Electric fishes of the genus Sternarchorhynchus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes); phylogenetic and revisionary studies

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 159, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 223-371

  De Santana, Carlos David ^a   VARI, Richard P ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive radiation; Apteronotidae; Cladistics; Convergence; Key innovation; New species; Osteology; South America

Indexed keywords

APTERONOTIDAE; GYMNOTIFORMES; OSTARIOPHYSI; PARIA; PISCES; STERNARCHORHYNCHUS; TELEOSTEI;

EID: 77952895190     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00588.x     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Aguilera O. La musculature estriada en los peces Gymnotiformes (Teleostei-Ostariophysi): musculature facial. Acta Biologica Venezuelica 1986, 12:13-23.
2. Albert JS. Species diversity and phylogenetic systematics of American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 2001, 190:1-127.
3. Albert JS. Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae - ghost knifefishes. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America 2003, 497-502. Reis REKullander SOFerraris CJ. In, eds., Porto Alegre, Brazil, EDIPUCRS
4. Albert JS, Campos-da-Paz R. Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of available data. Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes 1998, 419-446. Malabarba LR, Reis REVari RPLucena ZMLucena C. In, eds., Porto Alegre, Brazil, EDIPUCRS
5. Albert JS, Crampton WGR. Diversity and phylogeny of neotropical electric fishes (Gymnotiformes). Electroreception 2005, 360-409. Bullock H, Hopkins CDPopper ANFay RR. In, eds., Vol. 21, New York, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research
6. Albert JS, Crampton WGR. A new species of electric knifefish, genus Compsaraia (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon fiver, with extreme sexual dimorphism in snout and jaw length. Systematics and Biodiversity 2009, 7:81-92.
7. Albert JS, Crampton WGR, Thorson DH, Lovejoy NR. Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 2005, 2:375-417.
8. Albert JS, Miller RR. Gymnotus maculosus, a new species of electric fish (Chordata: Teleostei: Gymnotoidei) from Middle America, with a key to the specie of Gymnotus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1995, 108:662-678.
9. Alves-Gomes JA, Ortí G, Haywood W, Heligenberg W, Meyer A. Phylogenetic analysis of the South American electric fishes (Order Gymnotiformes) and the evolution of their electrogenic system: a synthesis based on morphology, electrophysiology, and mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1995, 12:298-318.
10. Barbarino Duque A, Winemiller KO. Dietary segregation amongst large catfishes of the Apure and Arauca Rivers, Venezuela. Journal of Fish Biology 2003, 63:410-427.
11. Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Epigean and subterranean ichthyofauna from the São Domingos karst area, upper Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology 2003, 63:1100-1121.
12. Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Three new subterranean species of Ituglanis from Central Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2004, 15:243-256.
13. Bloch ME, Schneider JG. M.E. Blochii. Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opun inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider. Saxo Berolini 1801, Berlin, Sumtibus Austoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum
14. Bock WJ. The role of adaptative mechanism in the origin of higher levels of organization. Systematic Zoology 1965, 14:272-287.
15. Boulenger GA. An account of the fishes collected by Mr. C. Buckley in eastern Ecuador. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1887, 2:274-283.
16. Britski HA. Peixes da água doce do Estado de São Paulo: Sistemática. Poluição e piscicultura 1972, 79-108. In, São Paulo, Commisão Interestadual da bacia Paraná-Paraguai
17. Britski HA, Silimon KS, Lopes B. Peixes do Pantanal. Manual de identifição 1999, Corumbá, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
18. Brooks DR, McLennan DA. Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior: a research program in comparative biology 1991, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
19. Brousseau RA. The pectoral anatomy of selected Ostariophysi. I. The Characiniformes. Journal of Morphology 1976, 148:89-136.
20. Campos-da-Paz R. Revision of the South American freshwater fish genus Sternarchorhamphus Eigenmann, 1905 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), with notes on its relationships. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 1995, 108:29-44.
21. Campos-da-Paz R. New species of Megadontognathus from the Amazon basin, with phylogenetic and taxonomic discussions on the genus (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 1999, 1999:1041-1049.
22. Campos-da-Paz R. On Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau: a South American electric knifefish with descriptions of two new species (Ostariophysi, Gymnotoidei, Apteronotidae). Copeia 2000, 2000:521-535.
23. Campos-da-Paz R. Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae - naked-back knifefishes. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America 2003, 483-486. Reis REKullander SOFerraris CJ. In, eds., Porto Alegre, Brazil, EDIPUCRS
24. Campos-da-Paz R. Previously undescribed dental arrangement amongst electric knifefishes, with comments on the taxonomic and conservation status of Tembeaussu marauna Triques (Otophysi: Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 2005, 3:395-400.
25. Carr CE, Maler L. Electroreception in gymnotiform fish: central anatomy and physiology. Electroreception 1986, 319-374. Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W. In, eds., New York, John Wiley & Sons
26. Castelnau F. Poissons nouveaux ou rares récuillis pendant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a lima et de lima au Pará 1855, Paris, Chez P. Bertrand
27. Chardon M, De La Hoz E. Towards an improved classification of the gymnotid fishes by the use of splanchnocranium characters. Ichthyologia 1974, 6:15-25.
28. Cox-Fernandes C. Sex-related morphological variation in two species of apteronotid fishes (Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon River basin. Copeia 1998, 1998:730-735.
29. Cox-Fernandes C. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) of electric fish assemblages in the Amazon. Biology of tropical fishes 1999, 21-39. Val ALAlmeida-Val VMF. In, eds., Manaus, INPA
30. Cox-Fernandes C, Lundberg JG, Riginos C. Largest of all electric-fish snouts: hypermorphic facial growth in male Apteronotus hasemani and the identity of Apteronotus anas (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 2002, 2002:52-61.
31. Cox-Fernandes C, Podos J, Lundberg JG. Amazon Ecology. Tributaries enhance the diversity of electric fishes. Science 2004, 305:1960-1962.
32. Cracraft J. The origin of evolutionary novelties: pattern and process at different hierarchical levels. Evolutionary innovations 1990, 21-44. Nitecki MH. In, ed., Chicago, The University of Chicago Press
33. Crampton WGR. Electric signals, design and habitat preference in a rich assemblage of gymnotiform fishes from the upper Amazon basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 1998, 70:805-847.
34. Crampton WGR. Diversity and adaptation in deep-channel neotropical electric fishes. Fish life in special environments 2007, 283-339. Sébert POnyango DWKapoor BG. In, eds., Enfield, NH, Science Publishers Inc
35. Crampton WGR, Albert JS. Evolution of electric signal diversity in gymnotiforms fishes. Communication in fishes 2006, 647-731. Ladich F, Collin SPMoller PKapoor BG. In, eds., Enfield, NH, Science Publishers Inc
36. De La Hoz E, Chardon M. Skeleton, muscles, ligaments and swimbladder of a gymnotid fish, Sternopygus macrurus (Ostariophysi Gymnotoidei). Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège 1984, 53:9-53.
37. Eigenmann CH. The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1912, 5:1-578.
38. Eigenmann CH, Allen WR. Fishes of western South America, I: The intercordilleran and Amazonian lowlands of Peru, II: The High Pampas, Bolivia, and northern Chile, with a revision of the Peruvian Gymnotidae, and of the genus Orestias 1942, Lexington, University of Kentucky
39. Eigenmann CH, Bean BA. An account of Amazon River fishes collected by J. B. Steere: with a note on Pimelodus clarias. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1907, 36:659-668.
40. Eigenmann CH, Eigenmann R. A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1891, 16:1-81.
41. Eigenmann CH, Ward DP. The Gymnotidae. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1905, 4:157-186.
42. Ellis MM. The gymnotid eels of tropical America. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1913, 6:109-195.
43. Eschmeyer W. Catalog of fishes 1998, ed., San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences
44. Fernández-Yépez A. Diferencias cefálicas em las especies del género Sternarchorhynchus de la familia Apteronotidae. Natura, Fundación La Salle, Caracas 1967, 34:18-19.
45. Ferreira E, dos Santos GM, Jégu M. Aspectos ecológicos da ictiofauna do rio Mucajaí, na ilha da Paredão, Roraima. Amazoniana 1988, 3:339-352.
46. Ferreira E, Zuanon J, Fosberg B, Goulding M, Briglia-Ferreira R. Rio Branco. Peixes, Ecología e Conservação de Roraima 2007, Manaus, Brazil, Amazon Conservation Association, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Sociedade Civil de Mamirauá
47. Ferreira EFG. issue for 1993). Composição, distribuição e aspectos ecológicos da ictiofauna de um trecho do rio Trombetas, na área de influência da future UHE cachoeira Porteira, Estado do Pará: Brasil. Acta Amazonica 1995, 23(1-4):1-89. suplemento
48. Feulner PGD, Kirshbaum F, Mamonekeve V, Ketmaier V, Tiedemann R. Adaptive radiation in African weakly electric fish (Teleostei: Mormyridae: Campylomormyrus): a combined molecular and morphological approach. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2007, 20:403-414.
49. Fink SV, Fink WL. Interrelationships of the Ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981, 72:297-353.
50. Fink SV, Fink WL. Interrelationships of Ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei). Interrelationships of fishes 1996, 209-249. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LRJohnson GD. In, eds., San Diego, Academic Press
51. Foote M. The evolution of morphological diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1997, 28:129-152.
52. Forey PL, Littlewood DTJ, Ritchie P, Meyer A. Interrelationships of elopomorph fishes. Interrelationships of fishes 1996, 175-191. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, In, eds., New York, Academic Press
53. Fowler HW. Os peixes de água doce do Brasil (3.a entrega). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado do São Paulo 1951, 6:205-625.
54. Franchina CR, Hopkins CD. The dorsal filament of the weakly electric Apteronotidae (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei) is specialized for electroreception. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 1996, 47:165-178.
55. Goloboff P. NONA. (NO NAME) version 2. 1999, Published by the author, Tucumán, Argentina
56. Gottschalk B, Scheich H. Phase sensitivity and phase coupling. Common mechanisms for communication behaviors in gymnotoid wave and pulse species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1979, 4:395-408.
57. Goulding M, Leal Carvalho M, Ferreira E. Rio Negro; rich life in poor water. Amazonian diversity and foodchain ecology as seen through fish communities 1988, The Hague, SPB Academic Publishing
58. da Graça WF, Pavanelli CS. Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes 2007, Maringa, Brazil, Editora da Universidade Estadual da Maringá
59. Günther A. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Muraenidae, Pegasidae, and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi. Leptocardii in the British Museum 1870, 8:1-549.
60. Guyer C, Slowinski JB. Adaptive radiation of topology of large phylogenies. Evolution 1993, 47:253-263.
61. Hagedorn M, Keller CH. Species diversity of gymnotiform fishes in Manu Biosphere, Pakitza, Perú. Manu: the biodiversity of southeastern Peru 1996, 483-502. Wilson DE, Sandoval A. In, eds., Washington DC, Smithsonian Institution Press
62. Hennig W. Phylogenetic systematics 1966, Urbana, University of Illinois Press
63. Hilton EJ, Cox-Fernandes C. Sexual dimorphism in Apteronotus bonapartii (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 2006, 2006:826-833.
64. Hilton EJ, Cox-Fernandes C, Sullivan JP, Lundberg JG, Campos-da-Paz R. Redescription of Orthosternarchus tamandua (Boulenger, 1898) (Gymnotiformes, Apteronotidae), with reviews of its ecology, electric organ discharges, external morphology, osteology, and phylogenetic affinities. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2007, 156:1-25.
65. Hodges SA. Rapid radiation due to a key innovation in columbines (Rananculaceae: Aquilegia). Molecular evolution and adaptive radiation 1997, 391-405. Givinish TJSytsma K. In, eds., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
66. Hopkins CD. Hypopomus pinnicaudatus (Hypopomidae), a new species of gymnotiform fish from French Guiana. Copeia 1991, 1991:151-161.
67. Isbrücker IJK, Nijssen H. Crossoloricaria rhami n. sp., un nouveau poisson-chat cuirassé du Río Huacamayo, Pérou (Pisces. Siluriformes. Loricariidae). Revue Française de Aquariologie Herpétologie 1983, 10:9-12.
68. Jensen JS. Plausibility and testability: assessing the consequences of evolutionary innovation. Evolutionary innovations 1990, 171-190. Nitecki MH. In, ed., Chicago, The University of Chicago Press
69. Johnson GD, Patterson C. Relationships of lower eutelostean fishes. Interrelationships of fishes 1996, 251-332. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LRJohnson GD. In, eds., San Diego, Academic Press
70. Jordan DS. The genera of fishes. Part III. A contribution to the stability of zoological nomenclature 1919, Palo Alto, Leland Stanford Junior University Publications. University Series
71. Kirschbaum F. Taxonomy, zoogeography and general ecology of South American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes). Electric fishes; history and behavior 1995, 446-464. Moller P. In, ed., London, Chapman and Hall
72. Kullander SO. Family Cichlidae - cichlids. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America 2003, 605-654. Reis REKullander SOFerraris CJ. In, eds., Porto Alegre, Brazil, EDIPUCRS
73. Kullander SO, Ferreira EFG. Two new species of Apistogramma Regan (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the rio Trombetas, Pará, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 2005, 3:361-371.
74. Kullander SO, Ferreira EFG. A review of the South American cichlid genus Cichla, with descriptions of nine new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2007, 17:289-398.
75. Kullander SO, Stawikowski R. Jardines Cichliden. Deutsche Cichliden-Gesselscahaft 1997, 28:112-119.
76. Langner G, Scheich H. Active phase coupling in electric fish: behavioral control with microsecond precision. Journal of Comparative Physiology 1978, 128:235-240.
77. Lasso CA, Machado-Allison A, Taphorn D, Rodríguez-Olarte D, Vispo CR, Chernoff B, Provenzano F, Lasso-Alcalá O, Cervó A, Nakamura K, González N, Meri J, Silvera C, Bonilla A, López-Rojas H, Machado-Aranda D. The fishes of the Caura River basin, Orinoco drainage, Venezuela. Annotated Checklist. Scientia Guianae 2003, 12:223-245.
78. Lasso CA, Lew D, Taphorn DC, DoNascimiento C, Lasso-Alcalá O, Provenzano F, Machado-Allison A. Biodiversidad ictiologico continental de Venezuela. parte 1. Lista de especies y distribución por cuencas. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 2004a, 159-160:105-195.
79. Lasso CA, Mojica JI, Usma JS, Maldonaldo JA, DoNascimiento C, Taphorn DC, Provenzano F, Lasso-Alcalá OM, Galvis G, Vásquez L, Lugo M, Machado-Allison A, Royero R, Suárez C, Ortega-Lara A. Peces de las cuencas del río Orinoco. Parte I: lista de especies y distribucíon por subcuencas. Biota Colombiana 2004b, 5:95-158.
80. Lauder GV. Form and function; structural analysis in evolutionary morphology. Paleobiology 1981, 7:430-442.
81. Liem KF. Evolutionary strategies and morphological innovations: cichlid pharyngeal jaws. Systematic Zoology 1973, 4:425-441.
82. Lima FCT, Zuanon J. A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rapids of the lower rio Xingu, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 2004, 2:117-122.
83. Lopez-Rojas H, Lundberg JG, Marsh E. Design and operation of a small trawling apparatus for use with dugout canoes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1984, 4:331-334.
84. de Lucena CAS. Revisão taxonômica das espécies do gênero Roeboides group-affinis (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae). Iheringia, series Zoologia, Porto Alegre 2007, 97:117-136.
85. Lundberg JG, Cox-Fernandes C, Albert JS, Garcia M. Magosternarchus, a new genus with two new species of electric fishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon River basin, South America. Copeia 1996, 1996:657-670.
86. Lundberg JG, Lewis WM, Saunders JF, Mago-Leccia F. A major food web component in the Orinoco River channel: evidence from planktivorous electric fishes. Science 1987, 237:81-83.
87. Lundberg JG, Mago-Leccia F. A review of Rhabdolichops (Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae), a genus of South America freshwater fishes, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1986, 138:53-85.
88. McAllister DE. Evolution of branchiostegals and classification of Teleostome fishes. Bulletin, National Museum of Canada 1968, 221:1-239.
89. Machado-Allison A. Los peces de las llanos de Venezuela. Un esayo sobre su historia natural 1987, Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela
90. Machado-Allison A. Contributions to the knowledge of freshwater ichthyology in Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica 2006, 26:13-52.
91. Machado-Allison A, Moreno H. Estudios sobre la comunidad de peces del Río Orituco, Estado Guarico, Venezuela. Parte 1. Inventario, abundancia relative y diversidad. Acta Biologica Venezuelica 1993, 14:77-94.
92. Maddison DR, Maddison WP. MacClade, analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 4.08 2005, Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates, Inc
93. Mago-Leccia F. Lista de los peces de Venezuela 1970, Caracas, Ministerio de Agricultura y Curia
94. Mago-Leccia F. Los peces de la familia Sternopygidae de Venezuela. Acta Scientífica Venezolana 1978, 29(1):1-89. suplemento
95. Mago-Leccia F. Electric fishes of the continental waters of America. Classification and catalogue of the electric fishes of the order Gymnotiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) with descriptions of new genera and species 1994, Caracas, Biblioteca de la academia de ciencias fisicas, matematics y naturales
96. Mago-Leccia F, Lundberg JG, Baskin JN. Systematics of the South American freshwater fish genus Adontosternarchus (Gymnotiformes, Apteronotidae). Contributions in Sciences, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 1985, 358:1-19.
97. Marrero C. Notas preliminares acerca de la historia natural de los peces del bajo llano. I. Comparación de los hábitos alimentarios de tres especies de Gymnotiformes del Río Apure (Edo. Apure) Venezuela. Revista de Hidrobiologia Tropical 1987, 20:57-63.
98. Marrero C, Castillo O, Machado-Allison A. Primera cita del genero Traverella Edmunds 1948 (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebidae), para Venezuela y comentarios preliminares acerca de la importancia del bentos en la dieta de los peces Gymnotiformes del Río Apure. Biollania 1987, 5:123-128.
99. Marrero C, Taphorn D. Notas sobre la historia natural y la distribution de los peces Gymnotiformes en la cuenca del río Apure y otros rios de la Orinoquia. Biollania 1991, 8:123-142.
100. Marrero C, Winemiller KO. Tube-snouted gymnotiform and mormyriform fishes: convergence of a specialized foraging mode in teleosts. Environmental Biology of Fishes 1993, 38:299-309.
101. Mayr E. The emergence of evolutionary novelties. The evolution of life 1960, 349-380. Tax S. In, ed., Chicago, University of Chicago Press
102. Meunier FJ. Piranhas enivrés, des poissons et des hommes en Guyane 2004, Coordinator, Paris, Societé Française d'Ichthologie - Réunion des Musées Nationaux
103. Miles C. Some newly recorded fishes from the Magdalena River system. Caldasia 1945, 3:453-464.
104. Mojica JI. Lista preliminar de las especies duleacuícolas de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 1999, 23:547-566.
105. Mol JH, de Merona B, Oubeter PE, Sahdew A. The fish fauna of Brokopondo Reservoir, Suriname, during 40 years of impoundment. Neotropical Ichthyology 2007, 5:351-368.
106. Moller P. Taxonomy, zoogeography, general ecology. Order: Mormyriformes. Electric fishes: history and behavior 1995, Moller P. In, ed., London, Chapman and Hall
107. Müller J, Troschel FH. Fische. Reisen in British-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844 1848, 618-644. Schomburgk R, In, ed., Leipzig, Verlagsbuchhandlung von JJ Weber
108. Müller J, Troschel FH. Horae Ichthyologicae. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische 1849, Berlin, Verlag von Veit und Comp
109. Nelson G. Gill arches and the phylogeny of fishes with notes on the classification of the vertebrates. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1969, 141:475-522.
110. Nelson GJ, Platnick NI. Systematics and biogeography: cladistics and vicariance 1981, New York, Colombia University Press
111. Nixon KC. WinClada version 1.0000. 1999-2002, Published by the author, Ithaca, NY
112. Novaceck MJ. Fossils, topologies, missing data, and the higher level phylogeny of eutherian mammals. Systematic Biology 1992, 41:58-73.
113. Ortega H. Ictiofauna del Parque Nacional Manu, Perú. Manu: the biodiversity of southeastern Peru 1996, 453-482. Wilson DESandoval A. In, eds., Washington DC, Smithsonian Institution Press
114. Patterson C. The braincase of pholidophorid and leptolepid fishes with a review of the Actinopterygian braincase. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1975, 269:275-579.
115. de Pinna MCC. Concepts and test of homology in the cladistic paradigm. Cladistics 1991, 7:367-394.
116. Planquette P, Keith P, Le Bail PY. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane (tome 1) 1996, Paris, IEGB - MNHN, INRA, CSP, Ministere de l'Environment
117. Rapp Py-Daniel L, Cox-Fernandes C. Dimorfismo sexual em Siluriformes e Gymnotiformes (Ostariophysi) da Amazônia. Acta Amazonica 2005, 35:97-110.
118. Reis RE. Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genus and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 1997, 7:299-326.
119. Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America 2003, Porto Alegre, Brazil, EDIPUCRS
120. Riviere P. From science to imperialism: Robert Schomburgk's humanitarianism. Archives of Natural History 1998, 25:1-8.
121. Rodríguez-Olarte D, Taphorn DC, Lasso C, Vispo CR. Fishes of the lower Caura, Orinoco basin, Venezuela. Scientia Guianae 2003, 12:181-221.
122. de Santana CD, Castillo O, Taphorn D. Apteronotus magoi, a new species of ghost knifefish from the Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2006, 17:275-280.
123. de Santana CD, Crampton WGR. Sternarchorhynchus curumin (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), a new species of tube-snouted ghost electric knifefish from the lowland Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 2006, 1166:57-68.
124. de Santana CD, Crampton WGR. Revision of the deep-channel electric fish genus Sternarchogiton (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 2007, 2007:387-402.
125. de Santana CD, Maldonado-Ocampo JA. Apteronotus milesi, new species of ghost knifefish (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Cauca river, with a key to apteronotids from the Magdalena-Cauca basin, Colombia. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2005, 16:223-230.
126. de Santana CD, Maldonado-Ocampo J, Severi W, Mendes GN. Apteronotus eschmeyeri, a new species of ghost knifefish from Magdalena basin, Colombia (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Zootaxa 2004, 410:1-11.
127. de Santana CD, Nogueira A. Two new species of Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau from the Amazon basin, Brazil (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2006, 17:85-92.
128. de Santana CD, Taphorn DC. Sternarchorhynchus gnomus, a new species of electric knifefish from the lower Rio Caroni, Venezuela (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2006, 17:1-8.
129. de Santana CD, Vari RP. The South America electric fish genus Platyurosternarchus (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 2009, 2009:233-244.
130. dos Santos GM, de Mérona B, Juras AA, Jégu M. Peixes da baixo Rio Tocantins, 20 anos depois da Usina Hidroeléctrica Tucuruí 2004, Brasilia, Electronorte
131. Schluter D. The ecology of adaptive radiation 2000, Oxford, Oxford University Press
132. Schluter D, Price TD, Mooers Ø, Ludwig G. Likelihood on ancestor states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 1997, 51:1699-1711.
133. Schultz LP. A further contribution to the ichthyology of Venezuela. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1949, 99:1-211.
134. Schwassmann HO, Carvalho ML. Archolaemus blax Korringa (Pisces, Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae); a redescription with notes on ecology. Spixiana 1985, 8:231-240.
135. Sorenson MD. TreeRot, version 2 1999, Boston, MA, Boston University
136. Starks EC. The fishes of the Stanford expedition to Brazil 1913, Palo Alto, Stanford Publications University Series
137. Steindachner F. Abhandlung über die Gymnotiden des Weiner Museum. Anzeiger de Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1868a, 5:176-177.
138. Steindachner F. Die Gymnotidae des k. k. Hof-Naturaliencabinetes zu Wien. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Matematicsh-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 1868b, 58:249-264.
139. Stewart D, Barriga R, Ibarra M. Ictiofauna de la cuenca del Río Napo, Ecuador Oriental: Lista anotada de especies. Politecnica, Revista de Información Tecnico-Cientifíca 1987, 12:9-63.
140. Stiassny MLJ, Jensen JS. Labroid intrarelationships revisited: morphological complexity, key innovations, and the study of comparative diversity. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 1987, 151:269-319.
141. Stiassny MLJ, de Pinna MCC. Basal taxa and the role of cladistic patterns in the evaluation of conservation priorities: a view from freshwaters. Systematics and conservation evaluation 1994, 235-249. Forey PL, Humphries CJVane-Wright RI. In, eds., Special Vol. 50, London, The Systematics Association
142. Sullivan JP, Lavoué S, Hopkins CD. Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. Journal of Experimental Biology 2000, 203:665-683.
143. Swofford DL. PAUP* version 4.0. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony 2003, Washington, D.C, Sinauer Associates, Inc
144. Swofford DL, Maddison WP. Reconstructing ancestral states under wagner parsimony. Mathematical Biosciences 1987, 87:199-229.
145. Taphorn D, Royero R, Machado-Allison A, Mago Leccia F. Lista actualizada de los peces de aqua dulce de Venezuela. Vertebrados actuales y fósiles de Venezuela 1997, 55-100. La Marca E, In, ed., Merida, Venezuela, Museo de Ciencia y Tecnología de Mérida
146. Taverne L. Ostéologie du genre Campylomormyrus Bleeker (Pisces Mormyriformes). Annales de la Société royale Zoologique de Belgique 1968, 98:147-188.
147. Taylor WR, Van Dyke GC. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 1985, 9:107-119.
148. Triques M. Filogenia dos gêneros de Gymnotiformes (Actinopterygii, Ostariophysi) com base em caracteres esqueléticos. Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Séries Zoologia, Porto Alegre 1993, 6:85-130.
149. Triques M. Análise cladística dos caracteres de anatomia externa e esquelética de Apteronotidae (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes). Lundiana 2005, 6:121-149.
150. Triques M. Família Apteronotidae. Catálogo das espécies de peixes de água doce do Brasil 2007, 123-125. Buckup PAMenezes NAGhazzi MS. In, eds., Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
151. Vari RP. Anatomy, relationships and classification of the families Citharinidae and Distichodontidae (Pisces, Characoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 1979, 36:261-344.
152. Vari RP. The neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 1995, 564:1-97.
153. Vari RP, Ferraris CJ, de Pinna MCC. The neotropical whale catfishes (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae: Cetopsinae), a revisionary study. Neotropical Ichthyology 2005, 3:127-238.
154. Vari RP, Harold AS. Phylogenetic study of the neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Günther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 2001, 613:1-239.
155. Vari RP, Malabarba LR. Neotropical ichthyology: an overview. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America 1998, 1-11. Reis RE, Kullander SOFerraris CJ. In, eds., Porto Alegre, EDIPUCRS
156. Watkins G, Saul W, Holm E, Watson C, Arjoon D, Bicknell J. The fish fauna of the Iwokrama Forest. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2004, 15:39-53.
157. Weitzman SH. The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1962, 8:1-77.
158. Weitzman SH. Osteology and evolutionary relationships of the Sternoptychidae, with a new classification of stomiatoid families. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1974, 153:327-478.
159. Wiens JJ. Missing data, incomplete taxa, and phylogenetic accuracy. Systematic Biology 2003, 52:528-538.
160. Wiens JJ. Can incomplete taxa rescue phylogenetic analyses from long-branch attraction? Systematic Biology 2005, 54:731-742.
161. Wiley EO. Phylogenetics: the theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics 1981, New York, John Wiley and Sons
162. Wiley EO, Siegel-Causey D, Brooks DR, Funk VA. The compleat cladist: a primer of phylogenetic procedures. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special Publication 1991, 19:1-158.
163. Winemiller KO, Adite A. Convergent evolution of weakly electric fishes from floodplain habitats in Africa and South America. Environmental Biology of Fishes 1997, 49:175-186.
164. Winterbottom R. A descriptive synonymy of the striated muscles of the Teleostei. Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1974, 125:225-317.