Napoleon, charlemagne, and lotharingia: Acculturation and the boundaries of napoleonic europe

Historical Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 135-154

  Broers, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77953093470     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X01001704     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. S.J. Woolf, Napoleon's integration of Europe (London, 1991).
2. J. Michelet, Histoire de la Révolution française (Paris, 1978 edn), livre III, p. 124.
3. F. Furet, La Révolution, 1780–1880 (Paris, 1988).
4. The classic examples: G. Lefebvre, Napoleon (2 vols., Eng. trans., London, 1969–1974)
5. on the left. J. Tulard, Napoleon: the myth of the saviour (Eng. trans., London, 1984), on the right.
6. J. Godechot, La Grande Nation (2 vols., Paris, 1956), gave modern currency to the term.
7. J. Pabón, Las ideas y el sistema Napoleonicos (Madrid, 1944) pp. 69–70.
8. Notably: H. Rössler, Napoleons Griff nach der Karlskrone. Das Ende des alten Reiches 1806 (Cologne, 1957).
9. Cited in J. Tulard, ed., Napoléón à Sainte-Hélène (Paris, 1981), p. 415.
10. E. Gibbon, The decline and fall of the Roman Empire, ed. D. Wormersley (3 vols., London, 1994), III, Book v, ch. 44, pp. 125–126.
11. Besides the vast oeuvres on the Vendée-militaire, and C. M. Lucas and G. Lewis on the Rhône and Provence: A. Forrest, The Revolution in provincial France. Aquitaine, 1789–1799 (Oxford, 1996)
12. I. Woloch, ‘Napoleonic conscription: state power and civil society’, Past and Present, 111 (1986), pp. 101–129.
13. Gibbon, Decline, pp. 132–133.
14. F. Braudel, The identity of France, 1: History and environment (Eng. trans., London, 1988), pp. 312–313.
15. Gibbon, Decline, pp. 128–131.
16. M. Ardit, ‘La crisi politica de l'antic regim (1793–1813)’, Historia del Pais Valencia, IV: Fins a la crisi del l'Antic Regim (Barcelona, 1990), pp. 213–214.
17. F. Braudel, The wheels of commerce (Eng. trans., London, 1982), p. 110.
18. M. Brunet, Les villes européenes (Paris, 1989).
19. For the ‘blue banana’ region of the eighteenth century, which resembles ‘Lotharingia’: ‘Introduction’, in K. Davids and J. Lucassen, eds., A miracle mirrored: the Dutch republic in European perspective (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 1–25, especially Map 1.1e, p. 17.
20. N. Wachtel, ‘Acculturation’, in J. Le Goff and P. Nora, eds., Faire de l'histoire (Paris, 1974), pp. 130–131.
21. Faire de l'histoire, pp. 126–127.
22. I. Wallerstein, The modern world system (3 vols., London, 1989), III: The second era of great expansion of the capitalist world-economy, 1730–1840s, pp. 130–1, 189.
23. M. Rowe, ‘Between empire and home town: Napoleonic rule on the Rhine, 1799–1814’, Historical Journal, 42 (1999), pp. 643–674.
24. More widely: M. Broers,‘Policing Piedmont, 1789–1821’, Criminal Justice History, 17 (1994), pp. 39–57
25. X. Rousseau, ‘La révolution Pénale, fondement national de l’état? Les modèles français de justice dans la formation de la Bèlgique, des Pays-Bas et du Luxembourg (1780–1850)’, in X. Rousseau, M.-S. Dupont-Bouchat, and C. Vael, eds., Révolutions et justice pénale en Europe: modèles français et traditions nationales, 1780–1830 (Paris, 1999), pp. 285–307.
26. Wachtel, ‘Acculturation’, pp. 126–133.
27. ‘Acculturation’, pp. 128–129.
28. I. Woloch, The new regime: the transformation of the French civic order, 1789–1820s (New York, 1994), p. 433.
29. In addition to Woloch: A. Forrest, Conscripts and deserters: the French army and society during the Revolution and Empire (Oxford, 1989)
30. M. Broers, Napoleonic imperialism and the Savoyard monarchy, 1770–1821: state building in Piedmont (Lampeter, 1997)
31. A. Grab, ‘Army, state and society: conscription and desertion in Napoleonic Italy (1802–1814)’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995), pp. 25–54
32. Rowe, ‘Napoleonic rule on the Rhine’.
33. The kingdom of Italy acquired an efficient, professional, system of tax administration; Naples did not: A. Grab, ‘La politica finanziaria nella Repubblica e nel Regno d'Italia sotto Napoleone’, in Istituto per la Storia del Risorgimento Italiano, ed., L'Italia nell'età napoleonica (Milan, 1999), pp. 39–113
34. J. A. Davis, ‘The Napoleonic era in southern Italy: an ambiguous legacy?’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 80 (1993), pp. 133–148.
35. The distinction between the two was first developed in: C. M. Lucas, ‘Résistances populaires à la Révolution dans le Sud-Est’, in J. Nicolas, ed., Mouvements populaires et conscience sociale (xvie-xixe siècles) (Paris, 1985), pp. 473–488
36. R. Dupuy, De la Révolution à la Chouannerie (Paris, 1988).
37. M. Broers, ‘Revolution as vendetta: patriotism in Piedmont, 1794–1821’, Historical Journal, 33 (1990), pp. 573–97, 787–809
38. S.J. Woolf, ‘French civilization and ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire’, Past and Present, 124 (1989), pp. 96–120, 111 -12
39. J. P. Filipini, ‘Difesa dell'Impero o difesa della società? Le misure di haute police nella Toscana napoleonica’, Rivista Italiana di Studi Napoleonici, 17 (1980), pp. 9–66.
40. On the north-east: C. Bullo, ‘Dei movimenti insurrezionali del Veneto sotto il dominio napoleonico, e specialmente del brigantaggio del 1809’, Nuovo Archivio Veneto, 17 (1899), pp. 66–101.
41. On central Italy: A. Grab, ‘State power, brigandage and rural resistance in Napoleonic Italy’, European History Quarterly, 25 (1995), pp. 39–70.
42. R. Dufraisse,‘Une rebellion en pays annexé: le soulèvement des gardes nationales de la Sarre en 1809’, Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Moderne, 10 (1969), pp. 2–6.
43. M. Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815, (London, 1996), pp. 104–105.
44. On Valencia: Ardit, ‘La crisi politica de l'antic regim’, pp. 197–198.
45. On Naples: J. Davis, Società e imprenditori nel Regno Borbonico, 1815/1860 (Rome and Bari, 1979), pp. 17–48.
46. H. Berding, ‘Le Royaume de Westphalie, état-modèle’, Francia, 10 (1982)
47. G. Pedlow, The survival of the Hessian nobility, 1770–1870 (Princeton, 1988).
48. H. Berding, Napoleonische Herrschafts- und Gellschaftpolitik im Königreich Westfalen 1807–1813 (Cologne, 1973)
49. M. Senkowska-Gluck, ‘Les majorats français dans le duché de Varsovie (1807–1813)’, Annales Historiques de la Révolution française, 36 (1964), pp. 373–386.
50. R. D. Bohac, ‘The Mir and the military draft’, Slavic Review, 13 (1987), pp. 652–666.
51. K. B. McFarlane, ‘Had Edward I a ’‘policy” towards the earls?’, in idem, The nobility of later medieval England (Oxford, 1973), pp. 248–267.
52. Cited in N. Gotteri, Soult. Maréchal et homme d'état (Besançon, 1991), p. 326.
53. Ardit, ‘La crisi politica de l'antic regim’, pp. 195–214.
54. B. Hammet, ‘Spanish constitutionalism and the impact of the French Revolution, 1808–1814’, in H. T. Mason and W. Doyle, eds., The impact of the French Revolution on European consciousness (Gloucester, 1989), pp. 69–84, 74–5.
55. B. Bergerot, Le Maréchal Suchet, duc d’ Albufera (Paris, 1986), pp. 143–154.
56. Davis, ‘The Napoleonic era in southern Italy’, pp. 137–138.
57. Davis, Società e imprenditori, passim.
58. Cited in B. C. Anderson, ‘State-building in early nineteenth century Nassau’, Central European History, 24 (1991), pp. 222–47, at p. 235.
59. M. Dunan, Napoléon et l'Allemagne, le système continental et les débuts du Royaume de Bavière, 1806–1810 (Paris, 1942), pp. 232–272.
60. See also: F. G. Eyck, Loyal rebels: Andreas Hofer and the Tyrolean uprising of 180g (New York, 1986).
61. P. G. von Kielmannsegg, Stein und die Zentralverwaltung, 1813/1814 (Stuttgart, 1964)
62. K. von Raumer, ‘Deutschland um 1800. Krise und Neugestaltung 1789–1815’, in K. von Raumer and M. Botzenhart, eds., Deutsche Geschichte im 19 Jahrhundert, Band 3/I (Wiesbaden, 1980), pp. 409–430.
63. A. Gérard, Pourquoi la Vendée? (Paris, 1990), pp. 71–75.
64. Cited in J.-C. Martin, La Vendée et la France (Paris, 1987), p. 132.
65. P. Bois, Paysans de l'ouest: des structures économiques et sociales aux opinions politiques depuis l'époque révolutionnaire dans le Sarthe (Paris, 1960).
66. Gérard, Pourquoi, takes a more nuanced view of the economy, and sees the bocage as closely linked to a wider economy prior to the 1770s, but recognizes its inherent difference from the east: pp. 37–56.
67. M. Brunet, Le Roussillon, une société contre l'état, 1780–1820 (Toulouse, 1986), pp. 483–6, 545–6.
68. S. Humbert-Convain, Le juge de paix et la répression des infractions dounaières en Flandre et Hollande, 1794–1815: contribution à l'histoire du sytstème continental napoleonien (Amstelveen, 1993), p. 222.
69. B. Schimdt, ‘ Continuité et transformations du régime institutionel dans les départements hanséatiques (1806–1814)’, in Archivio di Stato di Torino, ed., All'Ombra dell'Aquila Imperiale (2 vols., Rome, 1994), 11, pp. 49–83
70. J. Vidalenc, ‘Les départements hanséatiques et l'administration napoleonienne’, Francia, 20 (1973), pp. 414–450.
71. J. Engelbrecht, ‘The French model and German society: the impact of the Code Penal on the Rhineland’, in Rousseau, Dupont-Bouchat, and Vael, eds., Révolutions et justice pénale, pp. 101–107
72. Rowe, ‘Napoleonic rule on the Rhine’.
73. G. P. Romagnani, Prospero Balbo, Intelletuale e Uomo di Stato (2 vols., Turin, 1987–1990), 11, passim.
74. Rowe, ‘Napoleonic rule on the Rhine’.
75. Notably: R. Muchembled, Culture populaire et culture des élites (Paris, 1977).
76. As is even admitted in the pro-nationalist classic: W. C. Langsam, The Napoleonic wars and German nationalism in Austria (London, 1930), pp. 66–116.
77. See also: M. Falk, ‘Stadion, adversaire de Napoléon, 1806–1809’, Annales Historiques de la Révolution française, 34 (1962), pp. 288–305.
78. J. Sperber, Popular Catholicism in nineteenth century Germany (Princeton, 1984)
79. C. Bona, Le ‘Amicizie’: Società Segrete e Rinascita Religiosa (1770–1830) (Turin, 1962).
80. Broers, Europe under Napoleon, p. 82.
81. Archives Nationales de Paris (ANP) AF IV 1048, ‘Rapport à S.M. sur l'affaire Dastros’, undated, 1811.
82. ANP AF IV 1048, Minister of Cultes to Napoleon, 4 Sept. 1811.
83. St Briene, Alpes-Maritimes, Ghent, Tournay, and Troyes.
84. Münster, Soissons, Limoges, Namur, Grenoble, and Mondoví (Piedmont).
85. Especially: R. S. Alexander, Bonapartism and the revolutionary tradition in France: the Fédérés of 1815 (Cambridge, 1991).
86. Wachtel, ‘Acculturation’, pp. 130–132.
87. Braudel, Identity, 1, pp. 312–313.
88. F. Braudel, The Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II (3 vols., Eng. trans., London, 1977), 1, pp. 20–21.
89. Dunan, Napoléon et l'Allemagne, pp. 124–127.
90. G. Ellis, Napoleon's Continental blockade: the case of Alsace (Oxford, 1981), p. 201
91. R. Dufraisse, ‘La contrebande dans les départements réunis de la rive gauche du Rhin à l’époque napoleonienne’, Francia, 7 (1973), pp. 508–536.
92. Ellis, Continental blockade, pp. 201–208
93. Rowe, ‘Napoleonic rule on the Rhine’.
94. J. Godechot, L'Europe et l'Amérique à l'époque napoléonienne (Paris, 1967), p. 207.
95. C. Balbo, Storia d'Italia e altri scritti storici editi e inediti, ed. M. F. Leuzzi (Turin, 1985), pp. 95–96
96. idem, Il Regno di Carlo Magno in Italia e scritti storici minori, ed. C. Boncompagni (Florence, 1862), pp. 413–450
97. B. Constant, De l'ésprit de conquête et de l'usurpation (first edn, Hanover, 1814).
98. S. Pollard, The integration of the European economy since 1815 (London, 1981), p. 24.
99. M. Ozouf, L’ école de la France (Paris, 1984), p. 407.
100. For the typology: R. Gross, ‘Registering and ranking of tension areas’, in idem, ed., Confini e Regioni: il potenziale di sviluppo e di pace delle periferie (Trieste, 1973), pp. 317–328.
101. Engelbrecht, ‘The French model and German society’.
102. Wallerstein, The modern world system, III, p. 125.