메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 255-265

Untangling race and class effects on juvenile arrests

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77953121552     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.03.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (63)

References (113)
  • 2
    • 84936823740 scopus 로고
    • Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis
    • Allison P.D. Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis. Sociological Methodology 1990, 20:93-114.
    • (1990) Sociological Methodology , vol.20 , pp. 93-114
    • Allison, P.D.1
  • 3
    • 85055404184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating racial profiling by the Miami-Dade Police Department: A multi-method approach
    • Alpert G., Dunham R., Smith M. Investigating racial profiling by the Miami-Dade Police Department: A multi-method approach. Criminology and Public Policy 2007, 6:25-55.
    • (2007) Criminology and Public Policy , vol.6 , pp. 25-55
    • Alpert, G.1    Dunham, R.2    Smith, M.3
  • 4
    • 0038437408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends
    • Battin S., Hill K.G., Abbott R., Catalano R., Hawkins J.D. The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends. Criminology 1998, 36:93-116.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , pp. 93-116
    • Battin, S.1    Hill, K.G.2    Abbott, R.3    Catalano, R.4    Hawkins, J.D.5
  • 6
    • 30844471176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official labeling, criminal embeddedness, and subsequent delinquency: A longitudinal test of labeling theory
    • Bernburg J.G., Krohn M.D., Rivera C.J. Official labeling, criminal embeddedness, and subsequent delinquency: A longitudinal test of labeling theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2006, 43:67-90.
    • (2006) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.43 , pp. 67-90
    • Bernburg, J.G.1    Krohn, M.D.2    Rivera, C.J.3
  • 8
    • 36148955022 scopus 로고
    • The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime
    • Blau P., Blau J. The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review 1982, 47:114-129.
    • (1982) American Sociological Review , vol.47 , pp. 114-129
    • Blau, P.1    Blau, J.2
  • 9
    • 34447574867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and repeats: The impact of officer performance on racially biased policing
    • Bostaph L.G. Race and repeats: The impact of officer performance on racially biased policing. Journal of Criminal Justice 2007, 35:401-417.
    • (2007) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.35 , pp. 401-417
    • Bostaph, L.G.1
  • 10
    • 0035624747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gang membership, race, and social class: A test of the group hazard and master status hypothesis
    • Brownfield D., Sorenson A.M., Thomson K. Gang membership, race, and social class: A test of the group hazard and master status hypothesis. Deviant Behavior 2001, 22:73-89.
    • (2001) Deviant Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 73-89
    • Brownfield, D.1    Sorenson, A.M.2    Thomson, K.3
  • 13
    • 0039178058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported gang involvement and officially recorded delinquency
    • Curry D.G. Self-reported gang involvement and officially recorded delinquency. Criminology 2000, 38:1253-1273.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 1253-1273
    • Curry, D.G.1
  • 14
    • 84925974977 scopus 로고
    • Race and juvenile justice processing in court and police agencies
    • Dannefur D., Schutt R. Race and juvenile justice processing in court and police agencies. American Journal of Sociology 1982, 87:1113-1132.
    • (1982) American Journal of Sociology , vol.87 , pp. 1113-1132
    • Dannefur, D.1    Schutt, R.2
  • 16
    • 0002716946 scopus 로고
    • Reconciling race and class differences in self- reported and official estimates of delinquency
    • Elliott D.S., Ageton S.S. Reconciling race and class differences in self- reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review 1980, 45:95-110.
    • (1980) American Sociological Review , vol.45 , pp. 95-110
    • Elliott, D.S.1    Ageton, S.S.2
  • 17
    • 84970235792 scopus 로고
    • Self-reported violent offending: A descriptive analysis of juvenile violent offenders and their offending careers
    • Elliott D.S., Huizinga D., Morse B. Self-reported violent offending: A descriptive analysis of juvenile violent offenders and their offending careers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1987, 1:472-514.
    • (1987) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.1 , pp. 472-514
    • Elliott, D.S.1    Huizinga, D.2    Morse, B.3
  • 20
    • 26844527634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens' perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police
    • Engel R. Citizens' perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2005, 42:445-481.
    • (2005) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.42 , pp. 445-481
    • Engel, R.1
  • 22
  • 23
    • 0000171102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported delinquency and a combined delinquency seriousness scale based on boys, mothers, and teachers: Concurrent and predictive validity for African-Americans and Caucasians
    • Farrington D.P., Loeber R., Stouthamer-Loeber M., Kammen W.B.V., Schmidt L. Self-reported delinquency and a combined delinquency seriousness scale based on boys, mothers, and teachers: Concurrent and predictive validity for African-Americans and Caucasians. Criminology 1996, 34:493-518.
    • (1996) Criminology , vol.34 , pp. 493-518
    • Farrington, D.P.1    Loeber, R.2    Stouthamer-Loeber, M.3    Kammen, W.B.V.4    Schmidt, L.5
  • 24
    • 0029473528 scopus 로고
    • The subcultural theory of urbanism: A twentieth year assessment
    • Fischer C.S. The subcultural theory of urbanism: A twentieth year assessment. American Journal of Sociology 1995, 101:543-577.
    • (1995) American Journal of Sociology , vol.101 , pp. 543-577
    • Fischer, C.S.1
  • 25
    • 0000287750 scopus 로고
    • In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations
    • Friedrich R. In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations. American Journal of Political Science 1982, 26:797-833.
    • (1982) American Journal of Political Science , vol.26 , pp. 797-833
    • Friedrich, R.1
  • 28
    • 84925889455 scopus 로고
    • On behalf of labeling theory
    • Goode E. On behalf of labeling theory. Social Problems 1975, 22:570-583.
    • (1975) Social Problems , vol.22 , pp. 570-583
    • Goode, E.1
  • 31
    • 84938051506 scopus 로고
    • Correlates of delinquency: The illusion of discrepancies between self report and official measures of delinquency
    • Hindelang M.J., Hirschi T., Weis J.G. Correlates of delinquency: The illusion of discrepancies between self report and official measures of delinquency. American Sociological Review 1979, 44:995-1014.
    • (1979) American Sociological Review , vol.44 , pp. 995-1014
    • Hindelang, M.J.1    Hirschi, T.2    Weis, J.G.3
  • 33
    • 33748320976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health and juvenile arrests: Criminality, criminalization, or compassion?
    • Hirschfield P., Maschi T., White H.R., Traub L.G., Loeber R. Mental health and juvenile arrests: Criminality, criminalization, or compassion?. Criminology 2006, 44:593-627.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 593-627
    • Hirschfield, P.1    Maschi, T.2    White, H.R.3    Traub, L.G.4    Loeber, R.5
  • 34
    • 0003991890 scopus 로고
    • University of California Press, Berkeley
    • Hirschi T. Causes of delinquency 1969, University of California Press, Berkeley.
    • (1969) Causes of delinquency
    • Hirschi, T.1
  • 35
    • 0000599581 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile offenders: Prevalence, offender incidence, and arrest rates by race
    • Huizinga D., Elliott D. Juvenile offenders: Prevalence, offender incidence, and arrest rates by race. Crime and Delinquency 1987, 33:206-223.
    • (1987) Crime and Delinquency , vol.33 , pp. 206-223
    • Huizinga, D.1    Elliott, D.2
  • 41
    • 84996146633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Debunking the myth of officer friendly: How African American males experience community policing
    • Jones-Brown D. Debunking the myth of officer friendly: How African American males experience community policing. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 2000, 16:209-217.
    • (2000) Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , vol.16 , pp. 209-217
    • Jones-Brown, D.1
  • 42
    • 0346942361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the impact of quality-of-life policing on crime and disorder
    • Katz C.M., Webb V.J., Schaefer D.R. An assessment of the impact of quality-of-life policing on crime and disorder. Justice Quarterly 2001, 18:825-877.
    • (2001) Justice Quarterly , vol.18 , pp. 825-877
    • Katz, C.M.1    Webb, V.J.2    Schaefer, D.R.3
  • 43
    • 27844499721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the race/ethnicity-violence relationship: Neighborhood context and social psychological processes
    • Kaufman J. Explaining the race/ethnicity-violence relationship: Neighborhood context and social psychological processes. Justice Quarterly 2005, 22:224-251.
    • (2005) Justice Quarterly , vol.22 , pp. 224-251
    • Kaufman, J.1
  • 45
    • 25144497552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minority threat and police strength from 1980 to 2000: A fixed effects analysis of non-linear and interactive effects in large U.S. cities
    • Kent S.L., Jacobs D. Minority threat and police strength from 1980 to 2000: A fixed effects analysis of non-linear and interactive effects in large U.S. cities. Criminology 2005, 43:731-756.
    • (2005) Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 731-756
    • Kent, S.L.1    Jacobs, D.2
  • 46
    • 0039270129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological theory of police response to deviance
    • Klinger D. Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological theory of police response to deviance. Criminology 1997, 35:277-306.
    • (1997) Criminology , vol.35 , pp. 277-306
    • Klinger, D.1
  • 47
    • 0041048806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement error in calls for service as an indicator of crime
    • Klinger D., Bridges G. Measurement error in calls for service as an indicator of crime. Criminology 1997, 35:705-726.
    • (1997) Criminology , vol.35 , pp. 705-726
    • Klinger, D.1    Bridges, G.2
  • 48
    • 84936823497 scopus 로고
    • Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and space?
    • Land K., McCall P., Cohen L. Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and space?. American Journal of Sociology 1990, 95:922-963.
    • (1990) American Journal of Sociology , vol.95 , pp. 922-963
    • Land, K.1    McCall, P.2    Cohen, L.3
  • 49
    • 0010245256 scopus 로고
    • Ecological considerations in victim reporting to the police
    • Laub J. Ecological considerations in victim reporting to the police. Journal of Criminal Justice 1981, 9:419-430.
    • (1981) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.9 , pp. 419-430
    • Laub, J.1
  • 53
    • 0011109182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban poverty and juvenile crime: Evidence from a randomized housing mobility experiment
    • Ludwig J., Duncan G.J., Hirschfield P. Urban poverty and juvenile crime: Evidence from a randomized housing mobility experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2001, 116:655-679.
    • (2001) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.116 , pp. 655-679
    • Ludwig, J.1    Duncan, G.J.2    Hirschfield, P.3
  • 54
    • 3142690809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving while Black: Effects of race, ethnicity, and gender on citizen self-reports of traffic stops and police actions
    • Lundman R.J., Kaufman R.L. Driving while Black: Effects of race, ethnicity, and gender on citizen self-reports of traffic stops and police actions. Criminology 2003, 41:195-220.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 195-220
    • Lundman, R.J.1    Kaufman, R.L.2
  • 56
    • 77953120754 scopus 로고
    • Roxbury, Los Angeles, C.R. Mann, M.S. Zatz (Eds.)
    • Images of color, images of crime 1995, Roxbury, Los Angeles. C.R. Mann, M.S. Zatz (Eds.).
    • (1995) Images of color, images of crime
  • 58
    • 41849136554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending deterrence theory: Do delinquent peers condition the relationship between perceptions of getting caught and offending?
    • Matthews S.K., Agnew R. Extending deterrence theory: Do delinquent peers condition the relationship between perceptions of getting caught and offending?. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2008, 45:91-118.
    • (2008) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.45 , pp. 91-118
    • Matthews, S.K.1    Agnew, R.2
  • 60
    • 84862252221 scopus 로고
    • Factors related to disposition in juvenile police contacts
    • Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, M.W. Klein, B.J. Myerhoff (Eds.)
    • McEachern A.W., Bauzer R. Factors related to disposition in juvenile police contacts. Juvenile gangs in context 1967, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. M.W. Klein, B.J. Myerhoff (Eds.).
    • (1967) Juvenile gangs in context
    • McEachern, A.W.1    Bauzer, R.2
  • 61
    • 1642306572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining racial and ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior
    • McNulty T., Bellair P. Explaining racial and ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior. Criminology 2003, 41:709-748.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 709-748
    • McNulty, T.1    Bellair, P.2
  • 62
    • 84993725440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists
    • Meehan A., Ponder M. Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists. Justice Quarterly 2002, 19:399-430.
    • (2002) Justice Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 399-430
    • Meehan, A.1    Ponder, M.2
  • 63
    • 0001665596 scopus 로고
    • Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency
    • Miller W. Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Journal of Social Issues 1958, 14:5-19.
    • (1958) Journal of Social Issues , vol.14 , pp. 5-19
    • Miller, W.1
  • 64
    • 84973191418 scopus 로고
    • Police dispositions of juvenile offenders
    • Monahan T. Police dispositions of juvenile offenders. Phylon 1970, 31:129-141.
    • (1970) Phylon , vol.31 , pp. 129-141
    • Monahan, T.1
  • 65
    • 85044881795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and delinquency in the U.S
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, M. Tienda, M. Rutter (Eds.)
    • Morenoff J.D. Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and delinquency in the U.S. Ethnicity and causal mechanisms 2005, Cambridge University Press, New York. M. Tienda, M. Rutter (Eds.).
    • (2005) Ethnicity and causal mechanisms
    • Morenoff, J.D.1
  • 66
    • 84984344045 scopus 로고
    • On the relationship of past to future participation in delinquency
    • Nagin D., Paternoster R. On the relationship of past to future participation in delinquency. Criminology 1991, 29:163-189.
    • (1991) Criminology , vol.29 , pp. 163-189
    • Nagin, D.1    Paternoster, R.2
  • 67
    • 25144463522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating race, place and motive in social disorganization theory: Lessons from a comparison of Black and Latino homicide types in two immigrant destination cities
    • Nielsen A., Lee M.T., Martinez R. Integrating race, place and motive in social disorganization theory: Lessons from a comparison of Black and Latino homicide types in two immigrant destination cities. Criminology 2005, 43:837-872.
    • (2005) Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 837-872
    • Nielsen, A.1    Lee, M.T.2    Martinez, R.3
  • 68
    • 77953122737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (October). Disproportionate minority contact (NCJ 228306). Retrieved from
    • Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2009, October). Disproportionate minority contact (NCJ 228306). Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/dmc/.
    • (2009)
  • 69
    • 77953119686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (May). Community correlates of rural youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin
    • Osgood, W. D., & Chambers, J. (2003, May). Community correlates of rural youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 1-12.
    • (2003) , pp. 1-12
    • Osgood, W.D.1    Chambers, J.2
  • 71
    • 84946299364 scopus 로고
    • The labeling perspective and delinquency: An elaboration of the theory and an assessment of the evidence
    • Paternoster R., Iovanni L. The labeling perspective and delinquency: An elaboration of the theory and an assessment of the evidence. Justice Quarterly 1989, 6:359-394.
    • (1989) Justice Quarterly , vol.6 , pp. 359-394
    • Paternoster, R.1    Iovanni, L.2
  • 72
    • 21344491174 scopus 로고
    • Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency?
    • Peeples F., Loeber R. Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency?. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1994, 10:141-157.
    • (1994) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.10 , pp. 141-157
    • Peeples, F.1    Loeber, R.2
  • 80
  • 81
    • 0034137967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The declining significance of race among American men in the latter half of the 20th century
    • Sakamoto A., Huei-Hwsia W., Tzeng J.M. The declining significance of race among American men in the latter half of the 20th century. Demography 2000, 37:41-50.
    • (2000) Demography , vol.37 , pp. 41-50
    • Sakamoto, A.1    Huei-Hwsia, W.2    Tzeng, J.M.3
  • 82
    • 84928445130 scopus 로고
    • Effects of socioeconomic context on official reaction to juvenile delinquency
    • Sampson R.J. Effects of socioeconomic context on official reaction to juvenile delinquency. American Sociological Review 1986, 51:876-885.
    • (1986) American Sociological Review , vol.51 , pp. 876-885
    • Sampson, R.J.1
  • 83
    • 0032235909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences
    • Sampson R.J., Bartusch D.J. Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review 1998, 32:777-804.
    • (1998) Law and Society Review , vol.32 , pp. 777-804
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Bartusch, D.J.2
  • 84
    • 84900900445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural mechanisms and killing fields: A revised theory of community-level racial inequality
    • New York University Press, New York, R. Peterson, L. Krivo, J. Hagan (Eds.)
    • Sampson R.J., Bean L. Cultural mechanisms and killing fields: A revised theory of community-level racial inequality. The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity and crime in America 2006, New York University Press, New York. R. Peterson, L. Krivo, J. Hagan (Eds.).
    • (2006) The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity and crime in America
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Bean, L.2
  • 86
    • 0010165016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling bias in arrest decisions: The role of juvenile offender type-scripts
    • Sealock M., Simpson S.S. Unraveling bias in arrest decisions: The role of juvenile offender type-scripts. Justice Quarterly 1998, 15:427-457.
    • (1998) Justice Quarterly , vol.15 , pp. 427-457
    • Sealock, M.1    Simpson, S.S.2
  • 88
    • 0028560637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic inequality, family disruption, and urban Black violence: Cities as units of stratification and social control
    • Shihadeh E.S., Steffensmeier D.J. Economic inequality, family disruption, and urban Black violence: Cities as units of stratification and social control. Social Forces 1996, 73:729-751.
    • (1996) Social Forces , vol.73 , pp. 729-751
    • Shihadeh, E.S.1    Steffensmeier, D.J.2
  • 89
    • 85056009369 scopus 로고
    • Reported behavior as a criterion of deviant behavior
    • Short J.F., Nye F.I. Reported behavior as a criterion of deviant behavior. Social Problems 1957, 5:207-213.
    • (1957) Social Problems , vol.5 , pp. 207-213
    • Short, J.F.1    Nye, F.I.2
  • 90
    • 84984325585 scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood and delinquency: An assessment of contextual effects
    • Simcha-Fagan O., Schwartz J.E. Neighborhood and delinquency: An assessment of contextual effects. Criminology 1986, 24:667-703.
    • (1986) Criminology , vol.24 , pp. 667-703
    • Simcha-Fagan, O.1    Schwartz, J.E.2
  • 92
    • 0000287921 scopus 로고
    • The neighborhood context of police behavior
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Smith D. The neighborhood context of police behavior. Crime and justice 1986, Vol. 8. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (1986) Crime and justice , vol.8
    • Smith, D.1
  • 93
    • 56049125392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC, (Juvenile Justice Bulletin, NCJ 221338)
    • Snyder H. Juvenile arrest 2006 2008, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC, (Juvenile Justice Bulletin, NCJ 221338).
    • (2008) Juvenile arrest 2006
    • Snyder, H.1
  • 94
    • 84959744639 scopus 로고
    • Institutions of privacy in the determination of police administrative practice
    • Stinchcombe A. Institutions of privacy in the determination of police administrative practice. American Journal of Sociology 1963, 69:150-160.
    • (1963) American Journal of Sociology , vol.69 , pp. 150-160
    • Stinchcombe, A.1
  • 95
    • 61649124880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does dropping out of school mean dropping into delinquency?
    • Sweeten G., Bushway S., Paternoster R. Does dropping out of school mean dropping into delinquency?. Criminology 2009, 47:47-91.
    • (2009) Criminology , vol.47 , pp. 47-91
    • Sweeten, G.1    Bushway, S.2    Paternoster, R.3
  • 97
    • 0013331327 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination in the handling of juvenile offenders by social control agencies
    • Terry R. Discrimination in the handling of juvenile offenders by social control agencies. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1967, 4:218-230.
    • (1967) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.4 , pp. 218-230
    • Terry, R.1
  • 98
    • 11144332394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of self-report and official data for measuring crime
    • National Academies Press, Washington, DC, J.V. Pepper, C.V. Petrie (Eds.)
    • Thornberry T.P., Krohn M.D. Comparison of self-report and official data for measuring crime. Measurement problems in criminal justice research: Workshop summary 2002, 43-94. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. J.V. Pepper, C.V. Petrie (Eds.).
    • (2002) Measurement problems in criminal justice research: Workshop summary , pp. 43-94
    • Thornberry, T.P.1    Krohn, M.D.2
  • 100
    • 77953121785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Census Bureau. American factfinder fact sheet. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). American factfinder fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/.
    • (2008)
  • 101
    • 77953119901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Labor. (a). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth topical guide: Age of respondent. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Department of Labor. (2009a). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth topical guide: Age of respondent. Retrieved from http://www.nlsinfo.org/nlsy97/nlsdocs/nlsy97/topicalguide/age.html.
    • (2009)
  • 102
    • 77953120478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Labor. (b). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth topical guide: Geographic indicators. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Department of Labor. (2009b). National Longitudinal Survey of Youth topical guide: Geographic indicators. Retrieved from http://www.nlsinfo.org/nlsy97/nlsdocs/nlsy97/topicalguide/geogind.html.
    • (2009)
  • 103
    • 77953122831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower rates of homicide in Latino versus Black neighborhoods
    • New York University Press, New York, R. Peterson, L. Krivo, J. Hagan (Eds.)
    • Velez M. Lower rates of homicide in Latino versus Black neighborhoods. The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity and crime in America 2006, New York University Press, New York. R. Peterson, L. Krivo, J. Hagan (Eds.).
    • (2006) The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity and crime in America
    • Velez, M.1
  • 106
    • 33748307612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving while Black: Bias processes and racial disparity in police stops
    • Warren P., Tomaskovic-Devey D., Smith W., Zingraff M., Mason M. Driving while Black: Bias processes and racial disparity in police stops. Criminology 2006, 44:709-738.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 709-738
    • Warren, P.1    Tomaskovic-Devey, D.2    Smith, W.3    Zingraff, M.4    Mason, M.5
  • 107
    • 34547873844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors contributing to differences in substance abuse among Black and White adolescents
    • Watt T., Rogers J.M. Factors contributing to differences in substance abuse among Black and White adolescents. Youth and Society 2007, 39:54-74.
    • (2007) Youth and Society , vol.39 , pp. 54-74
    • Watt, T.1    Rogers, J.M.2
  • 109
    • 0039178061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male juvenile serious offending, individual risk and protective factors, and neighborhood context
    • Wikstrom P., Loeber R. Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male juvenile serious offending, individual risk and protective factors, and neighborhood context. Criminology 2000, 38:1109-1143.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 1109-1143
    • Wikstrom, P.1    Loeber, R.2
  • 110
    • 84874070428 scopus 로고
    • From delinquent behavior to official delinquency
    • Williams J.R., Gold M. From delinquent behavior to official delinquency. Social Problems 1972, 20:209-229.
    • (1972) Social Problems , vol.20 , pp. 209-229
    • Williams, J.R.1    Gold, M.2
  • 111
    • 84937330044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Income in upper-tier occupations among males over the 1st decade of the work career: Is race declining in significance
    • Wilson G. Income in upper-tier occupations among males over the 1st decade of the work career: Is race declining in significance. National Journal of Sociology 2000, 12:105-128.
    • (2000) National Journal of Sociology , vol.12 , pp. 105-128
    • Wilson, G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.