'Honolulu Māori': Racial dimensions of Duke Kahanamoku's tour of Australia and New Zealand, 1914-1915

New Zealand Journal of History

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 22-34

  Osmond, Gary ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953077884     PISSN: 00288322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Star (Christchurch), 24 February 1915, p.5
2. Sandra Kimberley Hall and Greg Ambrose, Memories of Duke: The Legend Comes to Life, Honolulu, 1995, pp.38-45
3. Joseph L. Brennan, Duke: The Life Story of Duke Kahanamoku, Honolulu, 1994, pp.93-97
4. For discussion of Kahanamoku's role in the development of surfing, see, for example, Alleyn Best, 'Saving Lives, Changing Methods: Surf Lifesaving Technology', in Ed Jaggard, ed., Between the Flags: One Hundred Summers of Australian Surf Lifesaving, Sydney, 2006, p.121
5. Luke Williamson, Gone Surfing: The Golden Years of Surfing in New Zealand, 1950-1970, Auckland, 2000, p.6
6. Daryl Adair, 'Conformity, Diversity and Difference in Antipodean Physical Culture: The Indelible Influence of Immigration, Ethnicity and Race during the Formative Years of Organized Sport in Australia, c. 1788-1918', in Mike Cronin and David Mayall, eds, Sporting Nationalisms: Identity, Ethnicity, Immigration, and Assimilation, London, 1998, p.41
7. In the context of Australian sports history, Sean Brawley had previously addressed Pacific Islanders and rugby, and Richard Cashman and Andrew Honey subsequently assessed visits by Māori rugby teams and Fijian cricketers respectively: see Sean Brawley, 'The Pacific Islander Community', in Philip A. Mosely et al., eds, Sporting Immigrants: Sport and Ethnicity in Australia, Sydney, 1997, pp.116-25
8. Richard Cashman, Sport in the National Imagination: Australian Sport in the Federation Decades, Sydney, 2002, pp.141-3
9. Andrew Honey, 'Sport, Immigration Restriction and Race: The Operation of the White Australia Policy', in Richard Cashman, John O'Hara and Andrew Honey, eds, Sport, Federation, Nation, Sydney, 2001, pp.26-46
10. Frederick Gary Osmond, 'Nimble Savages: Myth, Race, Social Memory and Australian Aquatic Sport', PhD thesis, The University of Queensland, 2006
11. Gary Osmond and Murray G. Phillips, '"The Bloke with a StrokeÆ: Alick Wickham, the "Crawl" and Social Memory', Journal of Pacific History, 39, 3 (2004), pp.309-24
12. Gary Osmond and Murray G. Phillips, '"Look at That Kid Crawling!": Race, Myth and the "Crawl" Stroke', Australian Historical Studies, 37, 127 (2006), pp.43-62
13. Daniel Burdsey, British Asians and Football: Culture, Identity, Exclusion, London, 2007, p.18
14. Ali Rattansi, 'Changing the Subject? Racism, Culture and Education', in James Donald and Ali Rattansi, eds, 'Race', Culture, and Difference, London, 1992, p.27
15. John Bale and Joe Sang, Kenyan Running: Movement Culture, Geography, and Global Change, London, 1996
16. John Hoberman, Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race, Boston, 1997
17. Osmond, 'Nimble Savages'
18. cit. J.C. Beaglehole, The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery: Volume 3, The Voyage of the Resolution and the Discovery, 1776-1780, Cambridge, 1967, p.628
19. Matt Warshaw, Zero Break: An Illustrated Collection of Surf Writing, 1777-2004, Milsons Point, 2004, p.xi
20. Marianna Torgovnick, Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives, Chicago, 1990, pp. 156-68
21. Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 2nd ed., New Haven, 1985, p.42
22. John Bale, Imagined Olympians: Body Culture and Colonial Representation in Rwanda, Minneapolis, 2002, pp.84-92
23. Brett St Louis, 'Sport, Genetics and the "Natural Athlete": The Resurgence of Racial Science', Body & Society, 9, 2 (2003), p.86
24. Emphasis in the original. See also John M. Hoberman, Mortal Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport, New York, 1992, pp.39-43
25. Sydney Sportsman (SS), 20 January 1904, p.2
26. Bulletin, 24 March 1904, p.26
27. For commentary on the ascribed nobility of Māori, see Malcolm MacLean, 'Of Warriors and Blokes: The Problem of Māori Rugby for Pakeha Masculinity in New Zealand', in Timothy J.L. Chandler and John Nauright, eds, Making the Rugby World: Race, Gender, Commerce, London, 1999, p.6
28. Osmond and Phillips, 'Look at That Kid Crawling', pp.43-62
29. Heads of the People (Sydney), 1 May 1847, p.24; 8 May 1847, p.37 (Etoisi)
30. Referee (Sydney), 1 March 1905, p.7 (Cooper)
31. Argus (Melbourne), 12 January 1863, p.5 (Māori). It is likely that these men were members of 'Dr. McGaurin's Māori troupe', a theatrical party of Māori men and women who performed in NSW and Victoria in this period
32. See also Referee, 1 April 1903, p.6 (ships' crews)
33. Bulletin, 19 December 1907, p.24 (Fijians)
34. SS, 5 April 1911, p.3 (choristers)
35. Caroline Knowles, Race and Social Analysis, London, 2003, p.21
36. Caroline Knowles, Race and Social Analysis, ibid., p.44
37. Joe Brennan, Duke of Hawaii, New York, 1968, p.49
38. Plum to Macdougall, 15 December 1956, Kahanamoku Files, Harbord Diggers' Club, Sydney; Sun (Sydney), 22 December 1914, p.6
39. Bulletin, 28 January 1915, p.32
40. Bulletin, 22 October 1914, p.26
41. SS, 13 January 1915, p.3
42. Sun, 3 January 1915, p.5
43. Referee, 23 September 1914, p.11
44. Town and Country Journal (Sydney), 13 January 1915, p.42
45. Referee, 17 February 1915, p.13
46. Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 18 February 1915, p.2
47. John Bale and Mike Cronin, eds, Sport and Postcolonialism, Oxford, 2003, p.2
48. For a full-colour copy reproduction of a poster that used this image, see Albie Thoms, Surfmovies: The History of the Surf Film in Australia, n.p., Noosa Heads, 2000, p.21
49. For an example of the advertisements, see Brisbane Courier, 20 January 1915, p.3
50. Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 15 December 1914, p.9
51. For references to Kahanamoku's training, see Sandra Kimberley Hall, Duke: A Great Hawaiian, Honolulu, 2004, pp.33, 39
52. Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 11 January 1915, p.6
53. Raymond Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathryn Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation, and Extermination, 3rd ed., Brisbane, 1993
54. Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, pp.5-6
55. For an example, see 'Program for Freshwater Surf and Life Saving Club's First Grand Annual Gala Carnival, 26 January 1909', E.S. Marks Collection 735, Mitchell Library, Sydney
56. Dominion, 24 February 1915, p.7
57. Evening Post (EP), 20 November 1913, p.2
58. Wanganui Herald, 13 March 1915, p.8
59. New Zealand Illustrated Sporting & Dramatic Review (NZISDR), 11 March 1915, p.17
60. Hawke's Bay Tribune (HBT), 18 March 1915, p.2
61. Truth (Auckland), 6 March 1915, pp.3, 12
62. Waikato Times (WT), 23 March 1915, p.4
63. HBT, 18 March 1915, p.2
64. WT, 20 March 1915, p.4
65. NZISDR, 11 March 1915, p. 17
66. Evening Star (Dunedin), 27 February 1915, p.1
67. Versions of this are repeated in Lyttelton Times (Christchurch), 25 February 1915, p.9
68. Canterbury Times (Christchurch), 3 March 1915, p.55
69. Ken Te Huingarau Gartner, 'Te Heuheu Tukino V, Tureiti', in The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Vol. Three, 1901-1920, Auckland, 1996, pp.507-509
70. Weekly Press: New Zealand Referee & Sporting Record (Christchurch), 17 March 1915, p.87. See description in Brennan, pp.95-96
71. Auckland Star, 19 March 1915, p.2
72. Auckland Weekly News, 25 March 1915, p.59
73. No reference appears in Bay of Plenty Times (Tauranga)
74. or Te Puke Times (Rotorua area), and other contemporary papers from Rotorua no longer exist. The Te Arawa/Rotorua oral history at the Alexander Turnbull Library (ATL) has no indexed reference to Kahanamoku
75. It is possible that Kahanamoku returned there after his final carnival in Hamilton on 22 March 1915, as his scheduled departure from New Zealand on 23 March was delayed by three days due to a damaged ship propeller and his activities in that period are unknown: see New Zealand Herald (NZH), 24 March 1915, p.4
76. MacLean, 'Of Warriors and Blokes', p.6
77. Unidentified newspaper clippings from Dunedin dated December 1902 to February 1903 (Wickham) and from Dunedin dated 7 January 1907 (Fijians), in scrapbooks, J.H. Nixon: Further papers of the Dunedin Amateur Swimming Club, MS-83-073, Hocken Library, Dunedin; EP, 6 December 1915 (Marama). The Fijian swimmers in Dunedin may have been the Fijian firewalkers who performed in Christchurch in January 1907: see Caroline Daley, Leisure & Pleasure: Reshaping & Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960, Auckland, 2003, p.83
78. For accounts of Māori swimming and surfing, see, for example: Elsdon Best, Games and Pastimes of the Māori, Wellington, 1976 (1925), pp.40-54
79. S. Percy Smith, 'The Use of the Surf Board in New Zealand', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 30, 1 (1921), p.50
80. I.W.T. Munroe, 'Māori Tell of Great Swimmers', Weekly News (Auckland), 12 December 1962, p.44
81. Olive Baldwin, A Great New Zealand Adventure: Retracing the Legendary Swim by Hinepoupou from Kapiti Island, across Cook Strait to d'Urville Island via the Outer Marlborough Sounds, Paraparaumu, 1990, p.10
82. Souvenir Programmes for third and fourth days of New Zealand Amateur Swimming Championships 1914-15, Napier, John Victor Dooling Papers Related to Swimming, No. 73-141-1/22, ATL
83. Korotangi, 'Māori as Swimmer: Billy Whareaitu Shows the Way', NZH, 10 January 1935, p.15
84. Caroline Daley, 'Women Endurance Swimmers: Dissolving Grease Suits and Decentring New Zealand History', Sporting Traditions, 21, 2 (2005), pp.29-55
85. NZH, 15 March 1915, p.4
86. New Zealand Free Lance, 28 February 1934
87. Paul Diamond, Makereti: Taking Maori to the World, Auckland, 2007, p. 104
88. David Andrews, The Two Worlds of Maggie Papakura, n.p. (UK), 2005, p.184
89. Daley, 'Women Endurance Swimmers'
90. Greg Ryan, 'The Paradox of Māori Rugby 1870-1914', in Greg Ryan, ed., Tackling Rugby Myths: Rugby and New Zealand Society 1854-2004, Dunedin, 2005, pp.89-103
91. Brendan Hokowhitu, 'Tackling Māori Masculinity: A Colonial Genealogy of Savagery and Sport', Contemporary Pacific, 16, 2 (2004), pp.259-84
92. Baxter O'Neill, 'History of Swimming in New Zealand 1880-1939', unpublished and undated manuscript, MS 421, ATL
93. O'Neill. See also Doreen Brown and Evan H. Williams, New Zealand Amateur Swimming Association Inc. 75th Anniversary: A Short History 1890-1965, Christchurch, 1965, p.17
94. Burdsey, p.18;
95. Rattansi, p.27
96. Michael Pickering, 'Racial Stereotypes', in Gary Taylor and Steve Spencer, eds, Social Identities: Multidisciplinary Approaches, London, 2004, p.91