Rainwater harvesting: Quality assessment and utilization in The Netherlands

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 224-235

  Schets, F M ^a   Italiaander, R ^a   Van Den Berg, H H J L ^a   De Roda Husman, A M ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Rainwater harvesting; Roof collected rainwater; Water quality

Indexed keywords

RAIN;

DRINKING WATER; HEALTH RISK; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RAINWATER; RESERVOIR; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA; ARTICLE; CAMPYLOBACTER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FECES; GIARDIA; HARVESTING; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; LAW; LEGIONELLA; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; NETHERLANDS; NONHUMAN; QUALITY CONTROL; RESERVOIR; TEMPERATURE; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FRESH WATER; HUMANS; NETHERLANDS; RAIN; SEASONS; TEMPERATURE; WATER SUPPLY;

NETHERLANDS;

AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA; ANIMALIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA; LEGIONELLA;

EID: 77953103164     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2009.037     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Abo-Shehada, M. N., Hindyia, M. & Saiah, A. 2004 Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in private drinking water cisterns in Bani-Kenanah district, northern Jordan. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 14, 351-358.
2. Ahmed, W., Huygens, F., Goonetilleke, A. & Gardner, T. 2008 Real-time PCR detection of pathogenic microorganisms in roof-harvested rainwater in southeast Queensland, Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 5490-5496.
3. Albrechtsen, H. J. 2002 Microbiological investigations of rainwater and graywater collected for toilet flushing. Water Sci. Technol. 46, 311-316.
4. Allos, B. M. 2001 Campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 1201-1206.
5. Anonymous 1999 Water quality-Enumeration of culturable microorganisms-Colony count by inoculation in a nutrient agar culture medium, EN ISO 6222. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
6. Anonymous 2000a Water quality-Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria-Part 1: Membrane filtration method, ISO 9308-1 International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
7. Anonymous 2000b Water quality-Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci-Part 2: Membrane filtration method, ISO 7899-2 International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
8. Anonymous 2001 Besluit van 2 januari 2001 tot wijziging van het Waterleidingbesluit in verband met de richtlijn betreffende de kwaliteit van voor menselijke consumptie bestemd water. Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden 31 (in Dutch).
9. Anonymous 2002 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp, ISO 6579. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
10. Anonymous 2005 Water quality-Detection and enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter species, ISO 17995. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
11. Anonymous 2006a Water quality-Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water, ISO 15553. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
12. Anonymous 2006b Water quality-Sampling for microbiological analysis, EN ISO 19458. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
13. Anonymous 2007a Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the detection of potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio spp.-Part 1: Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae, ISO/TS 21872-1 International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
14. Anonymous 2007b Water-Detectie en telling van Legionella, NEN 6265. Dutch Normalisation Institute, Delft, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
15. Barker, J. & Jones, M. V. 2005 The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99, 339-347.
16. Berry, D., Xi, C. & Raskin, L. 2006 Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 17, 297-302.
17. Bisson, J. W. & Cabelli, V. J. 1979 Membrane filter enumeration method for Clostridium perfringens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37, 55-66.
18. Broman, T., Palmgren, H., Bergström, S., Sellin, M.,Waldenström, J., Danielsson-Tham, M.-L. & Olsen, B. 2002 Campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus): prevalence, genotypes, and influence on C. jejuni epidemiology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4594-4602.
19. Buck, J. D. 1990 Isolation of Candida albicans and halophilic Vibrio spp. from aquatic birds in Connecticut and Florida. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 826-828.
20. Chauret, C., Volk, C., Creason, R., Jarosh, J., Robinson, J. & Warnes, C. 2001 Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in a drinking-water distribution system: a field and pilot study. Can. J. Microbiol. 47, 782-786.
21. Clasen, T., Roberts, I., Rabie, T., Schmidt, W. & Cairncross, S. 2006 Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 19, CD004794.
22. Evans, C. A., Coombes, P. J. & Dunstan, R. H. 2006 Wind, rain and bacteria: the effect of weather on the microbial composition of roof-harvested rainwater. Water Res. 40, 37-44.
23. Garrett, V., Ogutu, P., Mabonga, P., Ombeki, S., Mwaki, A., Aluoch, G., Phelan, M. & Quick, R. E. 2008 Diarrhoea prevention in a high-risk rural Kenyan population through point-of-use chlorination, safe water storage, sanitation, and rainwater harvesting. Epidemiol. Infect. 136, 1436-1471.
24. Gerba, C. P., Wallis, C. & Melnick, J. L. 1975 Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 229-237.
25. Havelaar, A. H. & Vonk, M. 1988 The preparation of ampicillin dextrin agar for the enumeration of Aeromonas in water. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 7, 169-171.
26. Havelaar, A. H., During, M. & Versteegh, J. F. M. 1987 Ampicillin-dextrin agar medium for the enumeration of Aeromonas species in water by membrane filtration. J. Appl. Bact. 62, 279-287.
27. Havelaar, A. H., Versteegh, J. F. M. & During, M. 1990 The presence of Aeromonas in drinking water supplies in The Netherlands. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 190, 236-256.
28. Havelaar, A. H., Schets, F. M., van Silfhout, A., Jansen, W. H., Wieten, G. & van der Kooij, D. 1992 Typing of Aeromonas strains from patients with diarrhoea and from drinking water. J. Appl. Bact. 72, 435-444.
29. Hiransuthikul, N., Tantisiriwat, W., Lertutsahakul, K., Vibhagool, A. & Boonma, P. 2005 Skin and soft-tissue infections among tsunami survivors in southern Thailand. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, e93-e96.
30. Holländer, R., Bullermann, M., Groß, C., Hartung, H., König, K., Lücke, F.-K. & Nolde, E. 1996 Microbiologisch- hygienische Aspekte bei der Nutzung von Regenwasser als Betriebswasser für Toilettenspülung, Gartenbewässerung und Wäschewaschen. Gesundheitswesen 58, 288-293 (in German). (Pubitemid 126484908)
31. Kassahun Waktola, D. 2008 Malaria and pond-based rainwater harvesting linkages in the fringes of central highland Ethiopia. Rural Rem. Health 8, 965 (online).
32. Lévesque, B., Pereg, D., Watkinson, E., Maguire, J. S., Bisonnette, L., Gingras, S., Rouja, P., Bergeron, M. G. & Dewailly, É . 2008 Assessment of microbiological quality of drinking water from household tanks in Bermuda. Can. J. Microbiol. 54, 495-500.
33. Lieste, R., Witte, J. P. M., de Nijs, A. C. M., Aggenbach, C. J. S., Pieters, B. J., Runhaar, J. & Verweij, W. 2007 Beoordeling van de grondwatertoestand op basis van de Kaderrichtlijn Water. RIVM report 607300003. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
34. Lye, D. J. 2002 Health risks associated with consumption of untreated water from household roof catchment systems. JAWRA 38, 1301-1306.
35. Mariappan, T., Srinivasan, R. & Jambulingam, P. 2008 Defective rainwater harvesting structure and Dengue vector productivity compared with peridomestic habitats in a coastal town in southern India. J. Med. Entomol. 45, 148-156.
36. Martiny, A. C., Jørgensen, T. M., Albrechtsen, H., Arvin, E. & Molin, S. 2003 Long-term succession of structure and diversity of a biofilm formed in a model drinking water distribution system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 6899-6907.
37. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Ministerie van VROM) 2003 Beleidsstandpunt inzet huishoudwater (BWL/2003057326). Ministerie van VROM, Den Haag, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
38. Monselise, A., Blickstein, D., Ostfeld, I., Segal, R. & Weinberger, M. 2004 A case of cellulitis complicating Campylobacter jejuni subspecies jejuni bacteremia and review of the literature. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23, 718-721.
39. Moore, J. E., Gilpin, D., Crothers, E., Canney, A., Kaneko, A. & Matsuda, M. 2002 Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in seagulls (Larus spp.). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2, 111-114.
40. Ogg, J. E., Ryder, R. A. & Smith, J. r. H. L. 1989 Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from aquatic birds in Colorado and Utah. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 95-99.
41. Refsum, T., Handeland, K., Baggesen, D. L., Holstad, G. & Kapperud, G. 2002 Salmonellae in avian wildlife in Norway from 1969 to 2000. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 5595-5599.
42. Roberts, K. P., August, C. M. & Nelson, J. D. Jr. 1987 Relative sensitivities of environmental Legionellae to selective isolation procedures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 2704-2707.
43. Rutjes, S. A. & de Roda Husman, A. M. 2004 Procedure voor virusdetectie in water ten behoeve van het Nederlands Waterleidingbesluit 2001. RIVM report 330000007. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
44. Schets, F. M., van den Berg, H. H. J. L., Lodder, W. J., Docters van Leeuwen, A. E., in 't Veld, S. & de Roda Husman, A. M. 2005 De microbiologische kwaliteit van hemelwater toegepast voor toiletspoeling, schoonmaken en tuinsproeien. RIVM report 703719009. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
45. Schets, F. M., Italiaander, R., van den Berg, H. H. J. L. & de Roda Husman, A. M. 2007 De invloed van weersomstandigheden op de microbiologische kwaliteit van hemelwater toegepast voor toiletspoeling en schoonmaken. RIVM report 703719017. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (in Dutch).
46. Schets, F. M., van Wijnen, J. H., Schijven, J. F., Schoon, H. & de Roda Husman, A. M. 2008 Monitoring of waterborne pathogens in surface waters in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the potential health risk associated with exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in these waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 2069-2078.
47. Schlech, W. F. III, Gorman, G. W., Payne, M. C. & Broome, C. V. 1985 Legionnaires' disease in the Caribbean-an outbreak associated with a resort hotel. Arch. Intern. Med. 145, 2076-2079.
48. September, S. M., Els, F. A., Venter, S. N. & Brözel, V. S. 2007 Prevalence of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of drinking water distribution systems. J. Water Health 5, 219-227. (Pubitemid 46929256)
49. Simmons, G., Hope, V., Lewis, G., Whitmore, J. & Gao, W. 2001 Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand. Water Res. 35, 1518-1524.
50. Simmons, G., Jury, S., Thornley, C., Harte, D., Mohiuddin, J. & Taylor, M. 2008 A Legionnaires' disease outbreak: a water blaster and roof-collected rainwater systems. Water Res. 42, 1449-1458. (Pubitemid 351391804)
51. Smith, H. V., Brown, J., Coulson, J. C., Morris, G. P. & Girdwood, R. W. 1993 Occurrence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. in Larus spp. gulls. Epidemiol. Infect. 110, 135-143.
52. Thomas, P. R. & Greene, G. R. 1993 Rainwater quality from different roof catchments. Water Sci. Technol. 28, 291-299.
53. Vally, H., Whittle, A., Cameron, S., Dowse, G. K. & Watson, T. 2004 Outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila wound infections associated with mud football. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 1084-1089.
54. Van Immerseel, F., De Buck, J., Pasman, F., Huyghebaert, G., Haesebrouck, F. & Ducatelle, R. 2004 Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathol. 33, 537-549. (Pubitemid 40025011)
55. Waldenström, J., Broman, T., Carlsson, I., Hasselquist, D., Achterberg, R. P., Wagenaar, J. A. & Olsen, B. 2002 Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 5911-5917.
56. WHO 2006 Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality-Incorporating First Addendum. Recommendations, 3rd edition. Vol. 1. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
57. Yaziz, M. I., Gunting, H., Sapari, N. & Ghazali, A. W. 1989 Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments. Water Res. 23, 761-765. (Pubitemid 20430033)