative Law 85
27. HA Wilson, International Law and the Use of Force by National Liberation Movements (OUP, Oxford 1990)
28. See GJ Andreopoulos, 'The Age of National Liberation Movements' in Howard et al. (n 19)
29. Bill Bowring, 'Positivism versus self-determination: the contradictions of Soviet international law' in Susan Marks (ed), International Law on the Left: Re-examining Marxist Legacies (CUP, Cambridge 2008)
30. For a useful brief summary of the history of IHL, see Hampson and Salama (n 7) 25-26
31. Hampson and Salama (n 7) 26
32. L Doswald-Beck and S Vité, 'International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law' (1993) 293 Intl Rev Red Cross 94, at 99
33. William Abresch, 'A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya', (2005) 16 EJIL 741, at 742
34. AP I, Article 1(4)
35. see Abresch (n 30) 753
36. W Schabas, 'Lex Specialis? Belt and Suspenders? The Parallel Operation of Human Rights Law and the Law of Armed Conflict, and the Conundrum of Jus Ad Bellum' (2007) 40 Israel LR 592
37. Schabas (n 32) 593
38. Article 8(2)(b)(i), Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 UNTS 90 (1998) (Rome Statute)
39. Article 8(2)(b)(ii), Rome Statute
40. See also K Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary (CUP, Cambridge 2003) 148
41. See Dörmann (n 35) at 165: there seemed to be agreement between States that this should not lead to the result of exonerating a reckless perpetrator who knows perfectly well the anticipated military advantage and the expected incidental damage or injury, but gives no thought to evaluating the possible excessiveness of the incidental injury or damage.'
42. Dörmann (n 35) 172
43. Article 2(2)(c), Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 213 UNTS 222 (1950)
44. Isayeva v Russia (n 10) para 191
45. Isayeva v Russia (n 10) para 196
46. Isayeva v Russia (n 10) para 198
47. See Brannigan and McBride v UK, Appl Nos 14553/89 and 14554/89, judgment of 26 May 1993
48. C Droege, 'The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict' (2007) 40 Israel LR 310
49. See S Zizek (ed), Virtue and Justice: Maximilien Robespierre (Verso, London 2007)
50. for an analysis of American revolutionary thought, M Hardt (ed), The Declaration of Independence (Verso, London 2007)
51. Henry V, Act 3, Scene 3, lines 7-18
52. See G Parker, 'Early Modern Europe' in Howard et al (n 19) at 48
53. citing Wellington to Geoffrey Canning, 3 February 1820 in Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur, Duke of Wellington (1973), vol I at 93
54. R Arnold and N Quenivet (eds), International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a New Merger in International Law (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2008)
55. Arnold and Quenivet (n 47) 1
56. In CM Cerner, 'Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Implementation of International Humanitarian Law Norms by Regional Intergovernmental Human Rights Bodies' in F Kalshoven and Y Sandoz (eds), Implementation of International Humanitarian Law (Kluwer, The Hague 1989) 31 and 34
57. N Quenivet, 'The Right to Life in International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law' in Arnold and Quenivet (n 47) 341
58. Quenivet (n 50) 353
59. Abresch (n 30) 742
60. Abresch (n 30)
61. Abresch (n 30) 743
62. Hampson and Salama (n 7) 18
63. Doswald-Beck and Vité (n 29) 108
64. See Bowring, 'The Kurds of Turkey: Protecting the Rights of a Minority' in K Schulze, M Stokes and C Campbell (eds), Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East (IB Tauris, London 1996)
65. A Reidy, 'The Approach of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights to International Humanitarian Law' (1998) 324 Intl Rev Red Cross 513, at 521
66. Reidy (n 58) 521
67. References for the first six cases are given above (n 10)
68. See n 10
69. See http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/i8166924.doc
70. And for the process of enforcement of the Chechen judgments as a whole, see http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/research-units/hrsj/affiliated-centres/ehrac/ehrac-litigation/chechnya-echr-litigationand-enforcement/enforcement-of-chechen-judgments.cfm.
71. Isayeva v Russia, Application to Council of Europe, October 2005 (n 62) paras 28-31, and 36-40
72. A Orakhelashvili, 'The Interaction between Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Fragmentation, Conflict, Parallelism, or Convergence?' (2008) 19 EJIL 161
73. A Orakhelashvili, 'The Interaction between Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: A Case of Fragmentation' International Law and Justice Colloquium, New York University, 26 February 2007, at www.iilj.org/research/documents/orakhelashvili.pdf
74. Prosecutor v Kunarac, Kovac and Vucovic, IT-96-23-T and IT-96-23/1-T, judgment of 22 February 2001 (ITCY Trial Chamber), para 467
75. Orakhelashvili (2008) (n 64) 164
76. Orakhelashvili (2008) (n 64) 170-174
77. Orakhelashvili (2008) (n 64) 174
78. Orakhelashvili (2008) (n 64)
79. See Bowring, 'Negating Pluralist Democracy: The European Court of Human Rights Forgets the Rights of the Electors' (2007) 11 KHRP Legal Review
80. See M Milanovic and T Papic, 'As Bad as It Gets: The European Court's Behrami and Saramati Decision and General International Law' (2009) 58 ICLQ 267, 295