The cingranelli and richards (CIRI) human rights data project

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 401-424

  Cingranelli, David L ^a   Richards, David L ^b  

^a BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN RIGHTS;

EID: 77952931917     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0141     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Besides Cingranelli and Richards, major contributors to the data collection effort include M. Rodwan Abouharb, Chad Clay, Paola Fajardo, Shawna Sweeney, and Craig Webster.
2. Charles Humana, World Human Ri ghts Gui de (1st ed. 1983); Charles Humana, World Human Ri ghts Gui de (2d ed. 1986); Charles Humana, World Human Ri ghts Gui de (3d ed. 1992). 2. Charles Humana, World Human Ri ghts Gui de (1st ed. 1983); Charles Humana, World Human Ri ghts Gui de (2d ed. 1986); Charles Humana, World Human Ri ghts Gui de (3d ed. 1992).
3. The basic unit coded is a "country-year." A country-year is a particular country in a particular year. For instance, "Canada 1998" is a particular country-year.
4. For further information, see Senator Coburn's statement, Coburn Amendment 2631-Prohibits the National Science Foundation from wasting federal research funding on political science projects, available at http://tinyurl.com/coburn- ciri.
5. Kate Desormeau, Measuring Rights and Governance: The Quantification of Aid Conditionality 5 (Harvard Kennedy School, Carr Center for Human Rights Working Paper), available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/pdf/Desormeau- Paper.pdf.
6. See id. at 7.
7. For an elaboration of this argument, see M. Rodwan Abouharb &David Cingranelli , Human Rights and Structural Adjustment 227-239 (2008).
8. Steven C. Poe, Sabine C. Carey &Tanya C. Vazquez, How Are These Pictures Different? A Quantitative Comparison of the US State Department and Amnesty International Human Rights Reports, 1976-1995, 23 Hum. Rts. Q. 650 (2001).
9. See Michael Stohl, David Carleton, George Lopez &Stephen Samuels, State Violation of Human Rights: Issues and Problems of Measurement, 8 Hum. Rts. Q. 592 (1986).
10. Herbert F. Spirer, Violations of Human Rights-How Many? The Statistical Problems of Measuring Such Infractions Are Tough, but Statistical Science is Equal to It, 49 Am. J. Econ. &Soc. 199 (1990).
11. Alison Brysk, The Politics of Measurement: The Contested Count of the Disappeared in Argentina, 16 Hum. Rts. Q. 676 (1994).
12. Reed M. Wood &Mark Gibney, The Political Terror Scale (PTS): A Re-introduction and a Comparison to CIRI, 32 Hum. Rts. Q. 367, 378-80 (2010).
13. David L. Cingranelli &David L. Richards, Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights, 43 Int'l Stud. Q. 407 (1999).
14. Correlates of War, available at.
15. David L. Cingranelli &David L. Richards, The Cingranelli -Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Proj ect Coding Manual, version 7.30.08 (2008), at 8, available at http://ciri.binghamton.edu/documentation/ciri-coding-guide.pdf.
16. Krippendorff's measure is appropriate for ordinal data because it takes into account both the number of disagreements and the extent of each disagreement.
17. David Cingranelli &David Richards, CIRI Human Rights Documentation, available at http://ciri.binghamton.edu/documentation.asp.
18. Wood &Gibney, supra note 10, at 387, 392.
19. Individuals who are imprisoned because they have committed violent acts, regardless of the reasons why they committed those acts, are not political prisoners.
20. Extrajudicial killings may result from the deliberate, illegal, and excessive use of lethal force by the police, security forces, or other agents of the state whether against criminal suspects, detainees, prisoners, or others. Extrajudicial killing excludes combat deaths.
21. Mark Gibney &Matthew Dalton, The Political Terror Scale, in Poli cy Studi es and Developing Nati ons: Human Ri ghts and Developing Countri es 73, 79 (David L. Cingranelli ed., 1996).
22. Id.
23. Human Security Centre, Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century 95 n.30 (2005).
24. See id. n.31.
25. Monty G. Marshall &Keith Jaggers, Polity IV Project, Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2007 Dataset Users' Manual (2009).
26. See, e.g., James Raymond Vreeland, Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships enter into the United Nations Convention Against Torture, 62 Int'l Org. 65 (2008).
27. David Cingranelli &Mikhail Filippov, Electoral Rules and Incentives to Protect Human Rights, 72 J. Politics 243 (2010).
28. David L. Cingranelli &David L. Richards, Not Everything's Coming up Roses: Human Rights After the End of the Cold War, Paper presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA.
29. Id.
30. Wood &Gibney, supra note 10, at 377.
31. See, e.g., Emilie M. Hafner-Burton &James Ron, Seeing Double: Human Rights Impact Through Qualitative and Quantitative Eyes, 61 World Pol. 360 (2009).
32. See Cingranelli &Richards, Not Everything's Coming up Roses, supra note 25.
33. Cingranelli &Richards, Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights, supra note 11, at 407-08.
34. David L. Richards, Ronald D. Gelleny &David H. Sacko, Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries, 45 Int'l Stud. Q. 219 (2001).
35. For details on Mokken Scaling, see R.J. Mokken, A Theory and Procedure of Scale Analysis (1971).
36. Wijbrandt H. van Schuur, Mokken Scale Analysis: Between the Guttman Scale and Parametric Item Response Theory, 11 Pol. Analysi s 139 (2003). For an analysis of the CIRI data using this technique, see Cingranelli &Richards, Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights, supra note11.
37. See also James M. McCormick &Neil J. Mitchell, Human Rights Violations, Umbrella Concepts, and Empirical Analysis, 49 World Pol. 510 (1997).
38. See Cingranelli &Richards, Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights, supra note 11, at 413.
39. Id. at 414-415.
40. Wood &Gibney, supra note 10, at 378-379
41. Id. at 391.
42. This language is not included in the version of the PTS coding scheme excerpted by Wood and Gibney in this volume, but it is included in the version of the PTS coding guidelines found in David Carleton &Michael Stohl, The Foreign Policy of Human Rights: Rhetoric and Reality from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan, 7 Hum. Rts. Q. 205, 212 (1985) (emphasis added).
43. Note that all other scores for human rights practices in the human rights data set are not based on counts and, therefore, cannot be criticized on this basis.
44. McCormick &Mitchell, Human Rights Violations, Umbrella Concepts, and Empirical Analysis, supra note 32, at 524-525.