Outcome measurement in chronic mental illness

International Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 99-113

  Trauer, Tom ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISABILITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH CARE NEED; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW;

AUSTRALIA; CHRONIC DISEASE; DECISION MAKING; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 77952790923     PISSN: 09540261     EISSN: 13691627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09540261003667525     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. APA (American Psychiatric Association). (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - Fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Andreasen, N. C. (1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 748-788.
3. Andresen, R., Caputi, P., & Oades, L. (2006). Stages of recovery instrument: Development of a measure of recovery from serious mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 972-980.
4. Andrews, G., Peters, L., & Teesson, M. (1994). The measurement of consumer outcome in mental health: A report to the national mental health information strategy committee. Sydney: Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety Disorders.
5. Andrews, G., Teesson, M., Stewart, G., & Hoult, J. (1990). Follow-up of community placement of the chronically mentally ill in New South Wales. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 184-188.
6. Angermeyer, M. C., & Kilian, R. (2006). Theoretical models of Quality of Life for Mental Disorders. In H. Katschnig, H. Freeman, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd). Chichester: John Wiley.
7. Anthony, W. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: The guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16, 11-23.
8. Atkinson, M., Zibin, S., & Chuang, H. (1997). Characterizing quality of life among patients with chronic mental illness: A critical examination of the self-report methodology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 99-105.
9. Audin, K., Margison, F., Clark, J. M., & Barkham, M. (2001). Value of HoNOS in assessing patient change in NHS psychotherapy and psychological treatment services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 561-566.
10. Australian Health Ministers (1992). National mental health policy. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
11. Awad, A. G., Voruganti, L. P. N., & Heslegrave, R. J. (1997). A conceptual model of quality of life in schizophrenia: Description and preliminary clinical validation. Quality of Life Research, 6, 21-26.
12. Baker, F., & Intagliata, J. (1982). Quality of life in the evaluation of community support systems. Evaluation and Program Planning, 5, 69-79.
13. Barkham, M., Gilbert, N., Connell, J., Marshall, C., & Twigg, E. (2005). Suitability and utility of the CORE-OM and CORE-A for assessing severity of presenting problems in psychological therapy services based in primary and secondary care settings. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 239-246.
14. Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., Connell, J., & Cahill, J. (2006). A core approach to practice-based evidence: A brief history of the origins and applications of the CORE-OM and CORE System. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6, 3-15.
15. Beecham, J., Knapp, M., & Fenyo, A. (1991). Costs, needs, and outcomes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 427-439.
16. Berk, M., Ng, F., Dodd, S., Callaly, T., Campbell, S., Bernardo, M. et al. (2008). The validity of the CGI severity and improvement scales as measures of clinical effectiveness suitable for routine clinical use. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 14, 979-983.
17. Boato, P., Caputo, A., Comazzi, M., Ferrari, L., Moroni, A., Ceroni, P. et al. (1995). Premorbid functioning and prognosis of chronic schizophrenia. New Trends in Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 11, 75-78.
18. Bobes, J., & Garcia-Portilla, M. (2006). Quality of life in schizophrenia. In H. Katschnig, H. Freeman, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd). Chichester: John Wiley.
19. Boot, B., Hall, W., & Andrews, G. (1997). Disability, outcome and casemix in acute psychiatric inpatient units. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 242-246.
20. Borkin, J. R., Steffen, J. J., Ensfield, L. B., Krzton, K., Wishnick, H., Wilder, K. et al. (2000). Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire: Development and evaluation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24, 95-102. (Pubitemid 32010855)
21. Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2008). Communication abnormalities predict functional outcomes in chronic schizophrenia: Differential associations with social and adaptive functions. Schizophrenia Research, 103, 240-247.
22. Breier, A., Schreiber, J. L., Dyer, J., & Pickar, D. (1991). National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia: Prognosis and predictors of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 239-246.
23. Brewin, C. R., & Wing, J. K. (1989). Manual of the MRC needs for care assessment. London: MRC Social Psychiatry Unit.
24. Browne, G. (2006). Outcome measures: Do they fit with a recovery model? International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 15, 153-154.
25. Buckingham, W., Burgess, P., Solomon, S., Pirkis, J., & Eagar, K. (1998). Developing a casemix classification for mental health services. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services.
26. Burgess, P., Pirkis, J., & Coombs, T. (2006). Do adults in contact with Australia's public sector mental health services get better? Australia and New Zealand Health Policy, 3, 9.
27. Campbell-Orde, T., Chamberlin, J., Carpenter, J., & Leff, H. S. (2005). Measuring the promise: A compendium of recovery measures. Cambridge, MA: Human Service Research Institute.
28. Chatterjee, S., Patel, V., Chatterjee, A., & Weiss, H. A. (2003). Evaluation of a community-based rehabilitation model for chronic schizophrenia in rural India. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 57-62.
29. Chopra, P. K., Couper, J. W., & Herrman, H. (2004). The assessment of patients with long-term psychotic disorders: Application of the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 753-759.
30. Commonwealth Department of Health & Ageing (2002). National outcomes and casemix collection: Technical specification of state and territory reporting requirements for the outcomes and casemix components of 'Agreed Data' under national mental health information development funding agreements. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing.
31. Coombs, T., & Meehan, T. (2003). Mental health outcomes in Australia: Issues for mental health nurses. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 12, 163-164.
32. Coombs, T., & Meehan, T. (2005). Standardized routine outcome measurement: Response to Lakeman. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 14, 215-217.
33. Davies, H. T. O., & Crombie, I. K. (1997). Interpreting health outcomes. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 3, 187-199.
34. de Girolamo, G., Picardi, A., Santone, G., Falloon, I., Morosini, P., Fioritti, A. et al. (2005). The severely mentally ill in residential facilities: A national survey in Italy. Psychological Medicine, 35, 421-431. (Pubitemid 40372480)
35. Dickerson, F. B. (2006). Disquieting aspects of the recovery paradigm. Psychiatric Services, 57, 647.
36. Dumont, J. M., Ridgway, P., Onken, S. J., Dornan, D. H., & Ralph, R. O. (2005). Mental health recovery: What helps and what hinders? A national research project for the development of recovery facilitating system performance indicators. Phase II technical report: Development of the Recovery Oriented System Indicators (ROSI) measures to advance mental health system transformation. Alexandria, VA: National Technical Assistance Center for State Mental Health Planning.
37. Eagar, K. (2002). An overview of health outcomes measurement in Australia. Paper presented at the mental health research and development strategy: Outcomes conference, Wellington, New Zealand.
38. Eisen, S. V., Grob, M. C., & Klein, A. A. (1986). BASIS: The development of a self-report measure for psychiatric inpatient evaluation. Psychiatric Hospital, 17, 165-171.
39. Endicott, J., Spitzer, R. L., Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1976). The Global Assessment Scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766-771.
40. Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J. et al. (2002). Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51-60.
41. Finn, H., Schenee, J., Klein, I., & Rimmerman, A. (1990). The rehabilitation of people suffering from chronic psychoses: The NYPCC study. Revista de Psiquiatria de la Facultad de Medicina de Barcelona, S30-33.
42. Ford, J., Young, D., Perez, B. C., Obermeyer, R. L., & Rohner, D. G. (1992). Needs assessment for persons with severe mental illness: What services are needed for successful community living? Community Mental Health Journal, 28, 491-503.
43. Fossey, E. M., & Harvey, C. A. (2001). A conceptual review of functioning: Implications for the development of consumer outcome measures. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 91-98
44. Franz, M., Meyer, T., Reber, T., & Gallhofer, B. (2000). The importance of social comparisons for high levels of subjective quality of life in chronic schizophrenic patients. Quality of Life Research, 9, 481-489.
45. Gallagher, J., & Teesson, M. (2000). Measuring disability, need and outcome in Australian community mental health services. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 850-855.
46. Giffort, D., Schmook, A., Woody, C., Vollendorf, C., & Gervain, M. (1995). Construction of a scale to measure consumer recovery. Springfield, IL: Illinois Office of Mental Health.
47. Gigantesco, A., Vittorielli, M., Pioli, R., Falloon, I. R. H., Rossi, G., & Morosini, P. (2006). The VADO approach in psychiatric rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1778-1783.
48. Goodman, S. H., Sewell, D. R., Cooley, E. L., & Leavitt, N. (1993). Assessing levels of adaptive functioning: The Role Functioning Scale. Community Mental Health Journal, 29, 119-131.
49. Guy, W. (1976). ECDEUAssessment manual for psychopharmacology - revised. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, NIMH Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs.
50. Haim, R., Rabinowitz, J., & Bromet, E. (2006). The relationship of premorbid functioning to illness course in schizophrenia and psychotic mood disorders during two years following first hospitalization. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 791-795.
51. Hansson, L., Vinding, H. R., Mackeprang, T., Sourander, A., Werdelin, G., Bengtsson-Tops, A. et al. (2001). Comparison of key worker and patient assessment of needs in schizophrenic patients living in the community: A Nordic multicentre study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103, 45-51.
52. Happell, B. (2008a). Determining the effectiveness of mental health services from a consumer perspective: Part 1: Enhancing recovery. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17, 116-122.
53. Happell, B. (2008b). Determining the effectiveness of mental health services from a consumer perspective: Part 2: Barriers to recovery and principles for evaluation. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 17, 123-130.
54. Hawk, A. B., Carpenter, W. T., & Strauss, J. S. (1975). Diagnostic criteria and five-year outcome in schizophrenia: A report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 343-347.
55. Healy, J., & Roth, D. (2010). Outcomes measurement in Ohio and the United States. In T. Trauer (Ed.), Outcome measurement in mental health: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Heinrichs, D. W., Hanlon, T. E., & Carpenter, W. T. (1984). The quality of life scale: An instrument for rating the schizophrenia deficit syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 388-398.
57. Helyer, K., Tobias, G., & Trauer, T. (2008). Lessons learned from using routine outcome measurement in a psychiatric disability rehabilitation and support service. In K. Kellehear, V. Miller, L. Dunbar, P. Hanlon, S. Robertson, T. Trauer, et al. (Eds.), The mental health services conference. Melbourne, Australia, The MHS, Sydney.
58. Herrman, H., Hawthorne, G., & Thomas, R. (2002). Quality of life assessment in people living with psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37, 510-518.
59. Hofer, A., Baumgartner, S., Edlinger, M., Hummer, M., Kemmler, G., Rettenbacher, M. A. et al. (2005). Patient outcomes in schizophrenia, I: Correlates with sociodemographic variables, psychopathology, and side effects. European Psychiatry, 20, 386-394.
60. Hunter, R., Cameron, R., & Norrie, J. (2009). Using patientreported outcomes in schizophrenia: The Scottish Schizophrenia Outcomes Study. Psychiatric Services, 60, 240-245.
61. Issakidis, C., & Teesson, M. (1999). Measurement of need for care: A trial of the Camberwell Assessment of Need and the Health of the National Outcome Scales. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 754-759.
62. Jacobs, R. (2007). Investigating patient outcome measures in mental health: Research report for the OHE commission on NHS productivity. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York.
63. Jones, S. H., Thornicroft, G., Coffey, M., & Dunn, G. (1995). A brief mental health outcome scale: Reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 654-659.
64. Junghan, U. M., Leese, M., Priebe, S., & Slade, M. (2007). Staff and patient perspectives on unmet need and therapeutic alliance in community mental health services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 543-547.
65. Katschnig, H. (2006). How useful is the concept of quality of life in psychiatry? In H. Katschnig, H. Freeman, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd). Chichester: John Wiley.
66. Kay, D. W. K., Beamisch, P., & Roth, M. (1964). Old age mental disorders in Newcastle-on-Tyne, II. A study of possible social and medical causes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 668-682.
67. Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276.
68. Lakeman, R. (2004). Standardized routine outcome measurement: Pot holes in the road to recovery. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 13, 210-215.
69. Lambert, M. J., Hansen, N. B., & Finch, A. E. (2001). Patient focused research: Using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 159-172.
70. Lambert, M. J., Harmon, C., Slade, K., & Whipple, J. (2005). Providing feedback to psychotherapists on their patients' progress: Clinical results and practice suggestions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 165-174.
71. Lambert, M. J., Morton, J. J., Hatfield, D., Harmon, C., Hamilton, S., Reid, R. C. et al. (2004). Administration and scoring manual for the outcome questionnaire-45. Salt Lake City, UT: American Professional Credentialing Services.
72. Lasalvia, A., Bonetto, C., Malchiodi, F., Salvi, G., Parabiaghi, A., Tansella, M. et al. (2005). Listening to patients' needs to improve their subjective quality of life. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1655-1665.
73. Lasalvia, A., Ruggeri, M., Mazzi, M. A., & Dall'Agnola, R. B. (2000). The perception of needs for care in staff and patients in community-based mental health services. The South-Verona Outcome Project 3. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 366-375.
74. Le Grande, D., Kessler, E., & Reeve, B. (1996). The Avon Mental Health Measure. Mental Health Review, 1, 31-32.
75. Leach, C., Lucock, M., Barkham, M., Noble, R., Clarke, L., & Iveson, S. (2005). Assessing risk and emotional disturbance using the CORE-OM and HoNOS outcome measures at the interface between primary and secondary mental healthcare. Psychiatric Bulletin, 29, 419-422.
76. Lehman, A. F. (1983). The well-being of chronic mental patients. Assessing their quality of life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 369-373.
77. Lehman, A. F. (1988). A quality of life interview for the chronically mentally ill. Evaluation and Program Planning, 11, 51-62.
78. Lehman, A. F. (2006). Instruments for measuring quality of life in mental disorders. I: Up to 1996. In H. Katschnig, H. Freeman, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd). Chichester: John Wiley.
79. Lehman, A. F., Postrado, L. T., & Rachoba, L. T. (1993). Convergent validation of quality of life assessment for persons with severe mental illess. Quality of Life Research, 2, 327-333.
80. Lora, A., Bezzi, R., & Erlicher, A. (2007). Estimating the prevalence of severe mental illness in mental health services in Lombardy (Italy). Community Mental Health Journal, 43, 341-357.
81. Lysaker, P. H., Bell, M. D., Bryson, G. J., & Kaplan, E. (1998). Insight and interpersonal function in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 432-436.
82. Malm, U., May, P. R. A., & Dencker, S. J. (1981). Evaluation of the quality of life of the schizophrenic outpatient: A checklist. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 73, 477-487.
83. Mausbach, B. T., Moore, R., Bowie, C., Cardenas, V., & Patterson, T. L. (2009). A review of instruments for measuring functional recovery in those diagnosed with psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 307-318.
84. Mechanic, D., McAlpine, D., Rosenfield, S., & Davis, D. (1994). Effects of illness attribution and depression on the quality of life among persons with serious mental illness. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 155-164.
85. Morgado, A., Smith, M., Lecrubier, Y., & Widlocher, D. (1991). Depressed subjects unwittingly overreport poor social adjustment which they reappraise when recovered. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 614-619.
86. Morosini, P. -L., Magliano, L., Brambilla, L., Ugolini, S., & Pioli, R. (2000). Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social funtioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 323-329.
87. Mullin, T., Barkham, M., Mothersole, G., Bewick, B. M., & Kinder, A. (2006). Recovery and improvement benchmarks for counselling and the psychological therapies in routine primary care. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6, 68-80.
88. Murray, V., Walker, H. W., Mitchell, C., & Pelosi, A. J. (1996). Needs for care from a demand led community psychiatric service: A study of patients with major mental illness. British Medical Journal, 312, 1582-1586.
89. Norman, R. M. G., Malla, A. K., Cortese, L., Cheng, S., Diaz, K., McIntosh, E. et al. (1999). Symptoms and cognition as predictors of community functioning: A prospective analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 400-405.
90. O'Connell, M., Tondora, J., Croog, G., Evans, A., & Davidson, L. (2005). From rhetoric to routine: Assessing perceptions of recovery-oriented practices in a state mental health and addiction system. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28, 378-386.
91. Ohio Department of Mental Health (2008). The Ohio mental health consumer outcomes system - procedural manual, (10th). Columbus: Ohio Department of Mental Health.
92. Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799-812.
93. Parabiaghi, A., Barbato, A., D'Avanzo, B., Erlicher, A., & Lora, A. (2005). Assessing reliable and clinically significant change on Health of the Nation Outcome Scales: Method for displaying longitudinal data. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 719-725.
94. Parker, G., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (1995). The capacity of a measure of disability (the LSP) to predict hospital readmission in those with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 25, 157-163.
95. Phelan, M., Slade, M., Thornicroft, G., Dunn, G., Holloway, F., Wykes, T. et al. (1995). The Camberwell Assessment of Need: The validity and reliability of an instrument to assess the needs of people with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 589-595.
96. Priebe, S., Huxley, P., Knight, S., & Evans, S. (1999). Application and results of the Manchester Short Assessment of quality of life. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 45, 7-12.
97. Rohland, B. M., & Langbehn, D. R. (1997). Characterizing quality of life among patients with chronic mental illness: A critical examination of the self-report methodology: Commentary. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1478-1479.
98. Rosen, A., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Parker, G. (1989). The Life Skills Profile: A measure assessing function and disability in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 325-337.
99. Rosen, A., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Parker, G., & Trauer, T. (2006). The Life Skills Profile: Background, Items and Scoring for the LSP-39, LSP-20 and the LSP-16. Sydney: Black Dog Institute. Available at: http://www. blackdoginstitute.org.au/docs/ LifeSkillsProfile.pdf
100. Rosen, A., Trauer, T., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Parker, G. (2001). Development of a brief form of the Life Skills Profile: The LSP-20. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 677-683.
101. Sainfort, F., Becker, M., & Diamond, R. (1996). Judgments of quality of life of individuals with severe mental disorders: Patient self-report versus provider perspectives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 497-502.
102. Salvi, G., Leese, M., & Slade, M. (2005). Routine use of mental health outcome assessments: Choosing the measure. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 146-152.
103. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523.
104. Selvin, H. C. (1958). Durkheim's suicide and problems of empirical research. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 607-619.
105. Skantze, K., Malm, U., Dencker, S. J., May, P. R. A., & Corrigan, P. (1992). Comparison of quality of life with standard of living in schizophrenic outpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 797-801.
106. Slade, M. (2009). Personal recovery and mental illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
107. Slade, M., Beck, A., Bindman, J., Thornicroft, G., & Wright, S. (1999a). Routine clinical outcome measures for patients with severe mental illness: CANSAS and HoNOS. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 404-408.
108. Slade, M., Leese, M., Cahill, S., Thornicroft, G., & Kuipers, E. (2005). Patient-rated mental health needs and quality of life improvement. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 256-261.
109. Slade, M., Leese, M., Ruggeri, M., Kuipers, E., Tansella, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2004). Does meeting needs improve quality of life? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73, 183-189.
110. Slade, M., Leese, M., Taylor, R., & Thornicroft, G. (1999b). The association between needs and quality of life in an epidemiologically representative sample of people with psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 149-157.
111. Slade, M., Powell, R., Rosen, A., & Strathdee, G. (2000). Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG): The development of a valid and brief scale to assess the severity of mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 78-85.
112. Slade, M., Thornicroft, G., Loftus, L., Phelan, M., & Wykes, T. (1999c). CAN: Camberwell assessment of need: A comprehensive assessment tool for people with severe mental illness. London: Gaskell.
113. Smith, D. (2010). Outcome measurement in Canada: One province's experience with implementation in community mental health. In T. Trauer (Ed.), Outcome measurement in mental health: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
114. Stedman, T., Yellowlees, P., Mellsop, G., Clarke, R., & Drake, S. (1997). Measuring consumer outcomes in mental health. Canberra: ACT.
115. Strauss, J. S., & Carpenter, W. T. (1974). The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia II Relationships between predictor and outcome variables: A report from the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 37-42.
116. Trauer, T. (1998). Issues in the assessment of outcome in mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 337-343.
117. Trauer, T. (2004). Analysis of outcome measurement data from the four Victorian 'Round One' agencies. Unpublished report.
118. Trauer, T. (2010a). Assessment of change. In T. Trauer (Ed.), Outcome measurement in mental health: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
119. Trauer, T. (2010b). Outcome measurement in mental health: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
120. Trauer, T. (2010c). A review of instrument in outcome measurement. In T. Trauer (Ed.), Outcome measurement in mental health: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Trauer, T., & Callaly, T. (2002). Concordance between mentally ill clients and their case managers using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). Australasian Psychiatry, 10, 24-28.
122. Trauer, T., Callaly, T., & Hantz, P. (1999a). The measurement of improvement during hospitalisation for acute psychiatric illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 379-384.
123. Trauer, T., Callaly, T., Hantz, P., Little, J., Shields, R., & Smith, J. (1999b). Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS): Results of the Victorian field trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 380-388.
124. Trauer, T., Duckmanton, R. A., & Chiu, E. (1998). A study of the quality of life of the severely mentally ill. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44, 79-91.
125. Trauer, T., & Mackinnon, A. (2001). Why are we weighting? The role of importance ratings in quality of life measurement. Quality of Life Research, 10, 579-585.
126. Trauer, T., & Tobias, G. (2004). The Camberwell Assessment of Need and Behaviour and Symptom Identification Scale as routine outcome measures in a psychiatric disability support service. Community Mental Health Journal, 40, 211-221.
127. Trauer, T., & Tobias, G. (2009). Does a reduction in unmet needs reduce length of stay of clients of a psychiatric disability rehabilitation and support service? In V. Miller, P. Hanlon, S. Robertson, C. Issakidis, K. Kellehear, J. Peters, et al. (Eds.), 18th annual the MHS conference. Auckland, NZ: TheMHS Conference.
128. Trauer, T., Tobias, G., & Slade, M. (2006). Measuring consumer needs in a community rehabilitation and support service. In S. Robertson, K. Kellehear, P. Hanlon, L. Dunbar, J. Farhall, J. Peters, et al. (Eds.), 15th annual theMHS conference. Adelaide: TheMHS Conference.
129. Trauer, T., Tobias, G., & Slade, M. (2008). Development and evaluation of a patient-rated version of the Camberwell Assessment of Need Short Appraisal Schedule (CANSAS-P). Community Mental Health Journal, 44, 113-124.
130. van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2006). Instruments for measuring quality of life in mental disorders II: Some new developments. In H. Katschnig, H. Freeman, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd). Chichester: John Wiley.
131. Van Os, J., Gilvarry, C., Bale, R., Van Horn, E., Tattan, T., White, I. et al. (1999). To what extent does symptomatic improvement result in better outcome in psychotic illness?Psychological Medicine, 29, 1183-1195.
132. Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 730-742.
133. Ware, J., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 Health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston, MA: New England Medical Centre.
134. Wiersma, D., Nienhuis, F. J., Giel, R., & Sloof, C. J. (1998a). Stability and change in needs of patients with schizophrenic disorders: A 15- and 17-year follow-up from first onset of psychosis, and a comparison between 'objective' and 'subjective' assessments of needs for care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 49-56.
135. Wiersma, D., Nienhuis, F. J., Slooff, C. J., & Giel, R. (1998b). Natural course of schizophrenic disorders: A 15-year follow-up of a Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 75-85.
136. Wing, J. K., Beevor, A. S., Curtis, R. H., Park, S. B. G., Hadden, S., & Burns, A. (1998). Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). Research and Development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 11-18.
137. Wise, E. A. (2004). Methods for analyzing psychotherapy outcomes: A review of clinical significance, reliable change, and recommendations for future directions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 50-59.
138. WHO (World Health Organization) (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.
139. WHO (1998). Towards a common language for functioning and disablement. ICIDH-2 The International Classification Of Impairments, Activities, and Participation. Geneva: World Health Organization.