A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control techniques part I: Orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation success rates

Prehospital Emergency Care

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 377-401

  Hubble, Michael W ^a   Brown, Lawrence ^b   Wilfong, Denise A ^a   Hertelendy, Attila ^c   Benner, Randall W ^d   Richards, Michael E ^e  

^a WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c EASTERN NEW MEXICO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway management; EMS; Intubation; Nasotracheal intubation; Orotracheal intubation; Paramedic; Prehospital; RSI

Indexed keywords

EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; STANDARD; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; HUMANS; INTUBATION, INTRATRACHEAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77953001824     PISSN: 10903127     EISSN: 15450066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10903121003790173     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Suominen P, Baillie C, Kivioja A, Ohman J, Olkkola KT. Intubation and survival in severe paediatric blunt head injury. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000;7:3-7.
2. Winchell RJ, Hoyt DB. Endotracheal intubation in the field improves survival in patients with severe head injury. Trauma Research and Education Foundation of San Diego. Arch Surg. 1997;132:592-597
3. DeLeo BC. Endotracheal intubation by rescue squad personnel. Heart Lung. 1977;6:851-854
4. Jacobs LM, Berrizbeitia LD, Bennett B, Madigan C. Endotracheal intubation in the prehospital phase of emergency medical care. JAMA. 1983;250:2175-2177
5. Stewart RD, Paris PM, Winter PM, Pelton GH, Cannon GM. Field endotracheal intubation by paramedical personnel. Success rates and complications. Chest. 1984;85:341-345
6. GauscheM, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA. 2000;283:783-790
7. Davis DP, Hoyt DB, Ochs M, et al. The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2003;54:444-453
8. Wang HE, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation: where are we? Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:532-541
9. Murphy-Macabobby M, Marshall WJ, Schneider C, Dries D. Neuromuscular blockade in aeromedical airway management. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:664-668
10. Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, et al. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:497-503.
11. Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR. Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:26-32.
12. Denver Metro Airway Study Group. A prospective multicenter evaluation of prehospital airway management performance in a large metropolitan region. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:304-310
13. Krisanda TJ, Eitel DR, Hess D, Ormanoski R, Bernini R, Sabulsky N. An analysis of invasive airway management in a suburban emergency medical services system. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1992;7:121-126
14. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354:1896-1900
15. Adams BD, Cuniowski PA, Muck A, De Lorenzo RA. Registry of emergency airways arriving at combat hospitals. J Trauma. 2008;64:1548-1554
16. Aijian P, Tsai A, Knopp R, Kallsen GW. Endotracheal intubation of pediatric patients by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:489-494
17. Aprahamian C, Darin JC, Thompson BM, Mateer JR, Tucker JF. Traumatic cardiac arrest: scope of paramedic services. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:583-586
18. Bernard S, Smith K, Foster S, Hogan P, Patrick I. The use of rapid sequence intubation by ambulance paramedics for patients with severe head injury. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2002;14:406-411
19. BoswellWC, McElveen N, SharpM, Boyd CR, Frantz EI. Analysis of prehospital pediatric and adult intubation. Air Med J. 1995;14:125-7; discussion 7-8.
20. Bozeman WP, Young S. Etomidate as a sole agent for endotracheal intubation in the prehospital air medical setting. Air Med J. 2002;21:32-5; discussion 5-7.
21. Brown J, Thomas F.What happens with failed blind nasal tracheal intubations? Air Med J. 2001;20(2):13-16
22. Brownstein D, Shugerman R, Cummings P, Rivara F, Copass M. Prehospital endotracheal intubation of children by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:34-39
23. Bulger EM, Copass MK, Maier RV, Larsen J, Knowles J, Jurkovich GJ. An analysis of advanced prehospital airway management. J Emerg Med. 2002;23:183-189
24. Burton JH, Baumann MR, Maoz T, Bradshaw JR, Lebrun JE. Endotracheal intubation in a rural EMS state: procedure utilization and impact of skills maintenance guidelines. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:352-356
25. Cady CE, Pirrallo RG. The effect of Combitube use on paramedic experience in endotracheal intubation.AmJ Emerg Med. 2005;23:868-871
26. Cole CD, Wang HE, Abo BN, Yealy DM. Drug-assisted effects on protective airway reflexes during out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation [preliminary report]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:472-475
27. Colwell CB, McVaney KE, Haukoos JS, et al. An evaluation of out-of-hospital advanced airway management in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:417-422
28. Cwinn AA, Pons PT, Moore EE, Marx JA, Honigman B, Dinerman N. Prehospital advanced trauma life support for critical blunt trauma victims. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:399-403.
29. Davis DP, Fisher R, Buono C, et al. Predictors of intubation success and therapeutic value of paramedic airway management in a large, urban EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:356-362
30. Dickinson ET, Cohen JE, Mechem CC. The effectiveness of midazolam as a single pharmacologic agent to facilitate endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:191-193
31. Doran JV, Tortella BJ, Drivet WJ, Lavery RF. Factors influencing successful intubation in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1995;10:259-264
32. Duchynski R, Brauer K, Hutton K, Jones S, Rosen P. The quick look airway classification. A useful tool in predicting the difficult out-of-hospital intubation: experience in an air medical transport program. Air Med J. 1998;17:46-50.
33. Eckstein M, Chan L, Schneir A, Palmer R. Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients. J Trauma. 2000;48:643-648
34. Ehrlich PF, Seidman PS, Atallah O, Haque A, Helmkamp J. Endotracheal intubations in rural pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:1376-1380
35. Fakhry SM, Scanlon JM, Robinson L, et al. Prehospital rapid sequence intubation for head trauma: conditions for a successful program. J Trauma. 2006;60:997-1001.
36. Frankel H, Rozycki G, Champion H, Harviel JD, Bass R. The use of TRISS methodology to validate prehospital intubation by urban EMS providers. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15:630-632
37. Gabram SG, Jacobs LM, Schwartz RJ, Stohler SA. Airway intubation in injured patients at the scene of an accident. Conn Med. 1989;53:633-637
38. Garza AG, Gratton MC, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma OJ. Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med. 2003;25:251-256
39. Garza AG, Algren DA, Gratton MC, Ma OJ. Populations at risk for intubation nonattempt and failure in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:163-166
40. Garza AG, Gratton MC, McElroy J, Lindholm D, Coontz D. Environmental factors encountered during out-of-hospital intubation attempts. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:286-289
41. Geehr EC, Bogetz MS, Auerbach PS. Pre-hospital tracheal intubation versus esophageal gastric tube airway use: a prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3:381-385
42. Gerich TG, Schmidt U, Hubrich V, Lobenhoffer HP, Tscherne H. Prehospital airway management in the acutely injured patient: the role of surgical cricothyrotomy revisited. J Trauma. 1998;45:312-314
43. Germann CA, BaumannMR, Kendall KM, Strout TD,McGraw K. Performance of endotracheal intubation and rescue techniques by emergency services personnel in an air medical service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:44-49
44. Gerritse BM, Draaisma JM, Schalkwijk A, van Grunsven PM, Scheffer GJ. Should EMS-paramedics perform paediatric tracheal intubation in the field? Resuscitation. 2008;79:225-229
45. Gofrit ON, Leibovici D, Shemer J, Henig A, Shapira SC. Ketamine in the field: the use of ketamine for induction of anaesthesia before intubation in injured patients in the field. Injury. 1997;28:41-43
46. Goldenberg IF, Campion BC, Siebold CM, McBride JW, Long LA. Esophageal gastric tube airway vs endotracheal tube in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest. 1986;90:90-96
47. Gray AJ, Cartlidge D, Gavalas MC. Can ambulance personnel intubate? Arch Emerg Med. 1992;9:347-351
48. Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:701-704
49. Gunning M, O'Loughlin E, Fletcher M, Crilly J, Hooper M, Ellis DY. Emergency intubation: a prospective multicentre descriptive audit in an Australian helicopter emergency medical service. Emerg Med J. 2009;26:65-69
50. Guss DA, Jones K. Comparison of paramedic intubation training techniques. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3:575.
51. Hankins DG, Carruthers N, Frascone RJ, Long LA, Campion BC. Complication rates for the esophageal obturator airway and endotracheal tube in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1993;8:117-121
52. Harrison T, Thomas SH,Wedel SK. In-flight oral endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15:558-561
53. Harrison TH, Thomas SH, Wedel SK. Success rates of pediatric intubation by a non-physician-staffed critical care transport service. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004;20:101-107
54. Hedges JR, Dronen SC, Feero S, Hawkins S, Syverud SA, Shultz B. Succinylcholine-assisted intubations in prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:469-472
55. Helm M, Hossfeld B, Schafer S, Hoitz J, Lampl L. Factors influencing emergency intubation in the pre-hospital setting-a multicentre study in the German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:67-71.
56. Jabre P, Combes X, Leroux B, et al. Use of gum elastic bougie for prehospital difficult intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:552-555
57. Jabre P, Leroux B, Brohon S, et al. A comparison of plastic single-use with metallic reusable laryngoscope blades for out-of-hospital tracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:258-263
58. Jacoby J, HellerM, Nicholas J, et al. Etomidate versus midazolam for out-of-hospital intubation: a prospective, randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:525-530
59. Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH. Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergencymedical services setting. Acad EmergMed. 2003;10:961-965
60. JenkinsWA, Verdile VP, Paris PM. The syringe aspiration technique to verify endotracheal tube position. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:413-416
61. Johannigman JA, Branson RD, Johnson DJ, Davis K Jr, Hurst JM. Out-of-hospital ventilation: bag-valve device vs transport ventilator. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:719-724
62. Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ. Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:707-709
63. Karch SB, Lewis T, Young S, Hales D, Ho CH. Field intubation of trauma patients: complications, indications, and outcomes. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:617-619
64. Katz SH, Falk JL. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:32-37
65. Kaye K, Frascone RJ, Held T. Prehospital rapid-sequence intubation: a pilot training program. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:235-240
66. Kenny JF,Molloy K, Pollack M, Ortiz MT.Nebulized lidocaine as an adjunct to endotracheal intubation in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1996;11:312-313
67. King BR, Foster RL, Woodward GA, McCans K. Procedures performed by pediatric transport nurses: how "advanced" is the practice? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17:410-413
68. Kociszewski C, Thomas SH, Harrison T,Wedel SK. Etomidate versus succinylcholine for intubation in an air medical setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:757-763
69. Leicht MJ, Melanson SW, Albright D. Air medical tracheal intubation: establishing a threshold for this QA indicator. J Air Med Transp. 1991;10(8):15-20.
70. Losek JD, Bonadio WA, Walsh-Kelly C, Hennes H, Smith DS, Glaeser PW. Prehospital pediatric endotracheal intubation performance review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989;5:1-4.
71. Mackay CA, Terris J, Coats TJ. Prehospital rapid sequence induction by emergency physicians: is it safe? Emerg Med J. 2001;18:20-24
72. MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ. Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:267-270
73. McCall MJ, Reeves M, Skinner M, Ginifer C, Myles P, Dalwood N. Paramedic tracheal intubation using the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:30-34
74. Mishark KJ, Vukov LF, Gudgell SF. Airway management and air medical transport. J Air Med Transp. 1992;11(3):7-9.
75. Murray JA, Demetriades D, Berne TV, et al. Prehospital intubation in patients with severe head injury. J Trauma. 2000;49:1065-1070
76. Nakayama DK, Gardner MJ, Rowe MI. Emergency endotracheal intubation in pediatric trauma. Ann Surg. 1990;211:218-223
77. Ochs M, Davis D, Hoyt D, Bailey D, Marshall L, Rosen P. Paramedic-performed rapid sequence intubation of patients with severe head injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:159-167
78. Pace SA, Fuller FP. Out-of-hospital succinylcholine-assisted endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35:568-572
79. Pattinson K, Todd I, Thomas J, Wyse M. A two year review of laryngeal mask airway use by theWarwickshire ambulance service. Emerg Med J. 2004;21:397-398
80. Pearson S. Comparison of intubation attempts and completion times before and after the initiation of a rapid sequence intubation protocol in an air medical transport program. Air Med J. 2003;22(6):28-33.
81. Pointer JE. Clinical characteristics of paramedics' performance of endotracheal intubation. J Emerg Med. 1988;6: 505-509
82. Pointer JE. Clinical characteristics of paramedics' performance of pediatric endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 1989;7:364-366
83. Pratt JC, Hirshberg AJ. Endotracheal tube placement by EMT-basics in a rural EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:172-175
84. Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T, et al. Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation. 2003;57:27-32.
85. Reed DB, Snyder G, Hogue TD. Regional EMS experience with etomidate for facilitated intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:50-53
86. Reines HD, Bartlett RL, Chudy NE, Kiragu KR, McKnew MA. Is advanced life support appropriate for victims of motor vehicle accidents: the South Carolina Highway Trauma Project. J Trauma. 1988;28:563-570
87. Rhee KJ, O'Malley RJ. Neuromuscular blockade-assisted oral intubation versus nasotracheal intubation in the prehospital care of injured patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:37-42.
88. Rocca B, Crosby E, Maloney J, Bryson G. An assessment of paramedic performance during invasive airway management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:164-167
89. Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C. Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:15-22.
90. Sams J, Kelly A. Use of an emergency sedation protocol to assist intubation in helicopter patient retrieval in Victoria. Emerg Med. 1999;11:84-89
91. Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM. Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:228-233
92. Schaller RJ, Huff JS, Zahn A. Comparison of a colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector and an esophageal aspiration device for verifying endotracheal tube placement in the prehospital setting: a six-month experience. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1997;12:57-63.
93. Shea SR, MacDonald JR, Gruzinski G. Prehospital endotracheal tube airway or esophageal gastric tube airway: a critical comparison. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:102-112
94. Sing RF, Rotondo MF, Zonies DH, et al. Rapid sequence induction for intubation by an aeromedical transport team: a critical analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:598-602.
95. Slagt C, Zondervan A, Patka P, de Lange JJ. A retrospective analysis of the intubations performed during 5 years of helicopter emergency medical service in Amsterdam. Air Med J. 2004;23(5):36-37
96. Slater EA, Weiss SJ, Ernst AA, Haynes M. Preflight versus en route success and complications of rapid sequence intubation in an air medical service. J Trauma. 1998;45: 588-592
97. Sloane C, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Hayden SR, Hoyt DB, Rosen P. Rapid sequence intubation in the field versus hospital in trauma patients. J Emerg Med. 2000;19:259-264
98. Smith CE, Kovach B, Polk JD, Hagen JF, Fallon WF Jr. Prehospital tracheal intubating conditions during rapid sequence intubation: rocuronium versus vecuronium. Air Med J. 2002;21(1):26-32.
99. Sonday CJ, Axelband J, Jacoby J, Higgins R, Crider D. Thiopental vs. etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in aeromedicine. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2005;20:324-326
100. Stewart RD, Paris PM, Pelton GH, Garretson D. Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:1032-1036
101. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B, et al. Advanced Cardiac Life Support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:647-656
102. Stiell IG, Spaite DW, Field B, et al. Advanced life support for out-of-hospital respiratory distress. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2156-2164
103. Stratton SJ, Kane G, Gunter CS, et al. Prospective study of manikin-only versus manikin and human subject endotracheal intubation training of paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:1314-1318
104. Swanson ER, Fosnocht DE. Effect of an airway education program on prehospital intubation. Air Med J. 2002;21(4):28-31.
105. Swanson ER, Fosnocht DE, Jensen SC. Comparison of etomidate and midazolam for prehospital rapid-sequence intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:273-279
106. Syverud SA, Borron SW, Storer DL, et al. Prehospital use of neuromuscular blocking agents in a helicopter ambulance program. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:236-242
107. Tam RK, Maloney J, Gaboury I, et al. Review of endotracheal intubations by Ottawa advanced care paramedics in Canada. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:311-315
108. Thomas SH, Harrison T, Wedel SK. Flight crew airway management in four settings: a six-year review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:310-315
109. Thompson CB, Balasz K, Goltermann J, et al. Intubation quality assurance thresholds. Air Med J. 1995;14(2):55-60.
110. Tiamfook-Morgan TO, Harrison TH, Thomas SH. What happens to SpO2 during air medical crew intubations? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:363-368
111. Timmermann A, Eich C, Russo SG, et al. Prehospital airway management: a prospective evaluation of anaesthesia trained emergency physicians. Resuscitation. 2006;70: 179-185
112. Timmermann A, Russo SG, Eich C, et al. The out-of-hospital esophageal and endobronchial intubations performed by emergency physicians. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:619-623
113. Vilke GM, Hoyt DB, Epperson M, Fortlage D, Hutton KC, Rosen P. Intubation techniques in the helicopter. J Emerg Med. 1994;12:217-224
114. Vilke GM, Steen PJ, Smith AM, Chan TC. Out-of-hospital pediatric intubation by paramedics: the San Diego experience. J Emerg Med. 2002;22:71-74
115. Vollmer TP, Stewart RD, Paris PM, Ellis D, Berkebile PE. Use of a lighted stylet for guided orotracheal intubation in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:324-328
116. Wang HE, O'Connor RE, Schnyder ME, Barnes TA, Megargel RE. Patient status and time to intubation in the assessment of prehospital intubation performance. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:10-18
117. Wang HE, Kupas DF, Paris PM, Bates RR, Yealy DM. Preliminary experience with a prospective, multi-centered evaluation of out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation. Resuscitation. 2003;58:49-58.
118. Wang HE, Yealy DM. How many attempts are required to accomplish out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation? Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:372-377
119. Warner KJ, Sharar SR, Copass MK, Bulger EM. Prehospital management of the difficult airway: a prospective cohort study. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:257-265
120. Wayne MA, Friedland E. Prehospital use of succinylcholine: a 20-year review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:107-109
121. Weitzel N, Kendall J, Pons P. Blind nasotracheal intubation for patients with penetrating neck trauma. J Trauma. 2004;56:1097-1101
122. Werman HA, Schwegman D, Gerard JP. The effect of etomidate on airway management practices of an air medical transport service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:185-190
123. Weston CF, Stephens MR. An audit of cardiac arrest management by extended trained ambulance crew. Resuscitation. 1992;23:207-216
124. O'Brien DJ, Danzl DF, Sowers MB, Hooker EA. Airway management of aeromedically transported trauma patients. J Emerg Med. 1988;6:49-54.
125. O'Brien DJ, Danzl DF, Hooker EA, Daniel LM, Dolan MC. Prehospital blind nasotracheal intubation by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:612-617
126. O'Connor RE, Megargel RE, Schnyder ME, Madden JF, Bitner M, Ross R. Paramedic success rate for blind nasotracheal intubation is improved with the use of an endotracheal tube with directional tip control. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36: 328-332
127. Timmermann A, Russo SG, Rosenblatt WH, et al. Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: a prospective evaluation. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99:286-291
128. Davis DP, Dunford JV, Poste JC, et al. The impact of hypoxia and hyperventilation on outcome after paramedic rapid sequence intubation of severely head-injured patients. J Trauma. 2004;57:1-8; discussion 8-10.
129. Dunford JV, Davis DP, Ochs M, Doney M, Hoyt DB. Incidence of transient hypoxia and pulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:721-728
130. Sakles JC, Laurin EG, Rantapaa AA, Panacek EA. Airway management in the emergency department: a one-year study of 610 tracheal intubations. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:325-332
131. Sakles JC, Deacon JM, Bair AE, Keim SM, Panacek EA. Delayed complications of emergency airway management: a study of 533 emergency department intubations.West J Emerg Med. 2008;9:190-194
132. Tayal VS, Riggs RW, Marx JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schneider RE. Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:31-37
133. Wang HE, Sweeney TA, O'Connor RE, Rubinstein H. Failed prehospital intubations: an analysis of emergency department courses and outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:134-141
134. Wang HE, Seitz SR, Hostler D, Yealy DM. Defining the learning curve for paramedic student endotracheal intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:156-162
135. Konrad C, Schupfer G, Wiellisbach, et al. Learning manual skills in anesthesiology: is there a recommended number of cases for anesthetic procedures? Anesth Analg. 1998;86:635-639
136. Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs. Standards for Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs. Park Ridge, IL: CANAEP, 2004.
137. Wang HE, Kupas DF, Hostler D, et al. Procedural experience with out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1718-1721
138. Fullerton JN, Roberts KJ, Wyse M. Can experienced paramedics perform tracheal intubation at cardiac arrests? Five years experience of a regional air ambulance service in the UK. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1342-1345
139. Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. Practical Meta-Analysis. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Vol.49. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 2001.
140. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2009.