The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Volumn 99, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 339-347

  Barker, J ^a   Jones, M V ^b  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNILEVER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Environment; Gastroenteritis; Infection risk; MS2 bacteriophage; Toilet

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BACTERIOPHAGES; CONTAMINATION; PORCELAIN;

% REDUCTIONS; AEROSOL CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT; FIRST FLUSH; GASTROENTERITIS; INFECTION RISK; MICRO-ORGANISMS; MS2-BACTERIOPHAGE; SERRATIA; TOILET;

AEROSOLS;

AEROSOL; DISEASE SPREAD; MICROBIOLOGY;

AEROSOL; AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; DIARRHEA; INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; MS2 VIRUS; NONHUMAN; PLATE COUNT; SERRATIA MARCESCENS; VIRAL CONTAMINATION; VIRUS SHEDDING;

SERRATIA;

EID: 23044438375     PISSN: 13645072     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Adams, M.H. (1959) Bacteriophages. pp. 450-456. New York: Interscience Publishers.
2. Allwood, P.B., Malik, Y.S., Hedberg, C.W. and Goyal, S.M. (2003) Survival of F-specific RNA coliphage, feline Calicivirus, and Escherichia coli in water: a comparative study. Appl Environ Microbiol 69, 5707-5710.
3. Barker, J. and Bloomfield, S.F. (2000) Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis. J Appl Microbiol 89, 137-144.
4. Barker, J., Vipond, I.B. and Bloomfield, S.F. (2004) The effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect 58, 42-49.
5. Bound, W.H. and Atkinson, R.I. (1966) Bacterial aerosol from water closets. Lancet i, 1369-1370.
6. Caul, E.O. (1994) Small round structured viruses-airborne transmission and hospital control. Lancet 343, 1240-1241.
7. Chatigny, M.A., Dimmick, R.L. and Harrigton, J.B. (1979) Deposition. In Aerobiology: The Ecological Systems Approach ed. Edmonds, R.L. pp. 111-150. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
8. Cheesbrough, J.S., Green, J., Gallimore, C.I., Wright, P.A. and Brown, D.W.G. (2000) Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiol Infect 125, 93-98.
9. Dark, F.A. and Callows, D.S. (1973) The effect of growth conditions on the survival of airborne E. coli. In Airborne Transmission and Airborne Infection, VI International Symposium on Aerobiology ed. Ph Hers, J.F. and Winckler, K.C. pp. 97-100. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Oosthoek.
10. Darlow, H.M. and Bale, W.R. (1959) Infective hazards of water-closets. Lancet ii, 1196-1200.
11. Dore, W.J., Henshilwood, K. and Lees, D.N. (2000) Evaluation of F-specific RNA bacteriophage as a candidate human enteric virus indicator for bivalve molluscan shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 1280-1285.
12. Dupont, H.L., Hornick, R.B., Snyder, M.J., Libonati, J.P., Formal, S.B. and Gangarosa, E.J. (1972) Immunity in shigellosis: protection induced by oral live vaccine or primary infection. J Infect Dis 125, 12-16.
13. Evans, H.S., Madden, P., Douglas, C., Adak, G.K., O'Brien, S.J., Djuretic, T., Wall, P.G. and Stanwell-Smith, R. (1998) General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales: 1995 and 1996. Commun Dis Public Health 1, 165-171.
14. Gellert, G.A., Waterman, S.H. and Ewert, D. (1994) An outbreak of gastro-enteritis caused by small round structured virus in a geriatric convalescent facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 11, 459-464.
15. Gerba, C.P., Wallis, C. and Melnick, J.L. (1975) Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 30, 229-237.
16. Griffin, P.M., Bell, B.P., Cieslak, P.R., Tuttle, J., Barrett, T.J. and Doyle, M.P. (1994) Large outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections in the Western United States: the big picture. In Recent Advances in Verocytotoxin Producing Escherichia coli Infections ed. Karmali, M.A. and Goglio, A.G. pp. 7-12. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
17. Griffiths, W.D. (1998) Sampling guidelines for the assessment of bioaerosols. In Aerosol Sampling Guidelines ed. Nichols, A.L. pp. 34-56. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
18. Griffiths, W.D. and DeCosemo, G.A. (1994) The assessment of bioaerosols: a critical review. J Aerosol Sci 24, 1425-1458.
19. Griffiths, W.D. and Stewart, I.W. (1999) Performance of bioaerosol samplers used by the UK biotechnology industry. J Aerosol Sci 30, 1029-1040.
20. Hart, C.A. and Cunliffe, N.A. (1999) Viral gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 12, 447-157.
21. Havelaar, A.H., van Olphen, M. and Drost, Y.C. (1993) F-specific RNA bacteriophages are adequate model organisms for enteric viruses in fresh water. Appl Environ Microbiol 59, 2956-2962.
22. Ho, M.-S., Glass, R.I., Monroe, S.S., Madore, H.P., Stine, S., Pinsky, P.F., Cubitt, D., Ashley, C. et al. (1989) Viral gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship. Lancet 2, 961-965.
23. Hutchinson, R.I. (1956) Some observations on the method of spread of Sonne dysentery. Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 15, 110-118.
24. Jones, M.V., Bellamy, K., Alcock, R. and Hudson, R. (1991) The use of bacteriophage MS2 as a model system to evaluate virucidal hand disinfectants. J Hosp Infect 17, 279-285.
25. LeBaron, C.W., Furutan, N.P., Lew, J.F., Allen, J.R., Gouvea, V., Moe, C. and Monroe, S.S. (1990) Viral agents of gastroenteritis public health importance and outbreak management. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39, 1-24.
26. Marks, P.J., Vipond, I.B., Carlisle, D., Deakin, D., Fey, R.E. and Caul, E.O. (2000) Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) in a hotel restaurant. Epidemiol Infect 124, 481-487.
27. McDonnell, R.J., Wall, P.G., Adak, G.K., Evans, H.S., Cowden, J.M. and Caul, E.O. (1995) Outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with person to person spread in hotels and restaurants. Commun Dis Rep 5, R150-R152.
28. Newsom, S.W.B. (1972) Microbiology of hospital toilets. Lancet ii, 700-703.
29. Tauxe, R.V. (1992) Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrial nations. In Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends ed. Nachamkin, I., Blaser, M.J. and Tompkins, L. pp. 9-19. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology.
30. Thomson, S. (1954) The number of bacilli harboured by enteric carriers. J Hyg (Camb) 52, 67-70.
31. Wheeler, J.G., Sethi, D., Cowden, J.M., Wall, P.G., Rodrigues, L.C., Tompkins, D.S., Hudson, M.J. and Roderick, P.J. (1999) Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice and reported to national surveillance. BMJ 318, 1046-1055.