Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia: Incidence, mechanisms and management

CNS Drugs

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 563-574

  Coker, Flora ^a   Taylor, David ^a,b  

^a SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antidepressants, adverse reactions; Hyperprolactinaemia; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, adverse reactions; Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, adverse reactions; Serotonin uptake inhibitors, adverse reactions; Tricyclic antidepressants, adverse reactions.

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; AMFEBUTAMONE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; DOSULEPIN; ESCITALOPRAM; FENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; LIOTHYRONINE; MIRTAZAPINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PLACEBO; PROLACTIN; REBOXETINE; RITANSERIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRIMIPRAMINE; VENLAFAXINE;

AMENORRHEA; BREAST TENDERNESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GALACTORRHEA; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; INCIDENCE; MONITORING; NERVE CELL; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROLACTIN RELEASE; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; THORAX PAIN;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; INCIDENCE; NEURONS; PROLACTIN; SEROTONIN;

EID: 77953283603     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: 11791934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11533140-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, et al. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev 2000; 80 (4): 1523-1631
2. Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, et al. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. En-docr Rev 1998; 19 (3): 225-268
3. Ben-Jonathan N, Hnasko R. Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor. Endocr Rev 2001; 22 (6): 724-763
4. Torre DL, Falorni A. Pharmacological causes of hyperpro-lactinemia. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007; 3 (5): 929-951
5. Leung A, Pacaud D. Diagnosis and management of ga-lactorrhea. Am Fam Physician 2004; 70 (3): 543-550
6. Haddad PM, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyper-prolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs 2004; 64 (20): 2291-2314
7. Schlechte JA. Clinical practice. Prolactinoma. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (21): 2035-2041
8. Chahal J, Schlechte J. Hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary 2008; 11 (2): 141-146
9. Holt RI. Medical causes and consequences of hyper-prolactinaemia: a context for psychiatrists. J Psycho-pharmacol 2008; 22 (2 Suppl.): 28-37
10. Todd J. Prolactin disorders. Medicine 2005; 33 (11): 16-17
11. Meltzer HY, Piyakalmala S, Schyve P, et al. Lack of effect of tricyclic antidepressants on serum prolactin levels. Psy-chopharmacology (Berl) 1977; 51 (2): 185-187
12. Meltzer HY, Fang VS, Tricou BJ, et al. Effect of antide-pressants on neuroendocrine axis in humans. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1982; 32: 303-316
13. Fava GA, Lisansky J, Buckman MT, et al. Prolactin, corti-sol, and antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145 (3): 358-360
14. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Sternberg DE. Serotonin func-tion and mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment: effects of amitriptyline and desipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41 (4): 359-365
15. Price LH, Charney DS, Delgado PL, et al. Effects of desi-pramine and fluvoxamine treatment on the prolactin response to tryptophan: serotonergic function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46 (7): 625-631
16. Shapira B, Reiss A, Kaiser N, et al. Effect of imipramine treatment on the prolactin response to fenfluramine and placebo challenge in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1989; 16 (1): 1-4
17. Anderson IM, Cowen PJ. Clomipramine enhances prolactin and growth hormone responses to L-tryptophan. Psycho-pharmacology (Berl) 1986; 89 (1): 131-133
18. Gadd EM, Norris CM, Beeley L. Antidepressants and galactorrhoea. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 2 (4): 361-363
19. Anand VS. Clomipramine-induced galactorrhoea and amen-orrhoea. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147: 87-88
20. Fowlie S, Burton J. Hyperprolactinaemia and nonpuerperal lactation associated with clomipramine [letter]. Scott Med J 1987; 32 (2): 52
21. Slater SL, Lipper S, Shiling DJ, et al. Elevation of plasma-prolactin by monoamine-oxidase inhibitors. Lancet 1977; 2 (8032): 275-276
22. Price LH, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Effects of tranylcy-promine treatment on neuroendocrine, behavioral, and autonomic responses to tryptophan in depressed patients. Life Sci 1985; 37 (9): 809-818
23. Egberts AC, Meyboom RH, De Koning FH, et al. Non-puerperal lactation associated with antidepressant drug use. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44 (3): 277-281
24. Coulter DM, Pillans PI. Fluoxetine and extrapyramidal side effects. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152 (1): 122-125
25. Sagud M, Pivac N, Muck-Seler D, et al. Effects of sertraline treatment on plasma cortisol, prolactin and thyroid hormones in female depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 2002; 45 (3): 139-143
26. Gordon C, Whale R, Cowen PJ. Sertraline treatment does not increase plasma prolactin levels in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology 1998; 137 (2): 201-202
27. Schlosser R, Wetzel H, Dorr H, et al. Effects of subchronic paroxetine administration on night-time endocrinological profiles in healthy male volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrin-ology 2000; 25 (4): 377-388
28. Seifritz E, Baumann P, Muller MJ, et al. Neuroendocrine effects of a 20-mg citalopram infusion in healthy males: a placebo-controlled evaluation of citalopram as 5-HT function probe. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 14 (4): 253-263
29. Kapitany T, Schindl M, Schindler SD, et al. The citalopram challenge test in patients with major depression and in healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 1999; 88 (2): 75-88
30. Mondelli V, Gianotti L, Picu A, et al. Neuroendocrine ef-fects of citalopram infusion in anorexia nervosa. Psycho-neuroendocrinology 2006; 31 (10): 1139-1148
31. Nadeem HS, Attenburrow MJ, Cowen PJ. Comparison of the effects of citalopram and escitalopram on 5-HT-medi-ated neuroendocrine responses. Neuropsychopharmacol-ogy 2004; 29 (9): 1699-1703
32. Henning J, Netter P. Oral application of citalopram (20 mg) and its usefulness for neuroendocrine challenge tests. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 5 (1): 67-71
33. Hawken ER, Owen JA, Van VD, et al. Effects of oral racemic citalopram on neuroendocrine responses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30 (4): 694-700
34. Moeller O, Hetzel G, Rothermundt M, et al. Oral citalopram and reboxetine challenge tests before and after selective antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2003; 37 (3): 261-262
35. Peterson MC. Reversible galactorrhea and prolactin eleva-tion related to fluoxetine use. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76 (2): 215-216
36. Morrison J, Remick RA, Leung M, et al. Galactorrhea in-duced by paroxetine. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46 (1): 88-89
37. Shim SH, Lee YJ, Lee EC. A case of galactorrhea associated with escitalopram. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6: 230-232
38. Aggarwal A, Kumar R, Sharma RC, et al. Escitalopram induced galactorrhoea: a case report. Prog Neuropscyho-pharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34: 557-558
39. Daffner-Bugia C, Laakmann G, Voderholzer U, et al. The neuroendocrine effects of venlafaxine in healthy subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 1996; 11: 1-9
40. Bhatia SC, Bhatia SK, Bencomo L. Effective treatment of venlafaxine-induced noncyclical mastalgia with bromo-criptine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20 (5): 590-591
41. Sternbach H. Venlafaxine-induced galactorrhea. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23 (1): 109-110
42. Ashton AK, Longdon MC. Hyperprolactinemia and ga-lactorrhea induced by serotonin and norepinephrine reup-take inhibiting antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164 (7): 1121-1122
43. Schule C, Baghai T, Schmidbauer S, et al. Reboxetine acutely stimulates cortisol, ACTH, growth hormone and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects. Psychoneuro-endocrinology 2004; 29 (2): 185-200
44. Laakmann G, Schule C, Baghai T, et al. Effects of mirtaza-pine on growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in healthy male subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24: 769-784
45. Schule C, Baghai T, Goy J, et al. The influence of mirtaza-pine on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in healthy male subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 163: 95-101
46. Laakmann G, Schule C, Baghai T, et al. Mirtazapine: an inhibitor of cortisol secretion that does not influence growth hormone and prolactin secretion. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 2000; 20: 101-103
47. Schule, Baghai T, Laakmann G. Mirtazapine decreases stimulatory effects of reboxetine on cortisol, adrenocorti-cotropin and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects. Neuroendocrinology 2004; 79: 54-62
48. Laakmann G, Schule C, Baghai T, et al. Effects of mirtaza-pine on growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in healthy male subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24 (7): 769-784
49. Schule C, Baghai T, Goy J, et al. The influence of mirtaza-pine on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in healthy male subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 163 (1): 95-101
50. Laakmann G, Schule C, Baghai T, et al. Mirtazapine: an inhibitor of cortisol secretion that does not influence growth hormone and prolactin secretion. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 2000; 20 (1): 101-103
51. Schule C, Baghai T, Laakmann G. Mirtazapine decreases stimulatory effects of reboxetine on cortisol, adrenocorti-cotropin and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects. Neuroendocrinology 2004; 79 (1): 54-62
52. Whiteman PD, Peck AW, Fowle ASE, et al. Bupropion fails to affect plasma prolactin and growth hormone in normal subjects [letter]. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 13 (743): 745
53. Bronzo MR, Stahl SM. Galactorrhea induced by sertraline. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150 (8): 1269-1270
54. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Seroxat 10mg, 20mg, 30 mg tablets, 20mg/10mL oral suspension: summary of product characteristics [online]. Available from URL: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc [Accessed 2010 May 6]
55. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Anafranil capsules: summary of product characteristics [online]. Available from URL: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc [Accessed 2010 May 6]
56. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Cipramil tablets: sum-mary of product characteristics [online]. Available from URL: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc [Accessed 2010 May 6]
57. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Lustral: summary of product characteristics [online]. Available from URL: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc [Accessed 2010 May 6]
58. Emiliano AB, Fudge JL. From galactorrhea to osteopenia: rethinking serotonin-prolactin interactions. Neuropsycho-pharmacology 2004; 29 (5): 833-846
59. Rittenhouse PA, Levy AD, Li Q, et al. Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediate the sero-tonergic stimulation of prolactin secretion via 5-HT1C/2 receptors. Endocrinology 1993; 133 (2): 661-667
60. Jorgensen H, Knigge U, Warberg J. Involvement of 5-HT1, 5-HT2, and 5-HT3 receptors in the mediation of the pro-lactin response to serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 55 (3): 336-343
61. Sonino N, Tomba E, Fava GA. Psychosocial approach to endocrine disease. Adv Pharmacother 2007; 28: 21-33
62. Halbreich U, Rojansky N, Palter S, et al. Decreased bone mineral density in medicated psychiatric patients. Psycho-som Med 1995; 57 (5): 485-491
63. Klein JJ, Segal RL, Warner RR. Galactorrhea due to imi-pramine: report of a case. N Engl J Med 1964; 271: 510-512
64. Wolfsperger M, Greil W. Galactorrhea during treatment with trimipramine: a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005; 38 (6): 326-327
65. Bonin B, Vandel P, Sechter D, et al. Paroxetine and galac-torrhea. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997; 30 (4): 133-134
66. Ghosal M, Mukhopadhyay S, Sanyal D. A case of parox-etine-inducted galactorrhoea. German J Psychiatry 2005; 8: 23-24
67. Davenport E, Velamoor R. A case of paroxetine-induced galactorrhea. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47 (9): 890-891
68. Gonzalez E, Minguez L, Sanguino RM. Galactorrhea after paroxetine treatment [letter]. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000; 33 (3): 118
69. Yalug I, Tural U, Unsalan N, et al. Reboxetine may cause amenorrhea in female patients. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2006; 10 (3): 223-225
70. Gulsun M, Algul A, Semiz UB, et al. A case with eupro-lactinemic galactorrhea induced by escitalopram. Int J Psychiatry Med 2007; 37: 275-278