메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 368, Issue 1919, 2010, Pages 2369-2393

Gas hydrates: Past and future geohazard?

Author keywords

Climate change; Gas hydrates; Geohazards; Ocean; Permafrost

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELS; COASTAL ZONES; DEPOSITS; GAS HYDRATES; GASES; GLACIERS; GLOBAL WARMING; HAZARDS; HYDRATION; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; ICE; LEAKAGE (FLUID); METHANE; OCEAN CURRENTS; PERMAFROST; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; SLOPE STABILITY; SUBMARINE GEOLOGY;

EID: 77953004229     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0065     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (222)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 34250188049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fabric of gas hydrate in sediments from Hydrate Ridge - Results from ODP Leg 204 samples
    • DOI 10.1007/s00367-007-0080-4, 8th Int Conf Gas in Marine Sediments, Shallow Gas Group, 5-10 Sept 2005/Vigo, Spain
    • Abegg, F., Bohrmann, G., Freitag, J. & Kuhs, W. 2007 Fabric of gas hydrate in sediments from hydrate ridge-results from ODP Leg 204 samples. Geo-Marine Lett. 27, 269-277. (doi:10.1007/s00367-007-0080-4) (Pubitemid 46901451)
    • (2007) Geo-Marine Letters , vol.27 , Issue.2-4 , pp. 269-277
    • Abegg, F.1    Bohrmann, G.2    Freitag, J.3    Kuhs, W.4
  • 2
    • 53149150542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and application of pressure-core-sampling systems for the investigation of gas- and gas-hydrate- bearing sediments
    • doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.06.006
    • Abegg, F., Hohnberg, H.-J., Pape, T., Bohrmann, G. & Freitag, J. 2008 Development and application of pressure-core-sampling systems for the investigation of gas- and gas-hydrate- bearing sediments. Deep Sea Res. I 55, 1590-1599. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.06.006
    • (2008) Deep Sea Res. i , vol.55 , pp. 1590-1599
    • Abegg, F.1    Hohnberg, H.-J.2    Pape, T.3    Bohrmann, G.4    Freitag, J.5
  • 3
    • 52949118018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub-arctic widen
    • Akerman, H. J.&Johansson, M. 2008 Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub-arctic weden. Permafrost Periglac. Process. 19, 279-292. (doi:10.1002/ppp.626 )
    • (2008) Permafrost Periglac. Process , vol.19 , pp. 279-292
    • Akerman, H.J.1    Johansson, M.2
  • 4
    • 34547579344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change
    • Archer, D. 2007 Methane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change. Biogeosciences 4, 521-544. (Pubitemid 47189204)
    • (2007) Biogeosciences , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 521-544
    • Archer, D.1
  • 5
    • 73949093715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0800885105
    • Archer, D., Buffett, B. & Brovkin, V. 2009 Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 20 596-20 601. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0800885105)
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , Issue.20 , pp. 601
    • Archer, D.1    Buffett, B.2    Brovkin, V.3
  • 6
    • 0036626476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could changing ocean circulation have destabilized methane hydrate at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary?
    • doi:10.1029/ 2001PA000678
    • Bice, K. L. & Marotzke, J. 2002 Could changing ocean circulation have destabilized methane hydrate at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary? Paleoceanography 17, 1018. (doi:10.1029/ 2001PA000678 )
    • (2002) Paleoceanography , vol.17 , pp. 1018
    • Bice, K.L.1    Marotzke, J.2
  • 7
    • 0035808565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of millennial-scale climate change in antarctica and greenland during the last glacial period
    • DOI 10.1126/science.291.5501.109
    • Blunier, T. & Brook, E. J. 2001 Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period. Science 291, 109-112. (doi:10.1126/science.291.5501.109 ) (Pubitemid 32056675)
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , Issue.5501 , pp. 109-112
    • Blunier, T.1    Brook, E.J.2
  • 8
    • 67649205570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean projected to vanish by 2100
    • doi:10.1038/ngeo467
    • Boé, J., Hall, A. & Qu. X. 2009 September sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean projected to vanish by 2100. Nat. Geosci. 2, 341-343. (doi:10.1038/ngeo467)
    • (2009) Nat. Geosci. , vol.2 , pp. 341-343
    • Boé, J.1    Hall, A.2    Qu., X.3
  • 9
    • 14744303500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Storegga Slide tsunami - Comparing field observations with numerical simulations
    • DOI 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.003, PII S0264817204001904
    • Bondevik, S., Lovholt, F., Harbitz, C., Mangerud, J., Dawson, A. & Svendsen, J. I. 2005 The Storegga slide tsunami-comparing field observations with numerical simulations. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 22, 195-208. (doi:10.1016/j. marpetgeo.2004.10.003) (Pubitemid 40335075)
    • (2005) Marine and Petroleum Geology , vol.22 , Issue.SPEC. ISS. , pp. 195-208
    • Bondevik, S.1    Lovholt, F.2    Harbitz, C.3    Mangerud, J.4    Dawson, A.5    Svendsen, J.I.6
  • 10
    • 0034652750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferred gas hydrates and clay diapirs near the Storegga Slide on the southern edge of the Voring Plateau, offshore Norway
    • DOI 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00115-2, PII S0025322799001152
    • Bouriak, S., Vanneste, M. & Saoutkine, A. 2000 Inferred gas hydrates and clay diapirs near the Storegga slide on the southern edge of the V0ring plateau, offshore Norway. Mar. Geol. 163, 125-148. (doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(99) 00115-2) (Pubitemid 30156981)
    • (2000) Marine Geology , vol.163 , Issue.1-4 , pp. 125-148
    • Bouriak, S.1    Vanneste, M.2    Saoutkine, A.3
  • 11
    • 0029659906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid variations in atmospheric methane concentrations during the past 110 000 years
    • doi:10.1126/science. 273.5278.1087
    • Brook, E. J., Sowers, T. & Orchardo, J. 1996 Rapid variations in atmospheric methane concentrations during the past 110 000 years. Science 273, 1087-1091. (doi:10.1126/science. 273.5278.1087)
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 1087-1091
    • Brook, E.J.1    Sowersy, T.2    Orchardo, J.3
  • 12
    • 1142308307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Storegga complex; Repeated large scale sliding in response to climatic cyclicity
    • eds J. Locat & J. Mienert, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research Series. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Bryn, P., Solheim, A., Berg, K., Lien, R., Forsberg, C. F., Haflidason, H., Ottesen, D. & Rise, L. 2003 The Storegga complex; repeated large scale sliding in response to climatic cyclicity. In Submarine mass movements and their consequences (eds J. Locat & J. Mienert), pp. 215-222. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research Series. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    • (2003) Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences , pp. 215-222
    • Bryn, P.1    Solheim, A.2    Berg, K.3    Lien, R.4    Forsberg, C.F.5    Haflidason, H.6    Ottesen, D.7    Rise, L.8
  • 13
    • 0033786033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lathrate hydrates
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.477
    • Buffett B. 2000 Lathrate hydrates. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 28, 477-507. (doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.477)
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 477-507
    • Buffett, B.1
  • 14
    • 7044224580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global inventory of methane clathrate: Sensitivity to changes in the deep ocean
    • DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.005, PII S0012821X04005321
    • Buffett, B. & Archer, D. 2004 Global inventory of methane clathrate: sensitivity to changes in the deep ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 227, 185-199. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.005) (Pubitemid 39428177)
    • (2004) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.227 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 185-199
    • Buffett, B.1    Archer, D.2
  • 15
    • 84903488503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A database on submarine landslides in the Mediterranean Sea
    • eds D. C. Mosher, R. C. Shipp, L. Moscardelli, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. P. Baxter, H. J. Lee & R. Urgeles, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
    • Camerlenghi, A., Urgeles, R.&Fantoni, L. 2010 A database on submarine landslides in the Mediterranean Sea. In Submarine mass movements and their consequences, vol. 28 (eds D. C. Mosher, R. C. Shipp, L. Moscardelli, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. P. Baxter, H. J. Lee & R. Urgeles), pp. 503-513. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
    • (2010) Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences , vol.28 , pp. 503-513
    • Camerlenghi, A.1    Urgeles, R.2    Fantoni, L.3
  • 16
    • 0033543845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties
    • Clennell, M. B., Hovland, M., Booth, J. S., Henry, P. & Winters, W. J. 1999 Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments 1. Conceptual model of gas hydrate growth conditioned by host sediment properties. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 22 985-23 004.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , Issue.22 , pp. 985-23004
    • Clennell, M.B.1    Hovland, M.2    Booth, J.S.3    Henry, P.4    Winters, W.J.5
  • 17
    • 38049010591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methane efflux from marine sediments in passive and active margins: Estimations from bioenergetic reaction-transport simulations
    • doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.026
    • Dale, A. W., Cappellen, P. V., Aguilera, D. R. & Regnier, P. 2008 Methane efflux from marine sediments in passive and active margins: estimations from bioenergetic reaction-transport simulations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 265, 329-344. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.026)
    • (2008) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.265 , pp. 329-344
    • Dale, A.W.1    Cappellen, P.V.2    Aguilera, D.R.3    Regnier, P.4
  • 18
    • 77953009971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the coring program for the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
    • Dallimore, S. R., Taylor, A. E., Wright, J. F., Nixon, F. M., Collett, T. S. & Uchida, T. 2005 Overview of the coring program for the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well. Bull. Geol. Surv. Can. 585, 82.
    • (2005) Bull. Geol. Surv. Can. , vol.585 , pp. 82
    • Dallimore, S.R.1    Taylor, A.E.2    Wright, J.F.3    Nixon, F.M.4    Collett, T.S.5    Uchida, T.6
  • 20
    • 0029529085 scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene
    • DOI 10.1029/95PA02087
    • Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K. & Owen, R. M. 1995 Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10, 965-971. (doi:10.1029/95PA02087) (Pubitemid 26462021)
    • (1995) Paleoceanography , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 965-971
    • Dickens, G.R.1    O'Neil, J.R.2    Rea, D.K.3    Owen, R.M.4
  • 21
    • 0030621309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir
    • DOI 10.1038/385426a0
    • Dickens, G. R., Paull, C. K., Wallace, P. & ODP Leg 164 Scientific Party. 1997 Direct measurements of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir. Nature 385, 26-428. (doi:10.1038/385426a0) (Pubitemid 27065925)
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , Issue.6615 , pp. 426-428
    • Dickens, G.R.1    Paull, C.K.2    Wallace, P.3
  • 22
    • 77952977057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Palaeogene perspective on climate sensitivity and methane hydrate instability
    • doi:l0.l098/rsta.20l0.0053
    • Dunkley Jones, T., Ridgwell, A., Lunt, D. J., Maslin, M. A., Schmidt, D. N. & Valdes, P. J. 2010 A Palaeogene perspective on climate sensitivity and methane hydrate instability. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2395-2415. (doi:l0.l098/rsta.20l0.0053)
    • (2010) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A , vol.368 , pp. 2395-2415
    • Dunkley Jones, T.1    Ridgwell, A.2    Lunt, D.J.3    Maslin, M.A.4    Schmidt, D.N.5    Valdes, P.J.6
  • 23
    • 27544497532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMR MRI study of gas hydrate mechanisms
    • doi:10.1021/jp052071w.PMID 16853461
    • Gao, S.,House, W. & Chapman, W. G. 2005a NMR MRI study of gas hydrate mechanisms. J. Phys. Chem. B (Am. Chem. Soc.) 109, 19 090-19 093. (doi:10.1021/jp052071w.PMID 16853461)
    • (2005) J. Phys. Chem. B (Am. Chem. Soc.) , vol.109 , pp. 19090-19093
    • Gao, S.1    House, W.2    Chapman, W.G.3
  • 24
    • 25844465697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMR and viscosity investigation of clathrate formation and dissociation
    • doi:10.1021/ ie050464b
    • Gao S., Chapman W. G. & House W. 2005b NMR and viscosity investigation of clathrate formation and dissociation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.(Am. Chem. Soc.) 44, 7373-7379. (doi:10.1021/ ie050464b)
    • (2005) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.(Am. Chem. Soc.) , vol.44 , pp. 7373-7379
    • Gao, S.1    Chapman, W.G.2    House, W.3
  • 25
    • 33845685979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
    • doi:10.1126/science.ll33902
    • Gibbs, S. J., Bown, P. R., Sessa, J. A., Bralower, T. J. & Wilson, J. B. 2006 Nanoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 314, 1770-1773. (doi:10.1126/science.ll33902)
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1770-1773
    • Gibbs, S.J.1    Bown, P.R.2    Sessa, J.A.3    Bralower, T.J.4    Wilson, J.B.5
  • 26
    • 33646364016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.tree.2006.03.006
    • Gingerich, P. D. 2006 Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 246-253. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.tree.2006.03.006)
    • (2006) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.21 , pp. 246-253
    • Gingerich, P.D.1
  • 28
    • 84903474579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interplay between gas hydrates and submarine slope failure
    • eds D. C. Mosher, R. C. Shipp, L. Moscardelli, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. P. Baxter, H. J. Lee&R. Urgeles, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
    • Grozic, J. L. H. 2010 Interplay between gas hydrates and submarine slope failure. In Submarine mass movements and their consequences, vol. 28 (eds D. C. Mosher, R. C. Shipp, L. Moscardelli, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. P. Baxter, H. J. Lee&R. Urgeles). Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, pp. ll-30. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
    • (2010) Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences , vol.28
    • Grozic, J.L.H.1
  • 29
    • 55349119921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controls on the formation and stability of gas hydrate-related bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRS): A case study from the west Svalbard continental slope
    • doi:l0.l029/2007JB005200
    • Haacke, R. R., Westbrook, G. K. & Riley, M. S. 2008 Controls on the formation and stability of gas hydrate-related bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRS): a case study from the west Svalbard continental slope. J. Geophys. Res. 113, B05104. (doi:l0.l029/2007JB005200)
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Haacke, R.R.1    Westbrook, G.K.2    Riley, M.S.3
  • 31
    • 14744304611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dating and morphometry of the Storegga slide
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.marpetgeo. 2004.10.008
    • Haflidason, H., Lien, R., Sejrup, H. P., Forsberg, C. F. & Bryn, P. 2005 The dating and morphometry of the Storegga slide. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 22, 123-136. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.marpetgeo. 2004.10.008)
    • (2005) Mar. Petrol. Geol. , vol.22 , pp. 123-136
    • Haflidason, H.1    Lien, R.2    Sejrup, H.P.3    Forsberg, C.F.4    Bryn, P.5
  • 32
    • 60149102096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Target atmospheric C0inf2/inf: Where should humanity aim?
    • doi:l0.2l74/l8742823008020l02l7
    • Hansen, J. et al. 2008 Target atmospheric C0inf2/inf: where should humanity aim? Open Atmos. Sci. J. 2, 217-231. (doi:l0.2l74/l8742823008020l02l7)
    • (2008) Open Atmos. Sci. J. , vol.2 , pp. 217-231
    • Hansen, J.1
  • 33
    • 0000183622 scopus 로고
    • Gas hydrates in sediments of holes 497 and 498A, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 67
    • eds J. Aubouin & R. von Huene), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office
    • Harrison, W. E. & Curiale, J. A. 1982 Gas hydrates in sediments of holes 497 and 498A, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 67. In Initial reports Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 67 (eds J. Aubouin & R. von Huene), pp. 591-594. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
    • (1982) Initial Reports Deep Sea Drilling Project , vol.67 , pp. 591-594
    • Harrison, W.E.1    Curiale, J.A.2
  • 34
    • 77749264577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How stable is the methane cycle
    • doi:10.1126/ science.1187270
    • Heimann, M. 2010 How stable is the methane cycle. Science 327, 1211-1212. (doi:10.1126/ science.1187270)
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 1211-1212
    • Heimann, M.1
  • 35
    • 0003886554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geological Society Special Publication No. 137, London, UK: Geological Society., Henriet, J.-P. & Mienert, J. (eds)
    • Henriet, J.-P. & Mienert, J. (eds) 1998 Gas hydrates: relevance to world margin stability and climate change. Geological Society Special Publication no. 137, p. 338. London, UK: Geological Society.
    • (1998) Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change. , pp. 338
  • 36
    • 0033543832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. 2. Thermodynamic calculations of stability conditions in porous sediments
    • doi:10.1029/1999JB900167
    • Henry, P., Thomas, M. & Clennell, M. B. 1999 Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. 2. Thermodynamic calculations of stability conditions in porous sediments. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 23 005-23 020. (doi:10.1029/1999JB900167)
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 23005-23020
    • Henry, P.1    Thomas, M.2    Clennell, M.B.3
  • 37
    • 71749095113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triggering mechanism and tsunamogenic potential of the Cape Fear Slide complex, US Atlantic margin
    • doi:10.1029/2007GC001722
    • Hornbach, M. J., Lavier, L. L. & Ruppel, C. D. 2007 Triggering mechanism and tsunamogenic potential of the Cape Fear Slide complex, US Atlantic margin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8, Q12008. (doi:10.1029/2007GC001722)
    • (2007) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.8
    • Hornbach, M.J.1    Lavier, L.L.2    Ruppel, C.D.3
  • 38
    • 67449097480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas hydrate reservoir and active methane- venting province in sediments on 20Ma young oceanic crust in the Fram Strait, offshore NW-Svalbard
    • doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.038
    • Hustoft, S., Bunz, S., Mienert, J.&Chand, S. 2009 Gas hydrate reservoir and active methane- venting province in sediments on 20Ma young oceanic crust in the Fram Strait, offshore NW-Svalbard. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 284, 12-24. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.038)
    • (2009) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.284 , pp. 12-24
    • Hustoft, S.1    Bunz, S.2    Mienert, J.3    Chand, S.4
  • 39
    • 34247370602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific basis. Contribution of working group i to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC)
    • Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press
    • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007 The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2007) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
  • 40
    • 0033584808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum
    • doi:10.1126/ science.286.5444.1531
    • Katz, M. E., Pak, D. K., Dickens, G. R. & Miller, K. G. 1999 The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. Science 286, 1531-1533. (doi:10.1126/ science.286.5444.1531)
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 1531-1533
    • Katz, M.E.1    Pak, D.K.2    Dickens, G.R.3    Miller, K.G.4
  • 41
    • 0026276974 scopus 로고
    • Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Paleocene
    • doi:10.1038/353225a0
    • Kennett, J. P. & Stott, L. D. 1991 Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Paleocene. Nature 353, 225-229. (doi:10.1038/353225a0)
    • (1991) Nature , vol.353 , pp. 225-229
    • Kennett, J.P.1    Stott, L.D.2
  • 43
    • 0033925689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messoyakh gas field (W Siberia)-a model for development of the methane hydrate deposits of Mackenzie Delta
    • Krason, J. 2000 Messoyakh gas field (W. Siberia)-a model for development of the methane hydrate deposits of Mackenzie Delta. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 912, 173-188.
    • (2000) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.912 , pp. 173-188
    • Krason, J.1
  • 44
    • 0029415407 scopus 로고
    • A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate
    • doi:10.1016/0146-6380(96)00002-2
    • Kvenvolden, K. 1995 A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate. Org. Geochem. 23, 997-1008. (doi:10.1016/0146-6380(96)00002-2)
    • (1995) Org. Geochem. , vol.23 , pp. 997-1008
    • Kvenvolden, K.1
  • 45
    • 0032322809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate
    • eds J.-P. Henriet&J. Mienert, Geological Society Special Publication no. 137, London, UK: Geological Society
    • Kvenvolden, K. 1998 A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate, In Gas hydrates: relevance to world margin stability and climate change (eds J.-P. Henriet&J. Mienert).Geological Society Special Publication no. 137, pp. 9-30. London, UK: Geological Society.
    • (1998) Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change , pp. 9-30
    • Kvenvolden, K.1
  • 46
    • 0002347882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global occurrence of natural gas hydrates
    • eds C. K. Paull&W. P. Dillon, AGU Geophysical Monograph 124, Washington, DC: American Geographical Society
    • Kvenvolden, K. A. & Lorenson, T. D. 2001 The global occurrence of natural gas hydrates. In Natural gas hydrates: occurrence, distribution and detection (eds C. K. Paull&W. P. Dillon).AGU Geophysical Monograph 124, pp. 3-18. Washington, DC: American Geographical Society.
    • (2001) Natural Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution and Detection , pp. 3-18
    • Kvenvolden, K.A.1    Lorenson, T.D.2
  • 47
    • 47749120453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated Arctic land warming and permafrost degradation during rapid sea ice loss
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL033985
    • Lawrence, D., Slater, A. G., Tomas, R. A., Holland, M. M. & Deser, C. 2008 Accelerated Arctic land warming and permafrost degradation during rapid sea ice loss. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L11506. (doi:10.1029/2008GL033985)
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Lawrence, D.1    Slater, A.G.2    Tomas, R.A.3    Holland, M.M.4    Deser, C.5
  • 48
    • 77953018030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projected future climate changes in the context of geological and geomorphological hazards
    • doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0072
    • Liggins, F., Betts, R. A. & McGuire, B. 2010 Projected future climate changes in the context of geological and geomorphological hazards. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2347-2367. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0072)
    • (2010) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A , vol.368 , pp. 2347-2367
    • Liggins, F.1    Betts, R.A.2    McGuire, B.3
  • 50
    • 67650127743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin
    • doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09.009
    • Lee, H. J. 2009 Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin. Mar. Geol. 264, 53-64. (doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09. 009)
    • (2009) Mar. Geol. , vol.264 , pp. 53-64
    • Lee, H.J.1
  • 51
    • 23144440439 scopus 로고
    • Role of methane clathrates in past and future climates
    • doi:10.1007/BF00144504
    • MacDonald, G. J. 1990 Role of methane clathrates in past and future climates. Clim. Change 16, 247-281. (doi:10.1007/BF00144504)
    • (1990) Clim. Change , vol.16 , pp. 247-281
    • MacDonald, G.J.1
  • 52
    • 84931590178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of the timing and causes of the Amazon Fan Mass Transport and avulsion deposits during the latest Pleistocene
    • eds B. Kneller, O. J. Martinsen&B. McCaffrey). SEPM Special Publication no. 92, Tulsa, OK: Society for Sedimentary Geology
    • Maslin, M. A. 2009 Review of the timing and causes of the Amazon Fan Mass Transport and avulsion deposits during the latest Pleistocene. In External controls on deep-water depositional systems (eds B. Kneller, O. J. Martinsen&B. McCaffrey). SEPM Special Publication no. 92, pp. 133-144. Tulsa, OK: Society for Sedimentary Geology.
    • (2009) External Controls on Deep-water Depositional Systems , pp. 133-144
    • Maslin, M.A.1
  • 53
    • 0042267245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balancing the deglacial global carbon budget: The hydrate factor
    • DOI 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00135-5
    • Maslin, M. A. & Thomas, E. 2003 Balancing the deglacial global carbon budget: the hydrate factor. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22, 1729-1736. (doi:10.1016/S0277- 3791(03)00135-5) (Pubitemid 36914576)
    • (2003) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.22 , Issue.15-17 , pp. 1729-1736
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Thomas, E.2
  • 54
    • 84879883066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sea-level- and gas-hydrate-controlled catastrophic sediment failures of the Amazon Fan
    • doi:l0.ll30/009l-76l3(l998)026ll07:SLAGHC2.3.C0;2
    • Maslin, M. A., Mikkelsen, N., Vilela, C. & Haq, B. 1998 Sea-level- and gas-hydrate-controlled catastrophic sediment failures of the Amazon Fan. Geology 26, ll07-lll0. (doi:l0.ll30/009l-76l3(l998)026ll07:SLAGHC2.3.C0;2)
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Mikkelsen, N.2    Vilela, C.3    Haq, B.4
  • 55
    • 1142281136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking continental slope failure to climate change: Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis
    • doi:l0.ll30/G20ll4.l
    • Maslin, M. A., Owen, M., Day, S. & Long, D. 2004 Linking continental slope failure to climate change: testing the clathrate gun hypothesis. Geology 32, 53-56. (doi:l0.ll30/G20ll4.l)
    • (2004) Geology , vol.32 , pp. 53-56
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Owen, M.2    Day, S.3    Long, D.4
  • 56
    • 24944519278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causation of the quaternary catastrophic failures of the Amazon Fan deduced from stratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal assembzlages
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.quascirev.2005.0l.0l6
    • Maslin, M. A., Vilela, C., Mikkelsen, N. & Grootes, P. 2005 Causation of the quaternary catastrophic failures of the Amazon Fan deduced from stratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal assembzlages.Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 2180-2193. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.quascirev.2005.0l.0l6)
    • (2005) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.24 , pp. 2180-2193
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Vilela, C.2    Mikkelsen, N.3    Grootes, P.4
  • 57
    • 33846847725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Millennial-scale sea level control on avulsion events on the Amazon Fan
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.quascirev.2006.l0.0l2
    • Maslin, M. A., Knutz, P. C. & Ramsay, T. 2006 Millennial-scale sea level control on avulsion events on the Amazon Fan. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 3338-3345. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.quascirev.2006.l0.0l2)
    • (2006) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 3338-3345
    • Maslin, M.A.1    Knutz, P.C.2    Ramsay, T.3
  • 58
    • 84903477112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large landslides on passive continental margins: Processes, hypotheses and outstanding questions
    • eds D. C. Mosher, R. C. Shipp, L. Moscardelli, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. P. Baxter, H. J. Lee & R. Urgeles, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
    • Masson, D. G., Wynn, R. B. & Talling, P. J. 2010 Large landslides on passive continental margins: processes, hypotheses and outstanding questions. In Submarine mass movements and their consequences, vol. 28 (eds D. C. Mosher, R. C. Shipp, L. Moscardelli, J. D. Chaytor, C. D. P. Baxter, H. J. Lee & R. Urgeles). Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, pp. 153-165. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
    • (2010) Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences , vol.28 , pp. 153-165
    • Masson, D.G.1    Wynn, R.B.2    Talling, P.J.3
  • 59
    • 3242715247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: How much is really out there?
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.earscirev.2003.ll.002
    • Milkov, A. V. 2004 Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is really out there? Earth Sci. Rev. 66, 183-197. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.earscirev.2003.ll.002)
    • (2004) Earth Sci Rev. , vol.66 , pp. 183-197
    • Milkov, A.V.1
  • 60
    • 0036123775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic geology of offshore gas hydrate accumulations and provinces
    • doi:l0.l0l6/S0264-8l72(0l)00047-2)
    • Milkov, A. V.&Sassen, R. 2002 Economic geology of offshore gas hydrate accumulations and provinces. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 19, l-ll. (doi:l0.l0l6/S0264-8l72(0l)00047-2).
    • (2002) Mar. Petrol. Geol. , vol.19
    • Milkov, A.V.1    Sassen, R.2
  • 61
    • 30144433244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period
    • doi:l0.l038/nature04386
    • Nunes, F. & Norris, R. D. 2006 Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period. Nature 439, 60-63. (doi:l0.l038/nature04386)
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 60-63
    • Nunes, F.1    Norris, R.D.2
  • 62
    • 40849134105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for late quaternary methane ice core signals: Wetlands versus a shallow marine source
    • doi:l0.l029/2007GL0323l7
    • O'Hara, K. D. 2008 A model for late quaternary methane ice core signals: wetlands versus a shallow marine source. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L02712. (doi:l0.l029/2007GL0323l7)
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • O'Hara, K.D.1
  • 63
    • 34248202669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene submarine mass movements: Occurrence and causes
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.quascirev.2006.l2.0ll
    • Owen, M., Day, S. & Maslin, M. 2007 Late Pleistocene submarine mass movements: occurrence and causes. Quat. Sci. Rev. 26, 958-978. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.quascirev.2006.l2.0ll)
    • (2007) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.26 , pp. 958-978
    • Owen, M.1    Day, S.2    Maslin, M.3
  • 64
    • 44449148728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedimentary response to Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum carbon release: A model-data comparison
    • doi:l0.ll30/ G24474A.1
    • Panchuk, K., Ridgwell, A. & Kump, L. R. 2008 Sedimentary response to Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum carbon release: a model-data comparison. Geology 36, 315-318. (doi:l0.ll30/ G24474A.1)
    • (2008) Geology , vol.36 , pp. 315-318
    • Panchuk, K.1    Ridgwell, A.2    Kump, L.R.3
  • 65
    • 0038395820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paull, C. K. & Dillon, W. P. (eds), AGU Geophysical Monograph 124, Washington, DC: American Geographical Society
    • Paull, C. K. & Dillon, W. P. (eds) 2001 Natural gas hydrates: occurrence, distribution and detection. AGU Geophysical Monograph 124, p. 315. Washington, DC: American Geographical Society.
    • (2001) Natural Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution and Detection , pp. 315
  • 66
    • 0037994044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experiment demonstrating that marine slumping is a mechanism to transfer methane from seafloor gas-hydrate deposits into the upper ocean and atmosphere
    • doi:l0.l007/s00367-002-0ll3-y
    • Paull, C. K., Brewer, P. G., Ussler III, W., Peltzer, E. T., Rehder, G. & Clague, D. 2003 An experiment demonstrating that marine slumping is a mechanism to transfer methane from seafloor gas-hydrate deposits into the upper ocean and atmosphere. Geo-Mar. Lett. 22, 198-203. (doi:l0.l007/s00367-002-0ll3- y)
    • (2003) Geo-Mar. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 198-203
    • Paull, C.K.1    Brewer, P.G.2    Ussler Iii, W.3    Peltzer, E.T.4    Rehder, G.5    Clague, D.6
  • 68
    • 38949215718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of pockmarks and chimney structures on the flanks of the Storegga slide, offshore Norway
    • doi:l0.l007/s00367-007-0088-9
    • Paull, C. K. et al. 2008 Origin of pockmarks and chimney structures on the flanks of the Storegga slide, offshore Norway. Geo-Mar. Lett. 28, 43-51. (doi:l0.l007/s00367-007-0088-9)
    • (2008) Geo-Mar. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 43-51
    • Paull, C.K.1
  • 69
    • 45449086615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the duration of the Paleocene- Eocene thermal maximum (PETM)
    • doi:l0.l029/ 2007GC001784
    • Rohl, U., Westerhold, T., Bralower, T. J. & Zachos, J. C. 2007 On the duration of the Paleocene- Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8, Q12002. (doi:l0.l029/ 2007GC001784)
    • (2007) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.8
    • Rohl, U.1    Westerhold, T.2    Bralower, T.J.3    Zachos, J.C.4
  • 70
    • 33644900965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methane discharge from a deep-sea submarine mud volcano into the upper water column by gas hydrate-coated methane bubbles
    • doi:l0.l0l6/j.epsl.2006.0l.04l
    • Sauter, E. J., Muyakshin, S. I., Charlou, J. L., Schluter, M., Boetius, A., Jerosch, K., Damm, E., Foucher, J. P. & Klages, M. 2006 Methane discharge from a deep-sea submarine mud volcano into the upper water column by gas hydrate-coated methane bubbles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 243, 354-365. (doi:l0.l0l6/j.epsl.2006.0l.04l)
    • (2006) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.243 , pp. 354-365
    • Sauter, E.J.1    Muyakshin, S.I.2    Charlou, J.L.3    Schluter, M.4    Boetius, A.5    Jerosch, K.6    Damm, E.7    Foucher, J.P.8    Klages, M.9
  • 73
    • 77749292045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf
    • doi:10.1126/science.1182221
    • Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Salyuk, A., Vusupov, V., Kosmach, D.&Gustafsson, O. 2010 Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Science 327, 1246-1250. (doi:10.1126/science.1182221)
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 1246-1250
    • Shakhova, N.1    Semiletov, I.2    Salyuk, A.3    Vusupov, V.4    Kosmach, D.5    Gustafsson, O.6
  • 74
    • 0019923803 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of methane hydrates offshore southern Mexico
    • (eds J. S. Watkins & J. C. Moore). College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program
    • Shipley, T. H. & Didyk, B. M. 1982 Occurrence of methane hydrates offshore southern Mexico. In Initial reports, deep sea drilling (eds J. S. Watkins & J. C. Moore). College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program.
    • (1982) Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling
    • Shipley, T.H.1    Didyk, B.M.2
  • 78
    • 32444441629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 isotope record suggests marine clathrates are stable
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1121235
    • Sowers, T. 2006 Late quaternary atmospheric CH4 isotope record suggests marine clathrates are stable. Science 311, 838-840. (doi:10.1126/science. 1121235) (Pubitemid 43228845)
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , Issue.5762 , pp. 838-840
    • Sowers, T.1
  • 79
    • 0041911075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The attenuation of fast atmospheric CHinf4/inf variations recorded in polar ice cores
    • doi: 10.1029/2003GL017093
    • Spahni, R., Schwander, J., Fluckiger, J., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J. & Raynaud, D. 2003 The attenuation of fast atmospheric CHinf4/inf variations recorded in polar ice cores. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1571. (doi: 10.1029/2003GL017093)
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 1571
    • Spahni, R.1    Schwander, J.2    Fluckiger, J.3    Stauffer, B.4    Chappellaz, J.5    Raynaud, D.6
  • 80
    • 0000702416 scopus 로고
    • Anomalous wave velocities in sediments containing gas hydrates
    • doi:10.1029/JB076i008p02090
    • Stoll, R. D., Ewing, J. I. & Bryan, G. M. 1971 Anomalous wave velocities in sediments containing gas hydrates. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 2090-2094. (doi:10.1029/JB076i008p02090)
    • (1971) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.76 , pp. 2090-2094
    • Stoll, R.D.1    Ewing, J.I.2    Bryan, G.M.3
  • 81
    • 0035872638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sissano, Papua New Guinea tsunami of July 1998 - Offshore evidence on the source mechanism
    • DOI 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1, PII S0025322701001311
    • Tappin, D. R., Watts, P., McMurtry, G. M., Lafoy, Y. & Matsumoto, T. 2001 The Sissano, Papua New Guinea tsunami of July 1998-offshore evidence on the source mechanism. Mar. Geol. 175, 1-23. (doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00131-1) (Pubitemid 32540542)
    • (2001) Marine Geology , vol.175 , Issue.1-4 , pp. 1-23
    • Tappin, D.R.1    Watts, P.2    McMurtry, G.M.3    Lafoy, Y.4    Matsumoto, T.5
  • 82
    • 0038138001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neodymium isotopic reconstruction of late Paleocene-early Eocene thermohaline circulation
    • DOI 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00096-7
    • Thomas, D. J., Bralower, T. J. & Jones, C. E. 2003 Neodymium isotopic reconstruction of late Paleocene-early Eocene thermohaline circulation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 209, 309-322. (doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00096-7) (Pubitemid 36524928)
    • (2003) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.209 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 309-322
    • Thomas, D.J.1    Bralower, T.J.2    Jones, C.E.3
  • 83
    • 0342783790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Palaeocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies
    • (eds R. W. O. B. Knox, R. M. Corfield & R. E. Dunay), London, UK: Geological Society London
    • Thomas, E. & Shackleton, N. J. 1996 The Palaeocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies. In Global perspective: geochronology and the oceanic record, vol. 101 (eds R. W. O. B. Knox, R. M. Corfield & R. E. Dunay), pp. 401-441. London, UK: Geological Society London.
    • (1996) Global Perspective: Geochronology and the Oceanic Record , vol.101 , pp. 401-441
    • Thomas, E.1    Shackleton, N.J.2
  • 84
    • 27644561821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sensing reveals shrinking Greenland ice sheet: Eos
    • doi:10.1029/01EO00226
    • Thomas, R. H. 2001 Remote sensing reveals shrinking Greenland ice sheet: Eos. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 82, 369-373. (doi:10.1029/01EO00226)
    • (2001) Trans. Am. Geophys. Union , vol.82 , pp. 369-373
    • Thomas, R.H.1
  • 85
    • 3242723341 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of natural gases in zones of hydrate-formation in the hydrosphere
    • In Russian
    • Trofimuk, A. A., Cherskiy, N. V. & Tsarev, V. P. 1973 Accumulation of natural gases in zones of hydrate-formation in the hydrosphere. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 212, 931-934. [In Russian.]
    • (1973) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , vol.212 , pp. 931-934
    • Trofimuk, A.A.1    Cherskiy, N.V.2    Tsarev, V.P.3
  • 87
  • 88
    • 0017491382 scopus 로고
    • Gas-hydrate horizons detected in seismic-profiler data from the western North Atlantic
    • Tucholke, B. E., Bryan, G. M. & Ewing, J. I. 1977 Gas-hydrate horizons detected in seismic-profiler data from the western North Atlantic. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 61, 698-707.
    • (1977) Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. , vol.61 , pp. 698-707
    • Tucholke, B.E.1    Bryan, G.M.2    Ewing, J.I.3
  • 90
    • 0003969518 scopus 로고
    • The property of natural gases to occur in the Earth crust in a solid state and to form gas hydrate deposits
    • Vasil'ev, V. G., Makogon, Y. F., Trebin, F. A., Trofimuk A. A. & Cherskiy, N. V. 1970 The property of natural gases to occur in the Earth crust in a solid state and to form gas hydrate deposits. Otkr. v SSSR 1968-1969, 15-17.
    • (1970) Otkr. v SSSR , vol.1968-1969 , pp. 15-17
    • Vasil'Ev, V.G.1    Makogon, Y.F.2    Trebin, F.A.3    Trofimuk, A.A.4    Cherskiy, N.V.5
  • 91
    • 0003052141 scopus 로고
    • Feste gashydrate II, struktur und raumchemie
    • von Stackelberg, M. & Mtiller, H. R. 1954 Feste Gashydrate II, Struktur und Raumchemie. Z. Elektrochem. 58, 16-83
    • (1954) Z. Elektrochem. , vol.58 , pp. 16-83
    • Von Stackelberg, M.1    Mtiller, H.R.2
  • 92
    • 67449126557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL037820
    • Wang, M. & Overland, J. E. 2009 A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years? Geophys. Res.Lett. 36, L07502. (doi:10.1029/2009GL037820)
    • (2009) Geophys Res.Lett. , vol.36
    • Wang, M.1    Overland, J.E.2
  • 93
    • 70350017986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL039191
    • Westbrook, G. K. et al. 2009 Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L15608. (doi:10.1029/2009GL039191)
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Westbrook, G.K.1
  • 94
    • 34547290425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraining past global tropospheric methane budgets with carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios in ice
    • doi:10.1098/ rsta.2007.2048
    • Whiticar, M. & Schaefer, H. 2007 Constraining past global tropospheric methane budgets with carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios in ice. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 1793-1828. (doi:10.1098/ rsta.2007.2048)
    • (2007) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A , vol.365 , pp. 1793-1828
    • Whiticar, M.1    Schaefer, H.2
  • 95
  • 96
    • 4444244874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical properties and rock physics models of sediment containing natural and laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate
    • Winters, W. J., Pecher, I. A., Waite, W. F. & Mason, D. H. 2004 Physical properties and rock physics models of sediment containing natural and laboratory-formed methane gas hydrate. Am. Mineral. 89, 1221-1227.
    • (2004) Am. Mineral. , vol.89 , pp. 1221-1227
    • Winters, W.J.1    Pecher, I.A.2    Waite, W.F.3    Mason, D.H.4
  • 97
    • 0038036775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marine sediments owing to phase-boundary roughness
    • doi:l0.l038/nature0l263
    • Wood, W. T., Gettrust, J. F., Chapman, N. R., Spence, G. D. & Hyndman, R. D. 2002 Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marine sediments owing to phase-boundary roughness. Nature 420, 656-660. (doi:l0.l038/ nature0l263)
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 656-660
    • Wood, W.T.1    Gettrust, J.F.2    Chapman, N.R.3    Spence, G.D.4    Hyndman, R.D.5
  • 98
    • 0000893357 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of crystal hydrates of gas in sediments of modern marine basins
    • Yefremova, A. G. & Zhizhchenko, B. P. 1974 Occurrence of crystal hydrates of gas in sediments of modern marine basins. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 214, ll79-ll8l.
    • (1974) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , vol.214
    • Yefremova, A.G.1    Zhizhchenko, B.P.2
  • 99
    • 20444405350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
    • doi:l0.ll26/science.ll09004
    • Zachos, J. C. et al. 2005 Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 308, 1611-1615. (doi:l0.ll26/science. ll09004)
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1611-1615
    • Zachos, J.C.1
  • 100
    • 33748933048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the Paleocene- Eocene thermal maximum: Inferences from TEX86 and isotope data
    • doi:l0.ll30/G22522.l
    • Zachos, J. C., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S., Quattlebaum, T., Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., Gibbs, S. J. & Bralower, T. J. 2006 Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the Paleocene- Eocene thermal maximum: inferences from TEX86 and isotope data. Geology 34, 737-740. (doi:l0.ll30/G22522.l)
    • (2006) Geology , vol.34 , pp. 737-740
    • Zachos, J.C.1    Schouten, S.2    Bohaty, S.3    Quattlebaum, T.4    Sluijs, A.5    Brinkhuis, H.6    Gibbs, S.J.7    Bralower, T.J.8
  • 101
    • 34547331902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Palaeocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion: Constraints from individual shell planktonic foraminifer records
    • doi:l0.l098/rsta.2007.2045
    • Zachos, J. C., Bohaty, S. M., John, C. M., McCarren, H., Kelly, D. C. & Nielsen, T. 2007 The Palaeocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion: constraints from individual shell planktonic foraminifer records. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 365, 1829-1842. (doi:l0.l098/rsta.2007.2045)
    • (2007) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A , vol.365 , pp. 1829-1842
    • Zachos, J.C.1    Bohaty, S.M.2    John, C.M.3    McCarren, H.4    Kelly, D.C.5    Nielsen, T.6
  • 102
    • 36749098956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversed deep-sea carbonate ion basin gradient during Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
    • PA, doi:l0.l029/2006PA00l395
    • Zeebe, R. E. & Zachos, J. C. 2007 Reversed deep-sea carbonate ion basin gradient during Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Paleoceanography 22. PA 3201. (doi:l0.l029/2006PA00l395)
    • (2007) Paleoceanography , vol.22 , pp. 3201
    • Zeebe, R.E.1    Zachos, J.C.2
  • 103
    • 68749105912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum warming
    • doi:l0.l038/ ngeo578
    • Zeebe, R. E., Zachos, J. C.&Dickens, G. R. 2009 Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum warming. Nat. Geosci. 2, 576-580. (doi:l0.l038/ ngeo578)
    • (2009) Nat. Geosci. , vol.2 , pp. 576-580
    • Zeebe, R.E.1    Zachos, J.C.2    Dickens, G.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.