Allen Denver Russell Memorial Lecture, 2006 - The use of microbiocides in infection control: A critical look at safety, testing and applications

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 743-753

  Sattar, S A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Disinfection; Environmental control; Environmental safety; Infection control; Infections; Microbiocides; Nosocomial infections; Pathogens

Indexed keywords

CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH RISKS; PATHOGENS; SAFETY TESTING;

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY; ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES; INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; MICROBIAL PATHOGENS; MICROBIOCIDES; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION; SOCIETAL CHANGES;

DISINFECTION;

BIOCIDE; MICROBIOCIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; DISINFECTION; DRUG; PATHOGEN; PESTICIDE; VACCINATION;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISINFECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; HEALTH CARE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REGISTRATION; SAFETY;

EID: 33748676665     PISSN: 13645072     EISSN: 13652672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03128.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (64)

1. Adolfsson-Erici, M., Pettersson, M., Parkkonen, J. and Sturve, J. (2002) Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in Sweden. Chemosphere 46, 1485-1489.
2. Anderson, R.L., Vess, R.W., Carr, J.H., Bond, W.W., Panlilio, A.L. and Favero, M.S. (1991) Investigations of intrinsic Pseudomonas cepacia contamination in commercially manufactured povidone-iodine. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 12, 297-302.
3. AOAC International (1998) Chapter 6, Disinfectants. Subchapter 6.3.02. Fungicidal activity of microbiocides using Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In AOAC Official Methods of Analysis ed. Beloian, A. pp. 9-11. Washington, DC: AOAC International.
4. AOAC International (2001) Volunteers sought: review and modernize microbicide methods. Inside Lab Management Nov/Dec, 7-8.
5. Ascenzi, J.M., Ezzell, R.J. and Wendt, T.M. (1987) A more accurate method for measurement of tuberculocidal activity of microbiocides. Appl Environ Microbiol 53, 2189-2192.
6. ASTM International (2000) Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemical Germicides. Document #E-2111. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
7. ASTM International (2002) Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemical Germicides. Document #E-2197. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
8. Barbut, F. and Petit, J.C. (2001). Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 7, 405-410.
9. Barrett T. (1995) Toxicological and environmental issues in the selection and use of chemical germicides. In Chemical Germicides in Health Care ed. Rutala, W.A. pp. 99-109. Morin Heights, QC: Polyscience Publications, Inc.
10. Brevard, T.A., Calvert, G.M., Blondell, J.M. and Mehler, L.N. (2003) Acute occupational microbicide-related illness among youth, 1993-1998. Environ Health Perspect 111, 1654-1659.
11. Canadian General Standards Board (1997) Assessment of Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents for Use on Environmental Surfaces and Medical Devices. Document #CAN/CGSB-2.161-M97. Ottawa, ON: Canadian General Standards Board.
12. Carbone, K.M., Luftig, R.B. and Buckley, M.R. (2005). Microbial Triggers of Chronic Human Illness. Washington, DC: American Academy of Microbiology.
13. Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D. and Myers, J.P. (1996) Our Stolen Future. New York, NY: Plume/Penguin.
14. Cole, E.C., Addison, R.M., Rubino, J.R., Leese, K.E., Dulaney, P.D., Newell, M.S., Wilkins, J., Gaber, D.J. et al. (2003) Investigation of antibiotic and antibacterial agent cross-resistance in target bacteria from homes of antibacterial product users and nonusers. J Appl Microbiol 95, 664-676.
15. Cooke, R.P., Goddard, S.V., Whymant-Morris, A., Sherwood, J. and Chatterly R. (2003) An evaluation of Cidex OPA (0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde) as an alternative to 2% glutaraldehyde for high-level disinfection of endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 54, 226-231.
16. Council of European Communities (1998) Directive 98/8/CE du Parlement Européen et du Conseil du 16 février 1998, concernant la mise sur le marché des produits biocides. J Off L 123, 1-63.
17. Daschner, F. (2000) Environmental protection in hospital infection control. Am J Infect Control 28, 386-387.
18. Dettenkofer, M., Kuemmerer, K., Schuster, A., Mueller, W., Muehlich, M.S.M. and Daschner, F.D. (2000) Environmental auditing: environmental auditing in hospitals: first results in a University Hospital. Environ Manage 25, 105-113.
19. Dettenkofer, M., Wenzler, S., Amthor, S., Antes, G., Motschall, E. and Daschner, F.D. (2004) Does disinfection of environmental surfaces influence nosocomial infection rates? A systematic review. Am J Infect Control 32, 84-89.
20. European Commission (2001) European Workshop on Endocrine Disruption. Arnonborg, Sweden: European Commission.
21. Fauci, A.S. (2005) Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the perpetual challenge. Acad Med 80, 1079-1085.
22. Gaze, W.H., Abdouslam, N., Hawkey, P.M. and Wellington, E.M.H. (2005). Incidence of Class 1 Integrons in a quaternary ammonium compound-polluted environment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, 1802-1807.
23. Government of Australia; Therapeutic Goods Admin. (2005) The Standard for Microbiocides and Sterilants (TGO 54). http://www.tga.health.gov.au/docs/html/ tgo/tgo54b.htm.
24. Griffiths, P.A., Babb, J.R., Bradley, C.R and Fraise, A.P. (1997) Glutaraldehyde-resistant Mycobacterium chelonae from endoscope washer disinfectors. J Appl Microbiol 82, 519-526.
25. Lehman, D. (2003) Clean and green. Implementing environmentally friendly cleaning practices. Health Facil Manage 16, 48-51.
26. Levy, S.B. (2002) Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance. J Appl Microbiol 92, 65S-71S.
27. Liu, A.H. and Murphy, J.R. (2003) Hygiene hypothesis: fact or fiction? J Allergy Clin Immunol 111, 471-478.
28. McBain, A.J., Ledder, R.G., Moore, L.E., Catrenich, C.E. and Gilbert, P. (2004) Effects of quaternary-ammonium-based formulations on bacterial community dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility. Appl Environ Microbiol 70, 3449-3456.
29. Murr, A.S. and Goldman, J.M. (2005) Twenty-week exposures to the drinking water disinfection by-product dibromoacetic acid: reproductive cyclicity and steroid concentrations in the female Sprague-Dawley rat. Reprod Toxicol 20, 73-80.
30. Office of Water (2005) Notice of availability of final aquatic life ambient water quality criteria for nonylphenol. Fed Reg 71, 9337-9339.
31. Pechter, E., Davis, L.K., Tumpowsky, C., Flattery, J., Harrison, R., Reinisch, F., Reilly, M.J., Rosenman, K.D. et al. (2005) Work-related asthma among health care workers: surveillance data from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993-1997. Am J Ind Med 47, 265-275.
32. Perez, J., Springthorpe, V.S. and Sattar, S.A. (2005) Activity of selected oxidizing microbicides against the spores of Clostridium difficile: relevance to infection control. Am J Infect Control 33, 320-325.
33. Preller, L., Doekes, G., Heederik, D., Vermeulen, R., Vogelzang, P.F. and Boleij, J.S. (1996) Microbicide use as a risk factor for atopic sensitization and symptoms consistent with asthma: an epidemiological study. Eur Respir J 9, 1407-1413.
34. Purohit, A., Kopferschmitt-Kubler, M.C., Moreau, C., Popin, E., Blaumeiser, M. and Pauli, G. (2000) Quaternary ammonium compounds and occupational asthma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 73, 423-427.
35. Ravis, S.M., Shaffer, M.P., Shaffer, C.L., Dehkhaghani, S. and Belsito, D.V. (2003) Glutaraldehyde-induced and formaldehyde-induced allergic contact dermatitis among dental hygienists and assistants. J Am Dent Assoc 134, 1072-1078.
36. Reigart, J.R. and Roberts, J.R. (1999) Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 5th edn. EPA #735-R-98-003. Washington, DC: US EPA.
37. Riley, T.V. (2004) Nosocomial diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17, 323-327.
38. Russell, A.D. (2003) Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: the relevance of laboratory findings to clinical and environmental situations. Lancet Infect Dis 3, 794-803.
39. Ryan, C.K. and Potter, G.D. (1995) Microbicide colitis. Rinse as well as you wash. J Clin Gastroenterol 21, 6-9.
40. Sattar, S.A. (2004) Current issues in testing, selection and use of microbicides in infection control: a critical review. Aust Infect Control 9, 84-100.
41. Sattar, S.A., Tetro, J. and Springthorpe, V.S. (1999) Impact of changing societal trends on the spread of infectious diseases in American and Canadian homes. Am J Infect Control 27, S4-S21.
42. Sattar, S.A., Adegbunrin, O. and Ramirez, J. (2002) Combined use of simulated reuse & quantitative carrier tests to assess high-level disinfection: experiments with an accelerated hydrogen peroxide-based formulation. Am J Infect Control 30, 449-457.
43. Sattar, S.A., Tetro, J.A. and Springthorpe, V.S. (2006) Effects of environmental chemicals and the host-pathogen relationship: are there any negative consequences for human health? Proceedings from the Symposium on 'Biocides Old and New' ed. Zhu, P. Honolulu, HI: American Chemical Society (in press).
44. Shaffer, M.P. and Belsito, D.V. (2000) Allergic contact dermatitis from glutaraldehyde in health-care workers. Contact Dermatitis 43, 150-156.
45. Sheikh, A. and Strachan, D.P. (2004) The hygiene theory: fact or fiction? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 12, 232-236.
46. Smith, J.W., Chalupa, P. and Shabaz, H.M. (2006) Infectious arthritis: clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 12, 309-314.
47. Smolinski, M.S., Hamburg, M.A., Lederberg, J. (eds) (2003) Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: National Academics Press.
48. Springthorpe, V.S. and Sattar, S.A. (2005) Carrier tests to assess microbicidal activities of chemical disinfectants for use on medical devices and environmental surfaces. J AOAC Int 88, 182-201.
49. Sunenshine, R.H. and McDonald, L.C. (2006) Clostridium difficile-associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. Cleve Clin J Med 73, 187-197.
50. Taylor, L.H., Latham, S.M. and Woolhouse, M.E. (2001) Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356, 983-989.
51. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1983) Reuse Test Protocol Specifications. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
52. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2003) Antimicrobial Pesticide Products. Available at http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/antimic.htm.
53. US Government Accountability Office (1990a) Microbiocides: Concerns over the Integrity of EPA's Data Bases Document #GAO/RCED-90-232. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.
54. US Government Accountability Office (1990b) Microbiocides: EPA Lacks Assurance they Work. Document #GAO/RCED-90-139. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.
55. Verity, P., Wilcox, M.H., Fawley, W. and Parnall, P. (2001) Prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by Clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms. J Hosp Infect 49, 204-209.
56. Vizcaino-Alcaide, M.J., Herruzo-Cabrera, R. and Fernandez-Acenero, M.J. (2003) Comparison of the disinfectant efficacy of Perasafe and 2% glutaraldehyde in in vitro tests. J Hosp Infect 53, 124-128.
57. Walsh, S.E., Maillard, J.Y., Russell, A.D., Catrenich, C.E., Charbonneau, D.L. and Bartolo, R.G. (2003) Development of bacterial resistance to several biocides and effects on antibiotic susceptibility. J Hosp Infect 55, 98-107.
58. Ward, R.L., Bernstein, D.I., Knowlton, D.R., Sherwood, J.R., Young, E.C., Cusack, T.M., Rubino, J.R. and Schiff, G.M. (1991) Prevention of surface-to-human transmission of rotaviruses by treatment with disinfectant spray. J Clin Microbiol 29, 1991-1996.
59. Waters, A., Beach, J. and Abramson, M. (2003) Symptoms and lung function in health care personnel exposed to glutaraldehyde. Am J Ind Med 43, 196-203.
60. Weiss, R.A. and McMichael, A.J. (2004) Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nat Med 10, S70-S76.
61. Wilcox, M.H., Fawley, W.N., Wigglesworth, N., Parnell, P., Verity, P. and Freeman, J. (2003) Comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 54, 109-114.
62. Wolkoff, P., Schneider, T., Kildeso, J., Degerth, R., Jaroszewski, M. and Schunk, H. (1998) Risk in cleaning: chemical and physical exposure. Sci Total Environ 23, 135-156.
63. World Health Organization (2003) Communicable Diseases 2002: Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat. Geneva: World Health Organization.
64. Zimmer C. (2001) Do chronic diseases have an infectious root? Science 293, 1974-1977.