'Look at that kid crawling': Race, myth and the 'crawl' stroke

Australian Historical Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 127, 2006, Pages 43-62

  Osmond, Gary ^a   Phillips, Murray G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34347303247     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314610608601203     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Cecil M. Colwin, Swimming Dynamics: Winning Techniques and Strategies (Chicago: Masters Press, NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group, 1999), 65-6
2. Roland Barthes, Mythologies (London: Paladin, 1972), 109-11
3. Jim McKay, No Pain, No Gain?: Sport and Australian Culture (Sydney: Prentice Hall, 1991), 1-18
4. Douglas Booth and Colin Tatz, One-Eyed: A View of Australian Sport (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2000), 83
5. Bernard Smith, Imagining the Pacific In the Wake of the Cook Voyages (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1992)
6. Sydney Sportsman, 13 March 1901, 7
7. Daily Telegraph, 5 April 1911, 6
8. Letter dated 2 August 2000, from the Registrar/Archivist at Newington College to Gary Osmond; The Newingtonian, December 1947, 4428
9. Wickham's Weather Notes: Roviana and Pacific Islands 1889-1898, Mitchell Library Manuscript Collection, B746, SLNSW, Sydney
10. Forbes Carlile, Forbes Carlile on Swimming (London: Pelham Books, 1963), 134
11. Referee, 24 August 1898, 6
12. Referee, 3 June 1914, 16
13. Bulletin, 17 December 1898, 24
14. See, for example, Referee, 24 February 1904, 3
15. Referee, 14 June 1911, 1
16. Sydney Sportsman, 19 April 1911, 7
17. 'Athletic Notes', 9 January 1900 from unidentified newspaper, E. S. Marks Collection scrapbook, Q74, Mitchell Library, SLNSW, 48
18. See, for example, Sydney Sportsman, 4 December 1901, 6
19. Sydney Mail, 22 November 1911, 54
20. Arrow, 2 March 1901, 4
21. Arrow, 9 March 1901, 4
22. Referee, 4 December 1901, 7
23. Sydney Sportsman, 26 February 1902, 7
24. Referee, 15 January 1913, 9
25. Ibid
26. SMH, 16 January 1913, 9
27. See, for example, SMH, 2 March 1903, 4
28. See, for example: SMH, 16 January 1913, 9
29. Herald (Melbourne), 20 March 1918, 2
30. Jack W. Berryman, 'Introduction', in Essays on Sport History and Sport Mythology, eds Donald G. Kyle et al. (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1990), 3
31. Daryl Adair and Wray Vamplew, Sport in Australian History (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997), 17, 73-1
32. Gerald Redmond, 'Toward Modern Revival of the Olympic Games: The Various "Pseudo-Olympics" of the 19th Century', in The Olympic Games in Transition, eds Jeffrey O. Segrave et al. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1988), 71-87
33. For baseball, see in particular, Benjamin G. Rader, Baseball: A History of America's Game (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992). For rugby, see William J. Baker, 'William Webb Ellis and the Origins of Rugby Football: The Life and Death of a Victorian Myth', Albion 13, no. 2 (Summer 1981): 117-30
34. Peter Levine, A. G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball: The Promise of American Sport (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 112-15
35. Rader, 84
36. Tony Collins, Rugby's Great Split: Class, Culture and the Origins of Rugby League Football (London: Frank Cass, 1998), 6
37. Peter Williams, The Sports Immortals: Deifying the American Athlete (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1994), 26
38. Michael A. Messner and Donald F. Sabo, eds, Sport, Men, and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990)
39. Michael A. Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992)
40. Jennifer Hargreaves, Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women's Sport (London: Routledge, 1994)
41. M. Ann Hall, Feminism and Sporting Bodies: Essays on Theory and Practice (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996)
42. Bruce Lincoln, Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 25
43. Greg Dening, Mr Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 61-2
44. Stephen Jay Gould, Bully for Brontosaurus: Further Reflections in Natural History (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992), 48
45. Robert W. Henderson, Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origin of Ball Games (1947; repr., Detroit: Gale Research, 1974)
46. Levine, 114
47. Collins, 6
48. Eric Dunning and Kenneth Sheard, Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players: A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1979), 62
49. Peter Burke, ed., New Perspectives on Historical Writing (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), 283
50. Dunning and Sheard, 61
51. Levine, 114-15
52. Collins, 6-7
53. Baker, 121
54. T. Yarwood and M. J. Knowling, Race Relations in Australia: A History (Sydney: Methuen, 1982), 9, 12-21
55. Andrew Markus, Australian Race Relations 1788-1993 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 12
56. For discussion of the treatment of Kanaka labourers in Queensland, see Raymond Evans, Kay Saunders and Kathryn Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: A History of Exclusion, Exploitation, and Extermination (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993)
57. Nicholas Thomas, 'The Beautiful and the Damned', in Pirating the Pacific: Images of Travel, Trade and Tourism (Sydney: Powerhouse Publishing, 1993), 44-6
58. Glyndwr Williams, The Great South Sea: English Voyages and Encounters 1570-1750 (London: Yale University Press, 1997), 71-2
59. Thomas
60. Smith, Imagining the Pacific, 188
61. Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific (Sydney: Harper & Row, 1985), 5-6
62. Dening, 298-301
63. Ann Stephen, ed., Pirating the Pacific: Images of Travel, Trade and Tourism (Sydney: Powerhouse Publishing, 1993), 12
64. Yuichi Murakami, 'Civilised Asian: Images of Japan and the Japanese as Viewed by Australians from the Early Nineteenth Century to 1901', unpublished PhD, University of Queensland, 1999
65. Ngaire Douglas, They Came for Savages: 100 Years of Tourism in Melanesia (Lismore, NSW: Southern Cross University Press, 1996)
66. Albie Thorns, Surfmovies: The History of the Surf Film in Australia (n.p.: Shore Thing Publishing, 2000)
67. Colin Tatz, Obstacle Race: Aborigines in Sport (Sydney: UNSW Press, 1995), 111-12
68. John Perry, The Quick & the Dead: Stawell & its Race Through Time (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2002), 7, 165-201
69. Sean Brawley, 'The Pacific Islander Community', in Sporting Immigrants: Sport and Ethnicity in Australia, eds Philip A. Mosely et al. (Sydney: Walla Walla Press, 1997), 116-25
70. Argus (Melbourne), 12 January 1863, 5 (re Mãoris)
71. A. M. Lowe, Surfing, Surf-Shooting and Surf Lifesaving Pioneering (Sydney: privately published, 1958), 24-30 (re Tanna)
72. Referee, 1 March 1905, 7
73. Sydney Mail, 2 December 1931, 29
74. Referee 6 December 1899, 6
75. Sydney Sportsman 23 March 1910, 5
76. Referee, 24 December 1907, 4
77. Referee, 23 March 1910, 8
78. Referee, 1 April 1903, 6
79. SMH, 30 December 1912, 12
80. Referee, 26 January 1916, 16
81. See, for example, Sydney Sportsman, 19 November 1902, 6
82. See, for example, Referee, 3 December 1902, 4
83. Arrow, 22 November 1902, 3
84. Referee, 10 January 1912, 9
85. Wickham's achievements were internationally noted
86. See, for example, The Times (London), 21 February 1910, 8
87. Sydney Sportsman, 21 January 1904, 2
88. Referee, 3 January 1906, 7
89. Andrew Honey, 'Sport, Immigration Restriction and Race: The operation of the White Australia Policy', in Sport, Federation, Nation, ed. Richard Cashman et al. (Sydney: Walla Walla Press, 2001), 29-30
90. Tatz, Obstacle Race, 108-9
91. Bulletin, 17 March 1904, 26
92. Richard Broome, 'The Australian Reaction to Jack Johnson, Black Pugilist, 1907-9', in Sport in History: The Making of Modern Sport History, ed. Richard Cashman et al. (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1979), 353
93. Broome, 361
94. See chapter 2 of Douglas Booth, Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf (London: Frank Cass, 2001)
95. C. D. P., 'Sun-Baking, Surf-Bathing, & Camp Life in NS Wales', Red Funnel (1 April 1908): 268
96. Australian Star, 14 October 1907, 5
97. Sydney Mail, 7 March 1906, 634
98. Lowe, 24-30
99. see also Sydney Mail 16 January 1907, 155, 158
100. See, for example. Booth, Australian Beach Cultures, 36
101. Sydney Mail, 16 January 1907, 158
102. Referee, 22 January 1913, 4
103. Referee, 14 November 1917, 16
104. Age, 25 March 1918, 9
105. Herald, 20 March 1918, 2
106. Donald G. Kyle and Gary D. Stark, eds, Essays on Sport History and Sport Mythology (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1990), 7
107. John Bale and Joe Sang, Kenyan Running: Movement Culture, Geography and Global Change (London: Frank Cass, 1996)
108. Jon Entine, Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We Are Afraid to Talk About it (New York: Public Affairs, 2000)
109. Benjamin Carrington and Ian McDonald, 'Race', Sport, and British Society (New York: Routledge, 2001)