Promises and pitfalls of recent advances in chemical means of preventing the spread of nosocomial infections by environmental surfaces

American Journal of Infection Control

Volumn 38, Issue 5 SUPPL., 2010, Pages

  Sattar, Syed A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

disinfection; environmental surfaces; Infection control; infection prevention; microbicides; microfibers; nosocomial pathogens; self sanitizing surfaces

Indexed keywords

ALLOY; BICARBONATE; COPPER; DISINFECTANT AGENT; PLANT EXTRACT; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; VINEGAR;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CLEANING; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DISINFECTION; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACE; GENERAL APPARATUS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; MATERIAL COATING; REGISTRATION; SAFETY; CROSS INFECTION; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; STANDARDS; TRANSMISSION;

CROSS INFECTION; DISINFECTANTS; DISINFECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; HUMANS;

EID: 77952973907     PISSN: 01966553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.207     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 Update (2008), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 150 pages. Available from: www.who.int/evidence/bod Accessed May 5, 2010
2. Sattar S.A., Tetro J., and Springthorpe V.S. Impact of changing societal trends on the spread of infections in American and Canadian homes. Am J Infect Control 27 (1999) S4-21
3. Zanetti A.R., and Zappa A. Emerging and re-emerging infections at the turn of the millennium. Haemophilia 16 Suppl 1 (2010) 7-12
4. Taylor L.H., Latham S.M., and Woolhouse M.E. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356 (2001) 983-989
5. Tellier R. Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies. J R Soc Interface 6 (2009) S783-S790
6. Brankston G., Gitterman L., Hirji Z., Lemieux C., and Gardam M. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infect Dis 7 (2007) 257-650
7. Morens D.M., Taubenberger J.K., Harvey H.A., and Memoli M.J. The 1918 influenza pandemic: lessons for 2009 and the future. Crit Care Med 38 Suppl 4 (2010) e10-e20
8. Prüss-Üstün A., and Corvalán C. Preventing disease through healthy environments: towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. 104 pages (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
9. Carling P.C., Parry M.F., Bruno-Murtha L.A., and Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care Med 38 (2010) 1054-1059
10. Hacek D.M., Ogle A.M., Fisher A., Robicsek A., and Peterson L.R. (2010). Significant impact of terminal room cleaning with bleach on reducing nosocomial Clostridium difficile. Am J Infect Control (2010)
11. Friesema I.H., Vennema H., Heijne J.C., de Jager C.M., Morroy G., van den Kerkhof J.H., et al. Norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes: the evaluation of infection control measures. Epidemiol Infect 137 (2009) 1722-1733
12. Kochar S., Sheard T., Sharma R., Hui A., Tolentino E., Allen G., et al. Success of an infection control program to reduce the spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30 (2009) 447-452
13. Bright K.R., Boone S.A., and Gerba C.P. Occurrence of bacteria and viruses on elementary classroom surfaces and the potential role of classroom hygiene in the spread of infectious diseases. J Sch Nurs 26 (2010) 33-41
14. Weber D.J., Rutala W.A., Miller M.B., Huslage K., and Sickbert-Bennett E. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter spp. Am J Infect Control 38 Suppl (2010) S25-S33
15. Fu E, McCue K, Boesenberg D. Chemical disinfection of hard surfaces in household, industrial and institutional settings. In: Johansson I, Somasundaran P, editors. Handbook for cleaning/decontamination of surfaces. Volume 1. New York: Elsevier; 2007. p. 573-92.
16. Sattar S.A. The use of microbicides in infection control: a critical look at safety, testing and applications. J Appl Microbiol 101 (2006) 743-753
17. Aiello A.E., Larson E.L., and Levy S.B. Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky?. Clin Infect Dis 45 Suppl 2 (2007) S137-S147
18. Larson E. Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance. Ann Rev Public Health 28 (2007) 435-447
19. European Commission. Assessment of the antibiotic resistance effects of biocides (2009), European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_021.pdf Accessed May 4, 2010
20. State of Massachusetts (Feb 2009). Safer Alternatives bill, H-757 An act for a competitive economy through safer alternatives to toxic chemicals. Available from: http://www.healthytomorrow.org/2009/02/legislative.html. Accessed May 4, 2010.
21. Health Canada. Environmental Contaminants. August 2009. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/chem-chim/environ/index-eng.php. Accessed May 4, 2010.
22. US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA announces actions to address chemicals of concern, including phthalates: agency continues efforts to work for comprehensive reform of toxic substance laws. December 2009. Available from: http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d985312f6895893b852574ac005f1e40/2852c60dc0f65c688525769c0068b219!OpenDocument. Accessed May 4, 2010.
23. Biocidal Products Directive. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:262:0040:0042:EN:PDF. Accessed May 4, 2010.
24. Scranton A. Disinfectant overkill: how too clean may be hazardous to our health. A report by women's voices for the earth; November 2009. 28 pages. Women's Voices for the Earth, Missoula, MT. Available from: www.womenandenvironment.org. Accessed May 4, 2010.
25. Sattar S.A., Springthorpe V.S., and Rochon M.A. A product based on accelerated & stabilized hydrogen peroxide: evidence for broad-spectrum germicidal activity. Can J Infect Control 13 (1998) 123-130
26. Omidbakhsh N., and Sattar S.A. Broad-spectrum microbicidal activity, toxicological assessment and materials compatibility of a new generation of accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP)-based environmental surface disinfectant. Am J Infect Control 34 (2006) 251-257
27. Beekes M., Lemmer K., Thomzig A., Joncic M., Tintelnot K., and Mielke M. Fast, broad-range disinfection of bacteria, fungi, viruses and prions. J Gen Virol 91 Pt 2 (2010) 580-589
28. Sattar S.A., and Springthorpe V.S. The need for safer and better microbicides for infection control. In: Manivannan G. (Ed). Disinfection and decontamination: principles, applications and related issues (2006), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 41-58
29. Abadias M., Usall J., Oliveira M., Alegre I., and Viñas I. Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) for reducing microbial contamination on minimally-processed vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 123 (2008) 151-158
30. Rutala W.A., Barbee S.L., Aguiar N.C., Sobsey M.D., and Weber D.J. Antimicrobial activity of home disinfectants and natural products against potential human pathogens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21 (2000) 33-38
31. Henley D.V., Lipson N., Korach K.S., and Bloch C.A. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med 356 (2007) 479-485
32. Anastas P., and Warner J. Green chemistry: theory and practice (1998), Oxford University Press, New York
33. Dancer S.J. The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 73 (2009) 378-385
34. Carling P., and Bartley J. Evaluating hygienic cleaning in healthcare settings: what you don't know can harm your patients. Am J Infect Control 38 Suppl (2010) S41-S50
35. Springthorpe V.S., and Sattar S.A. Carrier tests to assess microbicidal activities of chemical disinfectants for use on medical devices and environmental surfaces. J AOAC Int 88 (2005) 182-201
36. Williams G.J., Denyer S.P., Hosein I.K., Hill D.W., and Maillard J.Y. Limitations of the efficacy of surface disinfection in the health care setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30 (2009) 570-573
37. Williams G.J., Denyer S.P., Hosein I.K., Hill D.W., and Maillard J.Y. The development of a new three-step protocol to determine the efficacy of disinfectant wipes on surfaces contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 67 (2007) 329-335
38. AOAC International. Call for methods for evaluating efficacy of disinfectant towelettes and wipes. Inside laboratory management (2009), AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD
39. Diab-Elschahawi M., Assadian O., Blacky A., Stadler M., Pernicka E., Berger J., et al. Evaluation of the decontamination efficacy of new and reprocessed microfiber cleaning cloth compared with other commonly used cleaning cloths in the hospital. Am J Infect Control 38 (2010) 289-292
40. Dancer S.J. Importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning. Lancet Infect Dis 8 (2008) 101-113
41. Case study: are microfiber mops beneficial for hospitals? Sustainable hospital project (February 2003), University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Available from: www.sustainablehospitals.org Accessed May 4, 2010
42. Harvard University. Facilities maintenance operations, green cleaning program; July 2008. Available from: http://www.uos.harvard.edu/fmo/custodial/greencleaning/. Accessed May 4, 2010.
43. Kusumaningrum H.D., Paltinaite R., Koomen A.J., Hazeleger W.C., Rombouts F.M., and Beumer R.R. Tolerance of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus to surface cleaning and household bleach. J Food Prot 66 (2003) 2289-2295
44. Moore G., and Griffith C. A laboratory evaluation of the decontamination properties of microfibre cloths. J Hosp Infect 64 (2006) 379-385
45. Markkanen P., Quinn M., Galligan C., and Bello A. Cleaning in healthcare facilities: reducing human health effects and environmental impacts. Lowell Center for Sustainable Production (2009), University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA
46. Rutala W.A., Gergen M.F., and Weber D.J. Microbiologic evaluation of microfiber mops for surface disinfection. Am J Infect Control 35 (2007) 569-573
47. Wren M.W., Rollins M.S., Jeanes A., Hall T.J., Coën P.G., and Gant V.A. Removing bacteria from hospital surfaces: a laboratory comparison of ultramicrofibre and standard cloths. J Hosp Infect 70 (2008) 265-271
48. US Environmental Protection Agency. Using microfiber mops in hospitals: environmental best practices for health care facilities (2002), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
49. Hamilton D., Foster A., Ballantyne L., Kingsmore P., Bedwell D., Hall T.J., et al. Performance of ultramicrofibre cleaning technology with or without addition of a novel copper-based biocide. J Hosp Infect 74 (2010) 62-71
50. Page K., Wilson M., and Parkin I.P. Antimicrobial surfaces and their potential in reducing the role of the inanimate environment in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections. J Mater Chem 19 (2009) 3819-3831
51. Dong Y., Li X., Sammons R., and Dong H. The generation of wear-resistant antimicrobial stainless steel surfaces by active screen plasma alloying with N and nanocrystalline Ag. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 93 (2010) 185-193
52. DeVere E., and Purchase D. Effectiveness of domestic antibacterial products in decontaminating food contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 24 (2007) 425-430
53. Cushnie T.P., Robertson P.K., Officer S., Pollard P.M., McCullagh C., and Robertson J.M. Variables to be considered when assessing the photocatalytic destruction of bacterial pathogens. Chemosphere 74 (2009) 1374-1378
54. Casey A.L., Adams D., Karpanen T.J., Lambert P.A., Cookson B.D., Nightingale P., et al. Role of copper in reducing hospital environment contamination. J Hosp Infect 74 (2010) 72-77
55. US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA registers copper-containing alloy products, May 2008. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm. Accessed May 4, 2010.
56. Sattar S.A. Viruses as nosocomial pathogens: the environmental connection. Hyg & Med 30 (2005) 189-194
57. Santo C.E., Morais P.V., and Grass G. Isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 76 (2010) 1341-1348
58. Holden M.T.G., Lindsay J.A., Corton C., Quail M.A., Cockfield J.D., Pathak S., et al. Genome sequence of a recently emerged, highly transmissible, multi-antibiotic and antiseptic-resistant variant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sequence type 239 (TW). J Bacteriol 192 (2010) 888-892
59. US Environmental Protection Agency. Clostridium difficile product labeling. September 2008. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/clostridium_diff.htm. Accessed May 4, 2010.
60. Sattar SA. Assessing the microbicidal activities of disinfectants and antiseptics: making label claims more relevant and reliable. Proceedings of APIC's International Symposium for Disinfection, Sterilization and Antisepsis: Principles, Practices, Current Issues, New Research and New Technologies. Fort Lauderdale, FL, June 2009. In press.
61. Andersen B.M., Bånrud H., Bøe E., Bjordal O., and Drangsholt F. Comparison of UV C light and chemicals for disinfection of surfaces in hospital isolation units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 (2006) 729-734
62. Moat J., Cargill J., Shone J., and Upton M. Application of a novel decontamination process using gaseous ozone. Can J Microbiol 55 (2009) 928-933
63. Pottage T., Richardson C., Parks S., Walker J.T., and Bennett A.M. Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide gaseous disinfection systems to decontaminate viruses. J Hosp Infect 74 (2010) 55-61
64. Hahn S., Schneider K., Gartiser S., Heger W., and Mangelsdorf I. Consumer exposure to biocides-identification of relevant sources and evaluation of possible health effects. Environ Health 9 (2010) 7
65. US Government Accountability Office. Health-care-associated infections in hospitals: leadership needed from hhs to prioritize prevention practices and improve data on these infections. 56 pages. Document No. GAO-08-283. March 2008. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office.
66. US Environmental Protection Agency. Antimicrobial pesticide products. December 2004. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/antimic.htm. Accessed May 4, 2010.