The influence of sex and empathy on putting oneself in the shoes of others

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 277-291

  Mohr, Christine ^a   Rowe, Angela C ^a   Blanke, Olaf ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; IMAGINATION; MALE; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PROBLEM SOLVING; REACTION TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); EMPATHY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; MALE; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PROBLEM SOLVING; REACTION TIME; SPACE PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77952611214     PISSN: 20448295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/000712609X457450     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adolphs, R. (2001). The neurobiology of social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11(2),231-239.
2. Agnew, Z. K., Bhakoo, K. K., & Puri, B. K. (2007). The human mirror system: A motor resonance theory of mind-reading. Brain Research Reviews, 54(2), 286-293.
3. Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., Chiavarino, C., & Humphreys, G. W. (2004). Frontal and temporo- parietal lobe contributions to theory of mind: Neuropsychological evidence from a false-belief task with reduced language and executive demands. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10),1773-1784.
4. Arzy, S., Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., & Blanke, O. (2007). Duration and not strength of activation in temporo-parietal cortex positively correlates with schizotypy. Neuroimage, 35(1), 326-333.
5. Arzy, S., Thut, G., Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., & Blanke, O. (2006). Neural basis of embodiment: Distinct contributions of temporoparietal junction and extrastriate body area. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(31), 8074-8081.
6. Bailey, J. E., Papadopoulos, A., Lingford-Hughes, A., & Nutt, D. J. (2007). D-Cycloserine and performance under different states of anxiety in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 193(4),579-585.
7. Baron-Cohen, S., & Hammer, J. (1997). Is autism an extreme form of the male brain? Advances in Infancy Research, 11, 193-217.
8. Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813-822.
9. Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175.
10. Blair, R. J. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(4), 698-718.
11. Blanke, O., Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., Pascual-Leone, A., Brugger, P., Seeck, M., et al. (2005). Linking out-of-body experience and self processing to mental own-body imagery at the temporoparietal junction. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(3), 550-557.
12. Bonda, E., Petrides, M., Frey, S., & Evans, A. (1995). Neural correlates of mental transformations of the body-in-space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92(24), 11180-11184.
13. Bosacki, S. (2000). Theory of mind and self-concept in preadolescents: Links with gender and language. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 709-717.
14. Brothers, L. (1990). The social brain: A project for integrating primate behaviour and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience, 1, 27-51.
15. Brown, J. R., Donelan-McCall, N., & Dunn, J. (1996). Why talk about mental states? The significance of children's conversations with friends, siblings, and mothers. Child Development, 67(3), 836-849.
16. Butler, T., Imperato-McGinley, J., Pan, H., Voyer, D., Cordero, J., Zhu, Y. S., et al. (2006). Sex differences in mental rotation: Top-down versus bottom-up processing. Neuroimage, 32(1), 445-456.
17. Carroll, J. M., & Yung, C. K. (2006). Sex and discipline differences in empathising, systemising and autistic symptomatology: Evidence from a student population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 949-957.
18. Cellerino, A., Borghetti, D., & Sartucci, F. (2004). Sex differences in face gender recognition in humans. Brain Research Bulletin, 63(6), 443-449.
19. Cervantes, C. A., & Callanan, M. A. (1998). Labels and explanations in mother-child emotion talk: Age and gender differentiation. Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 88-98.
20. Charman, T., Ruffman, T., & Clements, W. (2002). A gender difference in false belief development. Social Development, 11(1), 1-10.
21. Cohen, D., Bowdle, B. F., Nisbett, R. E., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An 'Experimental ethnography'. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 945-960.
22. Connell, R. W. (2005). Change among the gatekeepers: Men, masculinities, and gender equality in the global arena. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3), 1801-1825.
23. Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1975). Mental transformations in the identification of left and right hands. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 104,48-56.
24. Davies, M., & Stone, T. (1995). Mental simulation: Evaluations and applications. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
25. Davis, M. H., Soderlund, T., Cole, J., Gadol, E., Kute, M., Myers, M., et al. (2004). Cognitions associated with attempts to empathize: How do we imagine the perspective of another? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), 1625-1635.
26. Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2005). Relationships between men's and women's body image and their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Sex Roles, 52(7-8), 463-475.
27. Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2006). Adolescent body image and psychosocial functioning. Journal of Social Psychology, 146(1), 15-30.
28. Easton, S., Blanke, O., & Mohr, C. (2009). A putative implication for fronto-parietal connectivity in out-of-body experiences. Cortex, 45, 216-227.
29. Ellis, H., Shepherd, J., & Bruce, A. (1973). The effects of age and sex upon adolescents'recognition of faces. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123(1st Half), 173-174.
30. Fischer, H., Sandblom, J., Herlitz, A., Fransson, P., Wright, C. I., & Backman, L. (2004). Sex- differential brain activation during exposure to female and male faces. Neuroreport, 15(2), 235-238.
31. Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron, 50(4), 531-534.
32. Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1068-1074.
33. Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1-16.
34. Guillem, F., & Mograss, M. (2005). Gender differences in memory processing: Evidence from event-related potentials to faces. Brain and Cognition, 57(1), 84-92.
35. Harris, I. M., Harris, J. A., & Caine, D. (2002). Mental-rotation deficits following damage to the right basal ganglia. Neuropsychology, 16, 524-537.
36. Harris, L. J., & Gitterman, S. R. (1978). University Professors' self-descriptions of left-right confusability: Sex and handedness differences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47(3 Pt 1), 819-823.
37. Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Horgan, T. G., Mast, M. S., Hall, J. A., & Carter, J. D. (2004). Gender differences in memory for the appearance of others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(2), 185-196.
39. Hughes, C., & Dunn, J. (1998). Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1026-1037.
40. Jarrold, C., Butler, D. W., Cottington, E. M., & Jimenez, F. (2000). Linking theory of mind and central coherence bias in autism and in the general population. Developmental Psychology, 36(1),126-138.
41. Jones, D. C. (2001). Social comparison and body image: Attractiveness comparison to models and peers among adolescent girls and boys. Sex Roles, 45, 645-664.
42. Jones, D. C. (2004). Body image among adolescent girls and boys: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 823-835.
43. Jordan, K., Wustenberg, T., Jaspers-Feyer, F., Fellbrich, A., & Peters, M. (2006). Sex differences in left/right confusion. Cortex, 42(1), 69-78.
44. Kaiser, S., Walther, S., Nennig, E., Kronmuller, K., Mundt, C., Weisbrod, M., et al. (2008). Gender- specific strategy use and neural correlates in a spatial perspective taking task. Neuropsychologia, 46(10), 2524-2531.
45. Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-Cohen, S., & David, A. S. (2004). Measuring empathy: Reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychological Medicine, 34(5), 911-919.
46. Leaper, C., Anderson, K. J., & Sanders, P. (1998). Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34, 3-27.
47. Lewin, C., & Herlitz, A. (2002). Sex differences in face recognition - women's faces make the difference. Brain and Cognition, 50(1), 121-128.
48. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., Thorn, T. M. J., & Castelli, L. (1997). On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 471-489.
49. Marshall, J. C., Caplan, D., & Holmes, J. M. (1975). The measure of laterality. Neuropsychologia, 13(3),315-321.
50. Martin, D., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). A face with a cue: Exploring the inevitability of person categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 806-816.
51. Massa, L. J., Mayer, R. E., & Bohon, L. M. (2005). Individual differences in gender role beliefs influence spatial ability test performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 99-111.
52. Moe, A., & Pazzaglia, F. (2006). Following the instructions! Effects of gender beliefs on mental rotation. Learning and Individual Differences, 2006, 369-377.
53. Mohr, C., Blanke, O., & Brugger, P. (2006). Perceptual aberrations impair mental own-body transformations. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120(3), 528-534.
54. Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., Lantz, G., Ortigue, S., Viaud-Delmon, I., & Landis, T. (2005). Brain state- dependent functional hemispheric specialization in men but not in women. Cerebral Cortex, 15(9),1451-1458.
55. Ofte, S. H. (2002). Right-left discrimination: Effects of handedness and educational background. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(3), 213-219.
56. Ofte, S. H., & Hugdahl, K. (2002). Right-left discrimination in male and female, young and old subjects. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(1), 82-92.
57. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97-113.
58. Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformation of one's body. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(2), 172-191.
59. Parsons, T. D., Larson, P., Kratz, K., Thiebaux, M., Bluestein, B., Buckwalter, J. G., et al. (2004). Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial rotation in a virtual environment. Neuropsychologia, 42(4), 555-562.
60. Pena, D., Contreras, M. J., Shih, P. C., & Santacreu, J. (2008). Solution strategies as possible explanations of individual and sex differences in a dynamic spatial task. Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam), 128(1), 1-14.
61. Peters, M. (2005). Sex differences and the factor of time in solving Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotation problems. Brain and Cognition, 57(2), 176-184.
62. Petit, L. S., Pegna, A. J., Mayer, E., & Hauert, C. A. (2003). Representation of anatomical constraints in motor imagery: Mental rotation of a body segment. Brain and Cognition, 51, 95-101.
63. Pope, H. G., Olivardia, R., Borowiecki, J. J., & Cohane, G. H. (2001). The growing commercial value of the male body: A longitudinal survey of advertising in women's magazines. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70(4), 189-192.
64. Pound, N., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Surridge, A. K. (2009). Testosterone responses to competition in men are related to facial masculinity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 153-159.
65. Proverbio, A. M., Brignone, V., Matarazzo, S., Del Zotto, M., & Zani, A. (2006). Gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry for face processing. BMC Neuroscience, 7, 44.
66. Rehnman, J., & Herlitz, A. (2006). Higher face recognition ability in girls: Magnified by own-sex and own-ethnicity bias. Memory, 14(3), 289-296.
67. Rilea, S. L. (2008). A lateralization of function approach to sex differences in spatial ability: A reexamination. Brain and Cognition, 67(2), 168-182.
68. Rueckert, L., & Naybar, N. (2008). Gender differences in empathy: The role of the right hemisphere. Brain and Cognition, 67(2), 162-167.
69. Russell, T. A., Tchanturia, K., Rahman, Q., & Schmidt, U. (2007). Sex differences in theory of mind: A male advantage on Happe's 'Cartoon' task. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1554-1564.
70. Saxe, R., & Wexler, A. (2005). Making sense of another mind: The role of the right temporo-parietal junction. Neuropsychologia, 43(10), 1391-1399.
71. Schulte-Ruther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Piefke, M. (2008). Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy. Neuroimage, 42(1), 393-403.
72. Seurinck, R., Vingerhoets, G., de Lange, F. P., & Achten, E. (2004). Does egocentric mental rotation elicit sex differences? Neuroimage, 23(4), 1440-1449.
73. Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171(972),701-703.
74. Unger, R., & Crawford, M. (1992). Women and gender: A feminist psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
75. Unterhalter, G., Farrell, S., & Mohr, C. (2007). Selective memory biases for words reflecting sex- specific body image concerns. Eating Behaviors, 8(3), 382-389.
76. Vogeley, K., & Fink, G. R. (2003). Neural correlates of the first-person-perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(1), 38-42.
77. Voyer, D., & Saunders, K. A. (2004). Gender differences on the mental rotations test: A factor analysis. Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam), 117(1), 79-94.
78. Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 250-270.
79. Weiss, E., Siedentopf, C. M., Hofer, A., Deisenhammer, E. A., Hoptman, M. J., Kremser, C., et al. (2003). Sex differences in brain activation pattern during a visuospatial cognitive task: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy volunteers. Neuroscience Letters, 344(3),169-172.
80. Wohlschläger, A., & Wohlschläger, A. (1998). Mental and manual rotation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 397-412.
81. Wraga, M., Helt, M., Jacobs, E., & Sullivan, K. (2007). Neural basis of stereotype-induced shifts in women's mental rotation performance. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(1),12-19.
82. Wright, D. B., & Sladden, B. (2003). An own gender bias and the importance of hair in face recognition. Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam), 114(1), 101-114.
83. Yang, C. F. J., Gray, P., & Pope, H. G. (2005). Male body image in Taiwan versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi meets the Adonis complex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 263-269.
84. Yonker, J. E., Eriksson, E., Nilsson, L. G., & Herlitz, A. (2003). Sex differences in episodic memory: Minimal influence of estradiol. Brain and Cognition, 52(2), 231-238.
85. Zacks, J., Rypma, B., Gabrieli, J. D., Tversky, B., & Glover, G. H. (1999). Imagined transformations of bodies: An fMRI investigation. Neuropsychologia, 37(9), 1029-1040.