메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 259-267

Causes of visual loss and their risk factors: An incidence summary from the barbados eye studies

Author keywords

Barbados; Incidence; Low; Risk factors; Vision; Vision disorders

Indexed keywords

BLINDNESS; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIABETES; DISEASE INCIDENCE; ETHNIC GROUP; EYE; HEALTH POLICY; HYPERTENSION; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUALITY OF LIFE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; VISION;

EID: 77952818789     PISSN: 10204989     EISSN: 16805348     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S1020-49892010000400004     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 34247098266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic impact of visual impairment and blindness in the United States
    • Frick KD, Gower EW, Kempen JH, Wolff JL. Economic impact of visual impairment and blindness in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):544-550
    • (2007) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.125 , Issue.4 , pp. 544-550
    • Frick, K.D.1    Gower, E.W.2    Kempen, J.H.3    Wolff, J.L.4
  • 2
    • 33845519530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United States
    • Rein DB, Zhang P, Wirth KE, Lee PP, Hoerger TJ, McCall N, et al. The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(12): 1754-1760
    • (2006) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.124 , Issue.12 , pp. 1754-1760
    • Rein, D.B.1    Zhang, P.2    Wirth, K.E.3    Lee, P.P.4    Hoerger, T.J.5    McCall, N.6
  • 3
    • 70350074265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparities in access to medical care for individuals with vision impairment
    • Spencer C, Frick K, Gower EW, Kempen JH, Wolff JL. Disparities in access to medical care for individuals with vision impairment. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;16(5):281-288
    • (2009) Ophthalmic Epidemiol. , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 281-288
    • Spencer, C.1    Frick, K.2    Gower, E.W.3    Kempen, J.H.4    Wolff, J.L.5
  • 4
    • 53749085727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal costs of visual impairment by different eye diseases and severity of visual loss
    • Wong EY, Chou SL, Lamoureux EL, Keeffe JE. Personal costs of visual impairment by different eye diseases and severity of visual loss. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008;15(5):339-344
    • (2008) Ophthalmic Epidemiol. , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 339-344
    • Wong, E.Y.1    Chou, S.L.2    Lamoureux, E.L.3    Keeffe, J.E.4
  • 5
    • 77952813224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Biotechnology Information. Twice as many people fear blindness more than premature death. Available from:, Accessed 7 March 2008
    • National Center for Biotechnology Information. Twice as many people fear blindness more than premature death. Available from: http://www. alleyesonglaucoma.com. Accessed 7 March 2008.
  • 7
    • 77952855986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Vision 2020 world sight day: vision for children. London: International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness;
    • World Health Organization. Vision 2020 world sight day: vision for children. London: International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness; 2007.
    • (2007)
  • 8
  • 9
    • 77952854508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pan American Health Organization. Eye diseases in people 40-84, The Barbados Eye Studies: a summary report. Washington, DC: PAHO;
    • Pan American Health Organization. Eye diseases in people 40-84, The Barbados Eye Studies: a summary report. Washington, DC: PAHO; 2006.
    • (2006)
  • 11
    • 45549109717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of glaucoma, lens opacities, and cataract surgery on visual functioning and related quality of life: The Barbados Eye Studies
    • Wu SY, Hennis A, Nemesure B, Leske MC. Impact of glaucoma, lens opacities, and cataract surgery on visual functioning and related quality of life: the Barbados Eye Studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(4):1333-1338
    • (2008) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 1333-1338
    • Wu, S.Y.1    Hennis, A.2    Nemesure, B.3    Leske, M.C.4
  • 12
    • 84992885266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the BESs Study Group. Visual acuity impairment and vision-related quality of life: The Barbados Eye Studies
    • Wu SY, Nemesure B, Hennis A, Leske MC, for the BESs Study Group. Visual acuity impairment and vision-related quality of life: the Barbados Eye Studies. Br J Vis Impair. 2008; 27(1):9-24.
    • (2008) Br J Vis Impair. , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-24
    • Wu, S.Y.1    Nemesure, B.2    Hennis, A.3    Leske, M.C.4
  • 13
    • 77449123366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability and validity of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 in patients with age-related macular degeneration
    • Revicki D, Rentz A, Harnam N, Thomas V, Lanzetta P. Reliability and validity of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:712-717
    • (2010) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. , Issue.51 , pp. 712-717
    • Revicki, D.1    Rentz, A.2    Harnam, N.3    Thomas, V.4    Lanzetta, P.5
  • 15
    • 1442348759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nine-year incidence of lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Studies
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.06.016, PII S0161642003014921
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Yang L, Hennis A. Nine-year incidence of lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111(3):483-490 (Pubitemid 38293103)
    • (2004) Ophthalmology , vol.111 , Issue.3 , pp. 483-490
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.-Y.2    Nemesure, B.3    Yang, L.4    Hennis, A.5
  • 16
  • 18
    • 29644447107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nine-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration in the Barbados Eye Studies
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.08.012, PII S0161642005010304
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, Nemesure B, Yang L, Hyman L, et al. Nine-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration in the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(1):29-35. (Pubitemid 43021724)
    • (2006) Ophthalmology , vol.113 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-35
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.-Y.2    Hennis, A.3    Nemesure, B.4    Yang, L.5    Hyman, L.6    Schachat, A.P.7
  • 20
    • 33845382806 scopus 로고
    • Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations
    • Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457-481
    • (1958) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.53 , pp. 457-481
    • Kaplan, E.L.1    Meier, P.2
  • 21
    • 0000336139 scopus 로고
    • Regression models and life-tables (with discussion)
    • Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables (with discussion). J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1972;34: 187-220.
    • (1972) J R Stat Soc Ser B. , vol.34 , pp. 187-220
    • Cox, D.R.1
  • 22
    • 1842530282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for incident cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Studies
    • Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Leske MC. Risk factors for incident cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities in the Barbados Eye Studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4): 525-530
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 525-530
    • Hennis, A.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Nemesure, B.3    Leske, M.C.4
  • 23
    • 0036294132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for incident nuclear opacities
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Hennis A. Risk factors for incident nuclear opacities. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(7):1303-1308
    • (2002) Ophthalmology. , vol.109 , Issue.7 , pp. 1303-1308
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Nemesure, B.3    Hennis, A.4
  • 24
    • 34748860498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Awareness of Incident Open-angle Glaucoma in a Population Study. The Barbados Eye Studies
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.06.013, PII S0161642007006641
    • Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Honkanen R, Leske MC. Awareness of incident open-angle glaucoma in a population study: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(10): 1816-1821 (Pubitemid 47483935)
    • (2007) Ophthalmology , vol.114 , Issue.10 , pp. 1816-1821
    • Hennis, A.1    Wu, S.-Y.2    Nemesure, B.3    Honkanen, R.4    Leske, M.C.5
  • 25
    • 37349078627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk Factors for Incident Open-angle Glaucoma. The Barbados Eye Studies
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.017, PII S0161642007002424
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, Honkanen R, Nemesure B, BESs Study Group. Risk factors for incident open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(1): 85-93. (Pubitemid 350309410)
    • (2008) Ophthalmology , vol.115 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-93
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.-Y.2    Hennis, A.3    Honkanen, R.4    Nemesure, B.5
  • 26
    • 0033209777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetic retinopathy in a black population: The Barbados Eye Study
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Hyman L, Li X, Hennis A, Connell AM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in a black population: the Barbados Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(10):1893-1899
    • (1999) Ophthalmology. , vol.106 , Issue.10 , pp. 1893-1899
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Hyman, L.3    Li, X.4    Hennis, A.5    Connell, A.M.6
  • 27
    • 18244406018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy: The Barbados Eye Studies
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, Hyman L, Nemesure B, Yang L, et al. Hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(5):799-805.
    • (2005) Ophthalmology. , vol.112 , Issue.5 , pp. 799-805
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Hennis, A.3    Hyman, L.4    Nemesure, B.5    Yang, L.6
  • 28
    • 1842530296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States
    • The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group
    • The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):477-485
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 477-485
  • 29
    • 11144356305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States
    • The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group
    • The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):552-563
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 552-563
  • 30
    • 11144354339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):564-572
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 564-572
  • 31
    • 1842425722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of cataract and of aphakia/ pseudophakia among adults in the United States
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. Prevalence of cataract and of aphakia/ pseudophakia among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):487-494
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 487-494
  • 32
    • 1842425681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group
    • The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):532-538
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 532-538
  • 34
    • 0034814131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 10-year period: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00769-2, PII S0161642001007692
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Lee KE, Cruickshanks KJ, Chappell RJ. Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 10-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(10): 1757-1766 (Pubitemid 32905929)
    • (2001) Ophthalmology , vol.108 , Issue.10 , pp. 1757-1766
    • Klein, R.1    Klein B.E.K2    Lee, K.E.3    Cruickshanks, K.J.4    Chappell, R.J.5
  • 35
    • 33748957970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 15-year period: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Lee KE, Cruickshanks KJ, Gangnon RE. Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 15-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 142(4):539-549
    • (2006) Am J Ophthalmol. , vol.142 , Issue.4 , pp. 539-549
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.2    Lee, K.E.3    Cruickshanks, K.J.4    Gangnon, R.E.5
  • 36
    • 14644404382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of visual loss in the Ponza Eye Study Italy
    • Nucci C, Cedrone C, Culasso F, Ricci F, Cesareo M, Corsi A, et al. Incidence of visual loss in the Ponza Eye Study, Italy. Eye. 2005; 19(2):175-182
    • (2005) Eye. , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-182
    • Nucci, C.1    Cedrone, C.2    Culasso, F.3    Ricci, F.4    Cesareo, M.5    Corsi, A.6
  • 37
    • 0037370537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of blindness and low vision in a sample population: The Priverno Eye Study Italy
    • Cedrone C, Culasso F, Cesareo M, Nucci C, Palma S, Mancino R, et al. Incidence of blindness and low vision in a sample population: the Priverno Eye Study, Italy. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(3):584-588
    • (2003) Ophthalmology. , vol.110 , Issue.3 , pp. 584-588
    • Cedrone, C.1    Culasso, F.2    Cesareo, M.3    Nucci, C.4    Palma, S.5    Mancino, R.6
  • 38
    • 0024372794 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of manifest glaucoma
    • Bengtsson BO. Incidence of manifest glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(7):483-487
    • (1989) Br J Ophthalmol. , vol.73 , Issue.7 , pp. 483-487
    • Bengtsson, B.O.1
  • 39
    • 0036107928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five-year incidence of open-angle glaucoma: The visual impairment project
    • Mukesh BN, McCarty CA, Rait JL, Taylor HR. Five-year incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the visual impairment project. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(6):1047-1051
    • (2002) Ophthalmology. , vol.109 , Issue.6 , pp. 1047-1051
    • Mukesh, B.N.1    McCarty, C.A.2    Rait, J.L.3    Taylor, H.R.4
  • 40
    • 24944463384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of open-angle glaucoma in a general elderly population: The Rotterdam Study
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.04.018, PII S0161642005006925
    • de Voogd S, Ikram MK, Wolfs RC, Jansonius NM, Hofman A, de Jong PT. Incidence of openangle glaucoma in a general elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(9):1487-1493 (Pubitemid 41725401)
    • (2005) Ophthalmology , vol.112 , Issue.9 , pp. 1487-1493
    • De Voogd, S.1    Ikram, M.K.2    Wolfs, R.C.W.3    Jansonius, N.M.4    Hofman, A.5    De Jong, P.T.V.M.6
  • 42
    • 0038620208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-wide scan for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): The Barbados Family Study of Open-Angle Glaucoma
    • Nemesure B, Jiao X, He Q, Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, et al. A genome-wide scan for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): the Barbados Family Study of Open-Angle Glaucoma. Hum Genet. 2003;112(5-6):600-609
    • (2003) Hum Genet. , vol.112 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 600-609
    • Nemesure, B.1    Jiao, X.2    He, Q.3    Leske, M.C.4    Wu, S.Y.5    Hennis, A.6
  • 44
    • 33745012064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the association between OPA1 polymorphisms and primary open-angle glaucoma in Barbados families
    • Yao W, Jiao X, Hejtmancik JF, Leske MC, Hennis A, Nemesure B. Evaluation of the association between OPA1 polymorphisms and primary open-angle glaucoma in Barbados families. Mol Vis. 2006;12:649-654
    • (2006) Mol Vis. , vol.12 , pp. 649-654
    • Yao, W.1    Jiao, X.2    Hejtmancik, J.F.3    Leske, M.C.4    Hennis, A.5    Nemesure, B.6
  • 45
    • 70350127134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common variants on chromosome 2 and risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in the Afro-Caribbean population of Barbados
    • Jiao X, Yang Z, Yang X, Chen Y, Tong Z, Zhao C, et al. Common variants on chromosome 2 and risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in the Afro-Caribbean population of Barbados. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(40):17105-17110
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , vol.106 , Issue.40 , pp. 17105-17110
    • Jiao, X.1    Yang, Z.2    Yang, X.3    Chen, Y.4    Tong, Z.5    Zhao, C.6
  • 46
    • 0031454695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations with intraocular pressure in the Barbados Eye Study
    • Wu SY, Leske MC. Associations with intraocular pressure in the Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(12):1572-1576
    • (1997) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.115 , Issue.12 , pp. 1572-1576
    • Wu, S.Y.1    Leske, M.C.2
  • 48
    • 0037316314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in the Barbados Eye Studies
    • Nemesure B, Wu SY, Hennis A, Leske MC. Corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in the Barbados Eye Studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(2):240-244
    • (2003) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.121 , Issue.2 , pp. 240-244
    • Nemesure, B.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Hennis, A.3    Leske, M.C.4
  • 49
    • 62849111769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular perfusion pressure and glaucoma: Clinical trial and epidemiologic findings
    • Leske MC. Ocular perfusion pressure and glaucoma: clinical trial and epidemiologic findings. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009;20(2): 73-78
    • (2009) Curr Opin Ophthalmol. , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 73-78
    • Leske, M.C.1
  • 50
    • 34848910727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open-angle glaucoma-an epidemiologic overview
    • Leske MC. Open-angle glaucoma-an epidemiologic overview. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007;14(4):166-172
    • (2007) Ophthalmic Epidemiol. , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 166-172
    • Leske, M.C.1
  • 51
    • 0028940089 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension, perfusion pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma. A populationbased assessment
    • Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, Quigley HA, Javitt JC. Hypertension, perfusion pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma. A populationbased assessment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995; 113(2):216-221
    • (1995) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.113 , Issue.2 , pp. 216-221
    • Tielsch, J.M.1    Katz, J.2    Sommer, A.3    Quigley, H.A.4    Javitt, J.C.5
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0035208448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of glaucoma in a population-based study of Hispanic subjects: Proyecto VER
    • Quigley HA, West SK, Rodriguez J, Munoz B, Klein R, Snyder R. The prevalence of glaucoma in a population-based study of Hispanic subjects: Proyecto VER. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(12):1819-1826
    • (2001) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.119 , Issue.12 , pp. 1819-1826
    • Quigley, H.A.1    West, S.K.2    Rodriguez, J.3    Munoz, B.4    Klein, R.5    Snyder, R.6
  • 56
    • 0036310460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incident openangle glaucoma and blood pressure
    • The Barbados Eye Studies Group
    • Leske MC, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Hennis A, the Barbados Eye Studies Group. Incident openangle glaucoma and blood pressure. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(7):954-959
    • (2002) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.120 , Issue.7 , pp. 954-959
    • Leske, M.C.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Nemesure, B.3    Hennis, A.4
  • 57
    • 0036009573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes in a Caribbean population: Epidemiological profile and implications
    • Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Li X, Leske MC. Diabetes in a Caribbean population: epidemiological profile and implications. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):234-239
    • (2002) Int J Epidemiol. , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 234-239
    • Hennis, A.1    Wu, S.Y.2    Nemesure, B.3    Li, X.4    Leske, M.C.5
  • 58
    • 0028896755 scopus 로고
    • The wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. XV. The long-term incidence of macular edema
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XV. The long-term incidence of macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(1):7-16.
    • (1995) Ophthalmology. , vol.102 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-16
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.2    Moss, S.E.3    Cruickshanks, K.J.4
  • 60
    • 0018864599 scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood pressure. A six-year followup study in Pima Indians
    • Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Ballintine EJ. Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood pressure. A six-year followup study in Pima Indians. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302(12):645-650
    • (1980) N Engl J Med. , vol.302 , Issue.12 , pp. 645-650
    • Knowler, W.C.1    Bennett, P.H.2    Ballintine, E.J.3
  • 61
    • 0024581628 scopus 로고
    • The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Fouryear incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(2): 244-249 (Pubitemid 19055345)
    • (1989) Archives of Ophthalmology , vol.107 , Issue.2 , pp. 244-249
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.K.2    Moss, S.E.3    Davis, M.D.4    DeMets, D.L.5
  • 62
    • 0028063014 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of hyperglycemia to the long-term incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy
    • DOI 10.1001/archinte.154.19.2169
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. Relationship of hyperglycemia to the longterm incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(19): 2169-2178 (Pubitemid 24317263)
    • (1994) Archives of Internal Medicine , vol.154 , Issue.19 , pp. 2169-2178
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.K.2    Moss, S.E.3    Cruickshanks, K.J.4
  • 63
    • 0024456469 scopus 로고
    • Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy?
    • Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy? Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(11): 2427-2432
    • (1989) Arch Intern Med. , vol.149 , Issue.11 , pp. 2427-2432
    • Klein, R.1    Klein, B.E.2    Moss, S.E.3    Davis, M.D.4    DeMets, D.L.5
  • 64
    • 0029061539 scopus 로고
    • Features of age-related macular degeneration in a black population. The Barbados Eye Study Group
    • Schachat AP, Hyman L, Leske MC, Connell AM, Wu SY. Features of age-related macular degeneration in a black population. The Barbados Eye Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(6):728-735
    • (1995) Arch Ophthalmol. , vol.113 , Issue.6 , pp. 728-735
    • Schachat, A.P.1    Hyman, L.2    Leske, M.C.3    Connell, A.M.4    Wu, S.Y.5
  • 65
    • 0028945839 scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic differences in age-related maculopathy. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    • Klein R, Rowland ML, Harris MI. Racial/ethnic differences in age-related maculopathy. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(3):371-381
    • (1995) Ophthalmology. , vol.102 , Issue.3 , pp. 371-381
    • Klein, R.1    Rowland, M.L.2    Harris, M.I.3
  • 66
    • 0033510538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration: The Baltimore Eye Survey
    • Friedman DS, Katz J, Bressler NM, Rahmani B, Tielsch JM. Racial differences in the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration: the Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology. 1999; 106(6):1049-1055
    • (1999) Ophthalmology. , vol.106 , Issue.6 , pp. 1049-1055
    • Friedman, D.S.1    Katz, J.2    Bressler, N.M.3    Rahmani, B.4    Tielsch, J.M.5
  • 67
    • 0042029472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of exudative age-related macular degeneration among elderly Americans
    • Javitt JC, Zhou Z, Maguire MG, Fine SL, Willke RJ. Incidence of exudative age-related macular degeneration among elderly Americans. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(8):1534-1539
    • (2003) Ophthalmology. , vol.110 , Issue.8 , pp. 1534-1539
    • Javitt, J.C.1    Zhou, Z.2    Maguire, M.G.3    Fine, S.L.4    Willke, R.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.